长宁竹海5种林分类型的水文效应评价

对长宁竹海的苦竹、毛竹、黄竹林,杉木林及白栎林5种林分类型的水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:林分中的草本植物植冠层的水分最大截留量是乔灌层植物的2.4倍。按种类以苔草最高,为6.34 g/g(干生物量);黄竹最小,为1.19 g/g。5种林分林地枯落物的现存量为4.33~14.87 t/hm2,其分解层的蓄水量高于末分解层,枯落物层最大蓄水总量为1.0~3.5 mm,依杉木林>白栎林>毛竹>苦竹>黄竹排序;土壤蓄水量以杉木林最大,白栎林次之,竹林最差;而土壤稳定渗透系数K10以竹林最大,杉木林次之,白栎林最小,表明竹林土壤抗水蚀能力强于杉木林和白栎林。     

侧柏栎类混交林林冠截留模拟研究

林冠截留能力是反映森林与水关系的一个重要指标,该研究充分考虑林冠结构特征与降雨特性,采用机械布样的方法,对侧柏栎类混交林林分内的3种主要水源保护林树种生长季的降雨再分配特点进行了研究。结果表明:3种树种生长季场降雨的林冠截留量都表现出随降雨量的增大而增大,截留率随降雨量的增大而减少,在降雨初期下降幅度最大,以后趋于平稳。干流量在低雨量级时随降雨量的增加而增大,但其增加幅度有限,干流率起初也均随林外降雨量的增加而呈增加的趋势。透雨量随林外降雨量的增大而增大,透雨率逐渐增大,但当林外降雨量增大到一定时透雨率基本不变。3个树种的截留量、干流量、穿透降雨量林外降雨量均呈线性相关。该文采用谢春华等的林冠截留模型对3种水源林树种进行模拟,模拟误差为11%左右,基本上可以满足林冠截留模拟需要。     

内蒙古大青山白茬子沟小流域典型森林植被的冠层降水再分配特征

利用生长季观测的降雨数据,分析了内蒙古大青山白茬子沟小流域白桦次生林和华北落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留、穿透雨及树干径流与降雨量的关系,以及降雨林冠截留过程的特征。结果表明:两种林分林冠截留量与降雨量的关系吻合对数回归模型;穿透雨量、树干径流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干径流量均随着降雨量的增加而增加。不同林分的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干径流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致;林内穿透雨率超过73%,冠层截留率9.81%~26.22%,树干径流0.72%~9.10%。     

闽东北鹫峰山天然黄山松林内降雨分配的研究

通过对闽东北鹫峰山雨期天然黄山松林内降雨分配情况进行观测研究,结果表明:在观测期间,总降雨量1622.12mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1194.19mm、15.16mm和412.77mm,分别占总降雨量的73.62%、0.93%和25.45%.随着降雨量的增大,树干茎流量和茎流率、穿透雨量和穿透率、林冠截留量都增大,而林冠截留率降低.穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系为线性相关关系;茎流量和降雨量之间的关系也为线性相关关系;林冠截留量和总降雨量之间的关系为幂函数相关关系.     

紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究

对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。     

流溪河小流域针阔混交林林冠降雨截留模型研究

以流溪河流域针阔混交林为研究对象,对林分样地进行降雨截留实测与模拟研究.结果表明:林内穿透雨量与降雨量呈线性相关;穿透系数与降雨量呈对数相关;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数相关;截留率与降雨量呈对数相关.以降雨强度、穿透系数和树干茎流率数据为基础,进行了林冠截留量模型模拟,实测表明该模型能较准确地估算针阔混交林分的林冠截留量.     

南瓮河自然保护区落叶松林内降雨分配研究

通过对南瓮河国家级自然保护2012年6月15日—9月25日落叶松林降雨的观测,研究了穿透雨、树干径流和树冠截留之间的关系,结果表明:黑龙江南瓮河国家级自然保护区观测期间总降雨量为216.6 mm,穿透雨为121.6 mm,占总降雨量的56.2%,树冠截留量为62.5 mm,占总降雨量的28.8%,径流量为32.5 mm,占总降雨量的15%;随着降雨量增加,穿透雨和径流量增加,树冠截留量减小;随着冠层减少,穿透雨和径流量增加,树冠截留量减少;树干径流量取决于降雨量、降雨强度和树冠特征。     

基于修正的Gash模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留

为了验证修正的Gash模型对缙云山毛竹林林冠截留模拟的适用性,基于2009年4—7月的气象和林分特征资料以及实测的穿透雨和树干茎流等资料,分析缙云山毛竹林林外降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流特征,并应用修正的Gash模型对林冠截留量进行模拟,对比分析周降雨累计截留量和单次降雨截留量的模拟值和实测值,采用敏感性分析法分析模型参数对截留量的影响程度。结果表明:研究期间共29次降雨,总降雨量为531.1mm,平均降雨强度为2.11mm·h-1,大部分为低雨强、低雨量级、长历时的降雨;穿透雨量、茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为463.2,6.5和61.4mm,模拟值分别为461.1,6.1和63.9mm,模拟的截留量约高出实测值4.07%,模型计算的周累积截留量和单次降雨截留量与实测值相比的相对标准差分别为5.02%和7.13%,模拟效果较好,模型适用于缙云山毛竹林;以林冠郁闭度(c)对模拟结果影响最大,其次为平均降雨强度()、林冠持水能力(S)和林冠平均蒸发速率(),树干茎流系数(Pt)和树干持水能力(St)这2个参数对林冠截留总量影响很小。     

