不同覆盖条件下坡面流水力学特征试验研究

目的坡面流水力学特性对阐明土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理具有重要意义,本试验就不同覆盖条件下坡面的坡面流阻力及相关水力学特征进行了研究,探究不同覆盖条件下坡面流水力学特征,以期为指导水土保持坡面措施合理配置提供理论支持。方法试验使用自制定床冲刷水槽,选用不同覆盖度（0%、10%、15%、20%）砾石、草被床面,在不同流量（15 ~ 120 L/（min·m））、不同坡度（3° ~ 15°）条件下进行室内定床冲刷试验。结果结果表明:（1）不同坡面上流速随着流量、坡度的增大而增大,且相同覆盖度下草被床面流速大于砾石床面流速,最高可达其2.2倍。（2）不同覆盖条件下弗劳德数（Fr）随着坡度的增大而增大,Darcy-weisbach阻力系数（f）随着覆盖度的增加而增加,相同覆盖度下砾石床面f大于草被床面,最高可分别为草被床面的10.9倍。（3）不同覆盖条件下坡面流阻力与流量呈线性正相关关系,相同覆盖度下砾石床面坡面流阻力大于草被床面,最高可达草被床面的2.2倍。（4）坡度与覆盖度对坡面流阻力均有显著影响,坡面流阻力随坡度的增大而增大,随着覆盖度的增大而增大,且呈较好的线性相关关系。结论本试验通过对不同覆盖条件下坡面流阻力的研究,可为建立基于径流动力学过程的山坡水文模型和侵蚀物理模型提供一定基础,为指导水土保持坡面措施合理配置提供理论支持。      

Time-resolved three-dimensional concentration measurements in a gas jet

Turbulence can greatly influence reaction and heat transfer rates in fluids. The topology of the three-dimensional interface between mixing fluids directly determines the location and degree of reaction. The time-resolved measurement of the three-dimensional concentration field in a transitional gas jet is reported. A thin sheet of laser light was swept through the flow volume by a rotating mirror in a time brief enough that motion of the gas was minimal. The light sheet illuminated different parallel planes within the flow, and light scattered from particles seeding the jet was imaged onto a detector. The series of two-dimensional measurements made during one scan of the flow volume constituted a full three-dimensional mapping of structures within the flow. Computer graphics software was used to reconstruct and visualize three-dimensional surfaces of constant concentration and the magnitude of the concentration gradient vector over such surfaces.     

Fluidization: hydrodynamic stabilization with a magnetic field

Fluidization of magnetizable particles by a gas stream in the presence of a uniform applied magnetic field oriented parallel to the flow prevents the hydrodynamic instability that otherwise leads to bubbles and turbulent motion within the medium. The fluidized emulsion expands uniformly in response to gas flow speeds in excess of that at the incipient fluidization point, with transition from the quiescent stable state to bubbling occurring suddenly at a characteristic increased rate of flow. Experimental data demonstrate the dependence of this transition velocity on the intensity of the applied magnetic field, length of the bed, and type of magnetic solids. Data illustrate the pressure distribution through the bed medium, the bedflow characteristics, and other phenomena.     

Two-fraction model of initial sediment motion in gravel-Bed rivers

The prediction of sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers is essential to the management of land, water, and ecological resources in mountain regions. Dividing the bed sediment into two populations-sand and gravel-permits realistic and useful predictions of the onset of sediment transport. The critical flow initiating grain motion decreases rapidly with sand content over the transition from a gravel-framework bed to a sand-matrix bed. The two-fraction model provides a simple means of forecasting the movement of excess fine sediment supply. The model also helps to explain the development of the abrupt gravel-sand transition commonly observed in natural rivers.     

Glaciation in southern Argentina more than two million years ago

In southern Argentina till beds interbedded with lava flows were deposited by ice that extended at least 40 kilometers east of the present crest of the cordillera. The flow covering the oldest till bed is 3.2 +/- 1 million years old. The flow that constitutes the present surface and covers the youngest till bed, is 1.7 +/- 0.5 million years old.     

The mantle flow field beneath western North America

Although motions at the surface of tectonic plates are well determined, the accompanying horizontal mantle flow is not. We have combined observations of surface deformation and upper mantle seismic anisotropy to estimate this flow field for western North America. We find that the mantle velocity is 5.5 +/- 1.5 centimeters per year due east in a hot spot reference frame, nearly opposite to the direction of North American plate motion (west-southwest). The flow is only weakly coupled to the motion of the surface plate, producing a small drag force. This flow field is probably due to heterogeneity in mantle density associated with the former Farallon oceanic plate beneath North America.     

