深浅施肥的肥料氮在碳酸盐土壤中的转化

利用15_N示踪技术,采用不同追施方法研究碳铵、硫铵、尿素在碳酸盐土壤中的转化表明:在种植作物条件下,肥料氮施入土壤后所发生的矿物固定与生物固定具有负相关关系.由于施用方法不同,肥料氮的矿物固定和损失不同,深施氮素矿物固定与损失呈显著负相关(r=—0.8359)。肥料氮在土壤中转化固定有助于减弱氮素的损失。后茬作物对残留氮的利用与生物固定态氮的多少关系不大。但与矿物固定和无机氮总量之和有密切关系。     

太湖地区主要土壤中的固定态铵及其有效性

测定了太湖地区主要土壤中固定态铵的储量和表土的固铵能力,并通过盆栽试验研究了它们的有效性。土壤的固定态铵含量和表土的固铵能力因母质而异,长江冲积物发育的土壤最高,次为黄土状物质的,第四纪红色粘土的最低。各土壤0—20厘米土层中的固定态铵总量平均占全氮总量的18.5%,0—100厘米土体中占34%。各土壤“固有的”固定态铵的有效性差异较大,视土层等的不同,在0—13%间。“新固定”的来自肥料或土壤有机质矿化释出的铵则很高,一般均能被当季作物完全吸收利用。渍水条件并不能提高固定态铵的有效性。讨论了铵的固定作用在土壤氮素肥力中的意义;指出,由于铵的固定作用和不同土壤的固铵能力各异,常用的淹水培育法所得到的土壤氮素矿化量值不但一般偏低,而且难于进行相互比较。     

氮肥施用对土壤固定态铵有效性和剖面变化特征的影响

农田生态系统中肥料氮素施用通过改变土壤中"原有的"固定态铵和肥料来源"新"固定态铵的动态,从而影响固定态铵的有效性以及其剖面变化特征。固定态铵相对含量在垂直剖面的大小顺序为10~20 cm0~10 cm40~60 cm20~40 cm,在多年淋溶渗透作用下,土壤中黏粒和氮素养分不断向下迁移,从而随着深度增加固定态铵含量升高。在连年施肥的条件下,土壤中固定态铵的含量和碱解氮之间呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.756,p0.01),而且肥料来源部分的相关性显著高于土壤中"原有的"固定态铵。固定态铵含量与植株中氮含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.525,p0.05),同时肥料氮素在固定态铵中的残留与植株中15N含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.526,p0.05),表明固定态铵可以通过长期的固定-释放过程持续为植物供给有效氮源。肥料来源固定态铵的有效性高于土壤中原有部分。连年施肥条件下,固定态铵对作物氮素利用的调节作用十分显著。     

黄土高原典型土壤矿物固定态铵变化的南北差异

采集从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤剖面0200.cm土层土样,通过测定土样全氮和矿物固定态铵,以阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵及二者比率随地理位置和土层的变异规律,为全面了解黄土高原土壤相对稳定氮库累积提供科学数据。结果表明,不同地理位置、不同土层全氮和矿物固定态铵含量存在显著差异。从南到北全氮和矿物固定态铵呈下降趋势,但各土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵的分布显著不同,全氮含量在060.cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60120.cm有一定下降,120.cm以下低而稳定。矿物固定态铵在全剖面上的分布比较均匀,随土层深度的变化差异不显著,不同土层间的差异基本在误差范围内,土垫旱耕人为土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土表层(010.cm)矿物固定态铵平均含量分别为215.807.45、165.808.73和146.501.83.mg/kg,表层以下(10200.cm)平均含量分别为193.409.67、157.145.75和142.025.47.mg/kg。从地理位置分析,干润砂质新成土、黄土正常新成土和土垫旱耕人为土表层(010.cm)矿物固定态铵占全氮的百分比分别为(39.570.78)%、(32.916.82)%和(29.747.01)%;在表层以下所占比例更高,干润砂质新成土10200.cm土壤矿物固定态铵含量占全氮比例为(89.5213.42)%,黄土正常新成土为(59.5213.86)%,土垫旱耕人为土为(47.269.01)%。供试土壤中矿物固定态铵与0.01.mm物理性粘粒含量存在极显著正相关关系,说明物理性粘粒是矿物固定态铵的主要载体;矿物固定态铵与全氮含量也有极显著正向相关性。以上结果揭示,在黄土高原黄土母质上形成的土壤,全剖面矿物固定态铵相对均匀,而有机氮相差较大,两种氮库的这种地理位置和剖面分布特征,是黄土母质形成的必然结果,也进一步支持了黄土高原黄土母质的风成学说;同时也反映了需要对有机氮占全氮比例及矿物固定态铵在全氮中地位的传统观念予以重新评价。     