天然次生林对降水的分配效应浅析

通过观测我国东北东部天然次生林对降水的分配效应,结果表明:降雨量在1.69～24.36 mm时,森林各水文分配效应总体表现为穿透雨量>地表径流量>树干茎流量>林冠截留量.随降雨量和降雨强度的增加,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随之增大.当降雨量较小(1.69～4.91 mm)时,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加呈低速增加趋势;当降雨量较大(4.91～24.36 mm)时,其增加速度随降雨量的增加而加快.     

两种经济林中的穿透雨与茎流特征研究

本文观测了桃李两种经济林的穿透雨和茎流特征。结果表明,两种经济林的穿透雨量、林冠截留量、茎流量与降雨量均存在极显著的正相关关系。用幂函数方程能较好的拟合林冠截留量与降雨量之间的关系,而用线性方程能较好的拟合穿透雨量、茎流量和降雨量之间的关系;桃李两种经济林穿透雨量分别占降雨量的93.29%、85.34%,林冠截留量分别占降雨量的5.60%和12.04%,茎流量分别占降雨量的1.11%和2.62%。     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

Nutrient accessions to the forest floor in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forests of varying age

Nutrient accessions to the forest floor in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow from the understorey and tree strata were measured in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forest of south-west Western Australia. These data, for stands aged 2, 6, 9, and 40 years and for mature forest, were compared with annual accessions of nutrients in litterfall.

With increasing age of the stands, the concentration and amounts of Ca, K, Mg, Na and Cl in throughfall increased. The amounts of Mg, Na and Cl in stemflow from the overstorey were also greatest in the older stands. Although concentrations of nutrients in stemflow from the tree stratum were higher than from the understorey, the quantities of nutrients transported to the forest floor in stemflow from the understorey were greater because of its greater volume.

Rainfall is the major source of Na (64–91%) and Cl (51–79%) and it also contributes significantly to Mg (19–50%) accessions. Of the nutrient pathways between canopy and forest floor, litterfall accounts for the largest proportion of N (89–93%), Ca (80–87%) and P (67–79%) recycled in the karri forest. About equal amounts of K are transferred in litterfall, throughfall and stemflow with approximately 80% of stemflow K originating from the understorey strata.     

川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究

穿透雨、茎流和林冠截留在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有极其重要的地位 (VanDijketal .,2 0 0 1) ,因而从生理学、生态学和水文学的观点来看 ,研究一定区域内植被与降雨之间的相关性具有重要的意义 (Aboaletal .,1999)。川西亚高山针叶林处于我国东南半壁湿润地区与西北半壁干旱地区的过渡地带上 ,且多分布于江河上游 ,在涵养水源、保持水土、稳定河川流量、维护生态平衡等方面具有重要的地位 ,被誉为庇护四川及长江流域的“绿色万里长城”(杨玉坡 ,1990 )。马雪华 (1987)对米亚罗地区亚高山冷杉林的林冠截留做了一些初步的观测 …     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林林冠对降雨及其养分的影响

在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。     

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.     

亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林的林内降雨、林冠截留和树干茎流

本文用统计分析方法对江西分宜县山下林场杉木、马尾松人工林的林内降雨、林冠截留和树干茎流进行了研究。结果表明:在该林分中林内降雨量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加而以直线形式增加;林冠截留量随降雨量的增加呈幂函数关系上升。在杉木林内,随郁闭度的增大,林内降雨率和树干茎流率减少,而林冠截留率增大,马尾松林和杉木林相比,林内降雨率和树干茎流率较大,而林冠截留率较小。     

梁山慈竹在退耕还林中的水土保持效应研究

利用小型径流观测场对比观测降雨时间集中的梁山慈竹林和未退耕种植红薯的耕地的17次降雨、10次水土流失过程进行效益对比,分析侵蚀量、径流量与降雨因子的关系。结果表明,退耕还梁山慈竹林的穿透降水率为89.14%,茎流率平均为1.57%,林冠截持降水率为9.29%;凋落物层的最大持水量约为27.54 t.hm-2,相当于水深2.4～3.3 mm,占降水量的14.46%～19.88%;与未退耕地相比,梁山慈竹林的平均径流量比耕地减少24.6%,而耕地侵蚀量约是林地的4.7倍,林地降水的泥沙侵蚀平均减少量达到78.56%。梁山慈竹有较好的水土保持作用,能够明显地减少地表径流和泥沙侵蚀。