Three-dimensional flow in the upper ocean

Measurements made from the Research Platform FLIP provide some of the first direct observations of three-dimensional flow within the surface mixed layer of the ocean. Relatively narrow regions of downwelling flow were found within the mixed layer, in coincidence with bands of convergent surface flow. At mid-depth in the mixed layer, the downwelling flow had magnitudes of up to 0.2 meter per second and was accompanied by a downwind, horizontal jet of comparable magnitude. There is some evidence that these motions transport heat and phytoplankton within the mixed layer.     

A two-dimensional analog VLSI circuit for detecting discontinuities in early vision

A large number of computer vision algorithms for finding intensity edges, computing motion, depth, and color, and recovering the three-dimensional shape of objects have been developed within the framework of minimizing an associated "energy" or "cost" functional. Particularly successful has been the introduction of binary variables coding for discontinuities in intensity, optical flow field, depth, and other variables, allowing image segmentation to occur in these modalities. The associated nonconvex variational functionals can be mapped onto analog, resistive networks, such that the stationary voltage distribution in the network corresponds to a minimum of the functional. The performance of an experimental analog very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit implementing the nonlinear resistive network for the problem of two-dimensional surface interpolation in the presence of discontinuities is demonstrated; this circuit is implemented in complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology.     

大伙房水库主溢洪道三维流场数值模拟

采用RNGk-ε双方程模型模拟湍流,利用流体体积分数法(VOF)确定自由水面线,笛卡尔自适应网格与部分面积体积障碍模拟法(FAVOR)处理复杂的几何边界,成功地对大伙房水库主溢洪道流场进行了三维紊流数值模拟,得到了自由水面、溢洪道堰面压力、断面流速大小、分布和三维流场的分布规律,结果分析表明数值模拟与物理实验结果吻合较好。     

弯道内非淹没丁坝附近水流流态的试验研究

以水槽试验为基础,对非淹没丁坝附近的水流现象进行了定性描述。采用三维声学多普勒流速仪对丁坝附近的水流特性进行了系统的试验研究,分析了弯道水流的三维时均流速和水面形态等,进一步表明绕丁坝近场流动的强三维非恒定性。     

Incipient motion design of sand bed channels affected by bed suction

Seepage through sand bed channels in a downward direction (suction) reduces the stability of particles and initiates the sand movement. Incipient motion of sand bed channel with seepage cannot be designed by using the conventional approach. Metamodeling techniques, which employ a non-linear pattern analysis between input and output parameters and solely based on the experimental observations, can be used to model such phenomena. Traditional approach to find non-dimensional parameters has not been used in the present work. Parameters, which can influence the incipient motion with seepage, have been identified and non-dimensionalized in the present work. Non-dimensional stream power concept has been used to describe the process. By using these non-dimensional parameters; present work describes a radial basis function (RBF) metamodel for prediction of incipient motion condition affected by seepage. The coefficient of determination, R² of the model is 0.99. Thus, it can be said that model predicts the phenomena very well. With the help of the metamodel, design curves have been presented for designing the sand bed channel when it is affected by seepage.     

Imaging of single organic molecules in motion

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed nearly atomically precise images of stepping conformational change and translational motion of single hydrocarbon molecules confined in carbon nanotubes. One or two C12 or C22 alkyl chains were tethered to a carborane end group and then embedded in the nanotubes. Images of the hydrocarbon chains interacting with each other and with a graphitic surface provide information on three-dimensional structures and dynamic molecular interactions that cannot be obtained by other analytical methods.     

日光温室反光幕悬挂角度的研究

根据太阳视运动方程,计算了反射光在床面上的落点,推算出全国各主要纬带、主要使用期日光温室反光幕的最优悬挂角度:秋延后种植模式在103°～110°之间,越冬种植模式在108°～115°之间,春提早种植模式在98°～106°之间。     

Neural integration of information specifying structure from stereopsis and motion

When one views a two-dimensional parallel projection of dots on the surface of a rotating globe, the direction of rotation is ambiguous, and the perceived direction of rotation of the two-dimensional figure is unstable over time. Stability can be temporarily induced by adaptation to a three-dimensional globe with a direction of rotation unambiguously specified by stereo disparity; adaptation causes the two-dimensional figure to appear to rotate in the direction opposite that experienced during stereoscopic adaptation. This adaptation effect is selective for axis of rotation but is not shape-specific. It does depend on simultaneous stimulation by multiple depth planes defined by elements moving in different directions. Evidently information about stereopsis and information about structure from motion are integrated within a common neural site in the brain.     