耕层厚度对潮土中化肥氮素转化的影响

耕层厚度是影响土壤肥力的重要因素之一,但其对潮土中化肥氮素转化的影响尚不清楚。利用田间?土柱模拟试验,采用15N示踪技术,探究在不同耕层厚度处理下,化肥氮在3种质地潮土0~40 cm土层中有机氮、无机氮与固定态铵库中的动态变化以及作物对化肥氮的吸收利用。结果表明：耕层厚度显著影响化肥氮在土壤不同氮库中的转化及其在土壤-作物系统中的去向,且在不同质地潮土中的作用效果一致。在不同质地潮土中,残留于土壤中的化肥氮83%以上以有机氮的形式存在,影响化肥氮的保蓄与供给。增加耕层厚度虽然降低了化肥氮向固定态铵库的转化,但提高了0~40 cm土层中的肥料来源有机氮储量,尤其是在施肥当季,耕层厚度25 cm（PLT-25）处理下的肥料来源有机氮储量平均较耕层厚度15 cm（PLT-15）处理提高8.9%。增加耕层厚度显著（P < 0.05）提高了施肥当季与后茬作物生长季内肥料来源无机氮的供给,在此期间PLT-25处理下作物对化肥氮的利用率较PLT-15处理提高8.0%左右,而化肥氮的当季损失率与累积损失率则较PLT-15处理分别降低12.3%与9.1%。就土壤质地的角度而言,砂粒含量高制约着化肥氮向有机氮库的转化,不利于作物对化肥氮的吸收利用,增大了氮肥损失。由此可见,在不同质地潮土中,增加耕层厚度在提高化肥氮素当季利用率的同时也增大了化肥氮在土壤中的残留量,减少了化肥氮的损失。残留的化肥氮在后茬作物生长季释放出来供作物吸收利用,促进了化肥氮累积利用率的提高。     

土壤水湿状况和肥料碳氮比对稻田肥料氮素转化的影响

本文应用¹⁵N示踪法,测定并探讨了土壤中三种水分状况及四种不同C/N值肥料对肥料氮素转化的影响,试验结果表明:土壤水分和肥料C/N值均对水稻产量有较大的影响,相比之下,土壤水分的影响似更大.水稻对肥料氮的吸收利用率,淹水栽植高于旱植,氮素固定在旱地条件下作用加强,淹水并有一定渗漏的土壤上肥料氮的损失最大,示踪结果说明从土壤渗漏液中淋失的氮素80%以上为土壤固有氮素,相对而言肥料氮的损失较低.试验还表明肥料中碳氮值与肥料氮的吸收利用率之间呈负相关,与肥料残留率呈正相关.此外,本试验还测定了土壤水湿状况和肥料碳氮值在土壤氮素转化中的作用,讨论了当土壤氮素矿化和固定作用相等时,有机肥的碳氮临界值及其实用意义.     

几种绿肥和硫铵的氮素平衡账及其残留氮的有效性

肥料氮的去向和残留氮的转化方面的知识是拟定合理施肥制度的必要根据。为了解不同肥料对土壤氮素肥力的影响,我们于1981年起,以¹⁵N标记的硫铵、紫云英、田菁和绿萍为供试物料,通过连续两年的田间微区试验,研究了这些肥料的残留氮的数量和有效性。     

三种典型土壤固定态铵及其释放研究初探

通过探究三种典型土壤(黑土、潮棕壤、红壤)的固铵潜力,及其达到最大固铵量后的释放状况,比较了三种土壤固定态铵库在土壤养分管理中的重要性。结果表明:随着氮加入量(NH4Cl)的增大,黑土和潮棕壤的固定态铵含量随之提升,当NH4Cl加入量(以N量计)达到3000mg kg~(-1)时,黑土和潮棕壤达到最大固铵量,此时两种土壤分别新固定铵140.2和162.0 mg kg~(-1);然而,红壤的固定态铵含量不随加氮量的增加而提高。在连续振荡淋洗实验中,黑土新固定铵的释放率为14.8%,潮棕壤新固定铵的释放率为29.9%,红壤的固定态铵含量没有明显变化。综上,不同土壤对加入铵的固定能力不同,潮棕壤固铵能力高于黑土,且更易释放出来供植物吸收利用,该过程对农业生产具有重要意义;而红壤几乎不固定加入的铵,且原固定态铵也较难释放出来,故在此类土壤上氮素的保存与供给应更依赖于生物过程。三种土壤固定态铵库在氮素养分管理中的重要性为:潮棕壤黑土红壤。     

基于15N同位素示踪盐渍化农田向日葵氮素利用规律

为探明盐渍化农田不同施氮水平下向日葵氮素吸收利用规律,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术进行田间微区试验,以不施氮处理(N0)为对照,设计3种施氮水平(N1=150 kg/hm²、N2=225 kg/hm²、N3=300 kg/hm²),于向日葵成熟期测定植株和0—100 cm土层土壤¹⁵N同位素丰度及总氮含量,研究各处理肥料氮素的去向及其利用机制。结果表明:向日葵氮素吸收量随施氮量的增加而增加,成熟期作物氮素吸收量在N2水平较不施氮显著增加38.7%;土壤氮和肥料氮对作物当季氮素吸收的贡献比例为84.9%和15.1%。N2水平下,肥料氮的贡献比例较N1增加35.7%,土壤氮的贡献比例较N1降低4.3%。肥料氮残留量随土层深度增加而减少,土壤中47.4%的残留肥料氮主要集中在0—20 cm土层。不同施氮水平下肥料氮去向均表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率,N2施氮水平下氮肥利用率较N1、N3显著提高22.7%和14.6%,土壤残留率较N1、N3减少8.5%和8.6%。综合考虑向日葵氮素吸收利用及土壤中氮素残留情况,225 kg/hm²施氮量下氮肥利用率为27.4%,氮肥残留率为32.3%,氮肥损失率为40.3%,是中度盐渍化农田较适宜的施氮量。     

氮肥与有机肥配施协调土壤固定态铵与可溶性氮的研究

【目的】 土壤固定态铵是肥料氮的一个“临时贮藏库”,可逐渐释放以供作物利用,土壤可溶氮则是土壤固定态铵的重要来源,因此研究设施条件下氮肥与有机肥配施对土壤固定态铵和可溶性氮含量的动态变化以及相互关系的影响,对于设施生产中安全高效的施肥管理有着重要意义。 【方法】 以番茄为试材,温室内连续两年进行田间小区试验,设不施肥(CK)、施N量0、187.5、375. 562.5 kg/hm2 (N0、N1、N2、N3)、单施有机肥(M,75000 kg/hm2)以及有机肥与氮肥配施处理(MN0、MN1、MN2、MN3)。分析了土壤固定态铵和可溶性氮(土壤矿质氮和可溶性有机氮)含量动态变化。 【结果】 施肥显著提高了0-30 cm土层土壤固定态铵和可溶性氮的含量(P < 0.01);各施肥处理均以第1穗果膨大期时含量最高。总体来看,不施有机肥条件下,土壤固定态铵和矿质氮、可溶性有机氮的含量均以施N 375.0 kg/hm2处理为最高,而在氮肥与有机肥配施条件下,以施N 375.0 kg/hm2与有机肥75000 kg/hm2配施处理和施N 562.5 kg/hm2与有机肥75000 kg/hm2配施处理的土壤固定态铵和矿质氮、可溶性有机氮含量为最高,但未发现氮肥施用量对土壤固定态铵含量产生显著影响;除收获期20-30 cm土层外,整个生长季内土壤固定态铵和矿质氮含量之间均有显著的正相关关系(P < 0.05),部分土层土壤固定态铵与可溶性有机氮之间也有显著的正相关关系(P < 0.05)。 【结论】 设施番茄栽培条件下,土壤固定态铵和可溶性氮在土壤氮素的固持与释放方面极显著相关,施无机N 375.0 kg/hm2配合有机肥75000 kg/hm2,可较好地提高土壤中的氮的有效性,更好地协调土壤供氮能力。     

Verhalten von Dünger-NH4 in Böden unterschiedlicher tonmineralischer Zusammensetzung im Inkubationsversuch

Fate of fertilizer ammonium in soils with different composition of clay minerals in an incubation experiment In an incubation experiment with three different soils (gray brown podsolic soil from loess, alluvial gley, and brown earth, derived from basalt) the specific adsorption (fixation) and release of fertilizer NH₄⁺ was investigated. In one treatment 120 mg NH₄–N/kg soil was added, while the other treatment (control) received no nitrogen. Soils samples were taken every ten days and analyzed for nonexchangeable and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?. The experimental results are showing that the specific adsorption of applied NH₄⁺ was related to the type of clay minerals. While the loess soil, rich in illite, and the alluvial soil, rich in expansible clay minerals, bound about 40% of the added NH₄⁺ specifically, the soil derived from basalt with mainly kaolinite bound only about 10 %. From the recently “fixed” fertilizer NH₄⁺ about a half was nitrified during the incubation period of about 9 weeks. In the control there was no significant release of specifically bound NH₄⁺. Obviously this NH₄⁺ is located more deeply in the interlayers of the clay minerals and not available to microorganisms.     