壁柜式翻转床气弹簧机构分析计算及选型

目的壁柜式翻转床是现代小户型实现一房两用功能的重要形式,而其气弹簧的选择以“试”为主,缺乏理论支撑和实践指导。为了减少试错试验时间和提高产品设计的可靠性,拟从理论着手研究壁柜式翻转床的气弹簧设计和选型。方法以壁柜式翻转床为研究对象,根据其实际工况设定床体的极限工作条件;在床体极限工作条件下,运用理论力学中的静力学和力矩平衡原理,结合气弹簧运动特性曲线和技术标准对床体和气弹簧机构进行受力分析,完成气弹簧的选型;再运用两圆相交的几何方法得到气弹簧机构在床体的安装位置;最后对任意翻转角度下的床体进行受力分析,以CAD作为辅助测量工具,模拟床体运动曲线并分析其运动规律。结果构建了翻转床气弹簧机构分析计算理论,从使用和收纳两个极限状态着手,建立了气弹簧最小伸展力、行程和安装位置的确立方法;并进一步对任意翻转角度下的床体进行受力分析计算,得出翻转床的运动规律以及翻转床悬停角度的分析方法。并以市场常见床体尺寸（宽900 mm、长1 900 mm）、固定柜体目标深度300 mm为例,代入本方法求得气弹簧最小伸展力为428 N,行程为190 mm,弹性系数为1.06,得出悬停范围为18° ~ 24°。结论本研究构建的分析方法和结果可为家具行业的壁柜式翻转床设计、选型和性能分析提供理论支撑和实践指导。对于气弹簧机构尺寸和安装位置的确定,可以进一步通过有限元分析方法对壁柜侧板进行受力分析,进而优化力臂选择。      

Correspondence matching in apparent motion: evidence for three-dimensional spatial representation

The path of an object in apparent motion depends on correspondence matching, the decision that images seen at different places and at different times represent the same object. One determinant of correspondence is proximity. Still debated, however, is whether proximity is defined in a two- or three-dimensional spatial representation. Observers judged the motion path taken by an object with two neighbors of different apparent depth. Given similar two-dimensional distances, objects moved toward the neighbor of the same apparent depth. This is evidence that correspondence operates in a three-dimensional spatial representation.     

Flow mechanism of glaciers on soft beds

Subhourly measurements of bed deformation, bed shear strength, subglacial water pressure, and surface speed at Storglaci?ren, a glacier in northern Sweden, showed that the shear-strain rates of the bed decrease during periods of high water pressure and surface speed. High water pressures appear to be accompanied by a reduction in the coupling of ice with the bed that is sufficient to reduce or eliminate shearing. The instability of large ice masses may result from similar decoupling rather than from pervasive bed deformation, as has been commonly thought.     

新型齿槽结构磨片的设计与实验

分析纤维分离磨片的作用机理,利用连续性方程及黏性流体运动微分方程,推导木材纤维原料沿齿槽二维流动的N-S方程;求解齿槽内纤维运动轨迹,得到纤维沿齿槽流动的运动规律。利用黏性流体流动能量损失计算公式分析齿槽内纤维运动能量损失,设定变化的齿刃侧倾角及齿槽宽度,从沿程损失及局部损失两方面降低纤维流动能量损失。基于纤维在齿槽内的流动规律及能量损失分析,设计具有扭转曲面齿槽结构的新型磨片,缓解周向齿区域加工强度,延长磨片使用寿命。采用新型磨片与普通磨片进行纤维解离实验,验证新型齿槽结构磨片设计的合理性;结果表明,新型齿槽结构可以明显改善纤维束堵塞齿槽的现象,新型齿槽结构磨片可以提高纤维的合格率约13%。     

丁坝对弯道水流影响的分析

采用三维声学多普勒流速仪对弯道内有、无丁坝两种工况下的水流特性进行了系统的试验研究,总结了弯道水流水面横比降、横向环流、流速重分布等特性,重点分析了丁坝对弯道水流流态的影响,进一步证实了丁坝的护岸机理,为相关的工程实践提供理论依据。     

Swimming against the flow: a mechanism of zooplankton aggregation

Zooplankton reside in a constantly flowing environment. However, information about their response to ambient flow has remained elusive, because of the difficulties of following the individual motions of these minute, nearly transparent animals in the ocean. Using a three-dimensional acoustic imaging system, we tracked >375,000 zooplankters at two coastal sites in the Red Sea. Resolution of their motion from that of the water showed that the animals effectively maintained their depth by swimming against upwelling and downwelling currents moving at rates of up to tens of body lengths per second, causing their accumulation at frontal zones. This mechanism explains how oceanic fronts become major feeding grounds for predators and targets for fishermen.