Dynamics of 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate in various inorganic and organic soil fractions of wetland rice soils

Summary The dynamics of basally applied ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate in inorganic and organic soil fractions of five wetland rice soils of the Philippines was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for ¹⁵N at various growth stages. Exchangeable NH₄ ⁺ depletion continued after 40 days after transplanting (DAT) and corresponded with increased nitrogen uptake by rice plants. Part of the applied fertilizer was fixed by 2:1 clay minerals, especially in Maligaya silty clay loam, which contained beidellite as the dominant clay mineral. After the initial fixation, nonexchangeable ¹⁵N was released from 20 DAT in Maligaya silty clay loam, but fixation delayed fertilizer N uptake from the soil. Part of the applied N was immobilized into the organic fraction. In Guadalupe clay and Maligaya silty clay loam, immobilization increased with time while the three other soils showed significant release of fertilizer N from the organic fraction during crop growth. Most of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in the nondistillable acid soluble (alpha-amino acid + hydrolyzable unknown-N) fraction at crop maturity. Between 61% and 66% of applied N was recovered from the plant in four soils while 52% of fertilizer N was recovered from the plant in Maligaya silty loam. Only 20% – 30% of the total N uptake at maturity was derived from fertilizer N. Nmin (mineral N) content of the soil before transplanting significantly correlated with N uptake. Twenty-two to 34% of applied N was unaccounted for possibly due to denitrification and ammonia volatilization.     

Added nitrogen interaction as affected by soil nitrogen pool size and fertilization – significance of displacement of fixed ammonium

Displacement of NH₄⁺ fixed in clay minerals by fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ is seen as one mechanism of apparent added nitrogen interactions (ANI), which may cause errors in ¹⁵N tracer studies. Pot and incubation experiments were carried out for a study of displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and urea). A typical ANI was observed when ¹⁵N‐labeled urea was applied to wheat grown on soils with different N reserves that resulted from their long‐term fertilization history: Plants took up more soil N when receiving fertilizer. Furthermore, an increased uptake of ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer, induced by increasing unlabeled soil nitrogen supply, was found. This ANI‐like effect was in the same order of magnitude as the observed ANI. All causes of apparent or real ANI can be excluded as explanation for this effect. Plant N uptake‐related processes beyond current concepts of ANI may be responsible. NH₄⁺ fixation of fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ in sterilized or non‐sterile, moist soil was immediate and strongly dependent on the rate of fertilizer added. But for the tested range of 20 to 160 mg ¹⁵NH₄⁺‐N kg^–1, the NH₄⁺ fixation rate was low, accounting for only up to 1.3 % of fertilizer N added. For sterilized soil, no re‐mobilization of fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was observed, while in non‐sterile, biologically active soil, 50 % of the initially fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was released up to day 35. Re‐mobilization of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ from the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ started after complete nitrification of all extractable NH₄⁺. Our results indicate that in most cases, experimental error from apparent ANI caused by displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ in clay is unlikely. In addition to the low percentage of only 1.3 % of applied ¹⁵N, present in the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ after 35 days, there were no indications for a real exchange (displacement) of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N.     

Effects of applied urea and straw on various nitrogen fractions in two Chinese paddy soils with differing clay mineralogy

Combined application of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers and organic materials can enhance soil quality, but little is known about the distribution of fertilizer N among different soil fractions after crop harvest. A pot experiment using ¹⁵N tracer was employed to address this question with three treatments, i.e., labeled urea-only (¹⁵NU), labeled urea + rice straw (¹⁵NU-S) and labeled rice straw + urea (¹⁵NS-U) applied to a Ferallic Cambisol (1:1 type soil clay mineral) and a Calcaric Fluvisol (2:1 clay mineral). Soil microbial biomass N, fixed ammonium (fixed NH₄⁺), exchangeable ammonium and soil organic N fractions by hydrolysis (6 N HCl) and their isotope abundance were determined after the rice harvest. Soil newly formed N in urea + straw (U-S) treatments (¹⁵NU-S, ¹⁵NS-U) was the sum of labeled urea-N in ¹⁵NU-S and labeled straw-N in ¹⁵NS-U. Compared with ¹⁵NU, U-S significantly (P < 0.05) increased the content and percentage of newly formed total soil N, acid insoluble N, amino acid N, and hydrolysable unknown N in both soils. In U-S treatment, straw amendment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the content and percentage of newly formed fixed-NH₄⁺-N in Fluvisol as compared with ¹⁵NU treatments. Soil microbes contributed to the larger percentage of newly formed amino acid N (P < 0.01) in Cambisol as compared with Fluvisol. Fertilizer N in various soil fractions was therefore strongly affected by clay mineral type and microbes after the combined application of organic materials and synthetic N fertilizer.     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

Studies on the mechanisms of fixation and release of ammonium in paddy soils after flooding. I. Effect of iron oxides on ammonium fixation

Experiments were conducted with two typical paddy soils from China and a vermiculite to study the influence of iron oxides on the fixation and release of ammonium. Removing iron oxides, especially amorphous iron oxides, from the soils favoured the release of non-exchangeable NH₄-N and stimulated the fixation of NH₄-N in the presence of added (NH₄)₂SO₄. Addition of artificial goethite and hematite to the original soils or to the soils free of iron oxides reduced the fixation of NH₄⁺-ions. This effect was also observed with vermiculite. We conclude that the coating of clay minerals with iron oxides has an impact on the diffusion of NH₄⁺-ions into and out of the interlayers of the clay minerals. The reduction and dissolution of iron oxides induced by low redox potential (E_h) after flooding of paddy soils is assumed to be an important mechanism controlling NH₄⁺-fixation in paddy fields.     

Mechanisms of fixation and release of ammonium in paddy soils after flooding III. Effect of the oxidation state of octahedral Fe on ammonium fixation

An experiment with two typical paddy soils from China and two clay minerals was conducted to study the effect of reduction of octahedral Fe^III on fixation of NH₄⁺ ions. Reduction of octahedral Fe^III was achieved by treating soils and clay minerals with dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB) followed by dialyzing the samples under oxygen free conditions. Reduction of Fe^III increased the negative charge of interlayers and resulted in a significantly higher ammonium fixation. Close positive correlations were found between the Fe²⁺ concentration or the ratio of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and non‐exchangeable NH₄⁺‐N. Therefore, it is concluded that the reduction of octahedral Fe induced by flooding is one of the important prerequisites for the pronounced ammonium fixation in flooded soils. However, the relation between ΔFe²⁺ and Δfix‐N was not stoichiometric.     

长期施肥对土壤氮矿化的影响

Two field experiments were conducted in Jiashan and Yuhang towns of Zhejiang Province, China, to study the feasibility of predicting N status of rice using canopy spectral reflectance. The canopy spectral reflectance of rice grown with different levels of N inputs was determined at several important growth stages. Statistical analyses showed that as a result of the different levels of N supply, there were significant differences in the N concentrations of canopy leaves at different growth stages. Since spectral reflectance measurements showed that the N status of rice was related to reflectance in the visible and NIR （near-infrared） ranges, observations for rice in 1 nm bandwidths were then converted to bandwidths in the visible and NIR spectral regions with IKONOS （space imaging） bandwidths and vegetation indices being used to predict the N status of rice. The results indicated that canopy reflectance measurements converted to ratio vegetation index （RVI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） for simulated IKONOS bands provided a better prediction of rice N status than the reflectance measurements in the simulated IKONOS bands themselves. The precision of the developed regression models using RVI and NDVI proved to be very high with R2 ranging from 0.82 to 0.94, and when validated with experimental data from a different site, the results were satisfactory with R2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.70. Thus, the results showed that theoretically it should be possible to monitor N status using remotely sensed data.     

Freisetzung von spezifisch an Tonminerale gebundenem Ammoniumstickstoff durch Bepflanzung mit Welschem Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum)

Utilization of day fixed ammonium nitrogen by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) In a pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the availability of ammonium fixed by clay minerals of a soil treated with ¹⁵NH₄ has been studied. The following results were obtained: After the treatment of the soil with labelled NH₄⁺ it contained 62.7 mg fixed NH₄-N/kg soil including 4.5 mg ¹⁵NH₄-N/kg soil. Nitrogen uptake of ryegrass and N turnover reactions in the soil reduced this content of ¹⁵NH-N to about 0.9 mg/kg soil. This shows, that about 80 % of the fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ had been released through out a growing period comprising 3 cuts, a part of which was taken up by the plants. From the native fixed ammonium 3.3 to 4.8 % were released.