天然食用色素业迎来发展机遇

随着世界各国有关法律法规的制订，大部分有毒化学合成色素已被淘汰。那些不仅具有染色功能，而且还有营养和保健功效，并能赋予食品许多新功能的天然色素将迎来广阔的市场前景，相关企业将迎来难得的发展机遇。 我国疆域辽阔，有着天然色素生产所需的丰富植物资源，目前已经开发出 80余种不同原料来源的食用天然色素。据不完全统计，目前我国食用色素的年产量约为 2.1万 t，主要品种有焦糖、辣椒油树脂及辣椒红、栀子蓝、高粱红、可可壳棕、甜菜红、虫胶红、叶绿素铜钠、姜黄色素、紫草红、红花黄、紫苏色素、萝卜红及紫甘蓝色素等。 随着…     

水稻Ra基因的分子标记开发及应用

本研究通过对黑米(豫南黑籼糯)和紫叶白米(IR1552)Ra基因的测序,共找到了3个序列多态性位点。黑米的第10外显子存在2 bp缺失,紫叶白米的第2外显子(5'-UTR区)存在8 bp缺失,紫叶白米的第6内含子存在30 bp缺失。根据这3个多态性位点,分别设计了3对共显性分子标记Ra Marker1、Ra Marker2和Ra Marker3。将它们分别应用于黑米和白米重组自交系的筛选和验证,发现黑米的Ra基因型表现为Ra/Ra,白米的基因型表现为ra/ra,褐米的基因型表现为Ra/Ra或ra/ra。再加上该基因和黑米色素调控基因紧密连锁,因此这3个分子标记是黑色种皮的可靠标记,可进一步用于分子标记辅助育种的实践中。通过对Ra表达情况分析,发现该基因的2 bp缺失仅存在于黑米和褐米的c DNA中。通过实时定量PCR研究,发现该基因在黑米和褐米中存在一定的时空表达差异性。     

营养保健专用米的研制与开发

营养专用米是一种具有营养与保健功能的米制品，以免淘洗粳米为主料，同时搭配其他米类（小米、糙米、黑米、薏米、血糯米）、豆类（小豆、绿豆、黑豆、豌豆、大豆蛋白）和坚果类（葵花子仁、花生仁、松子仁、核桃仁、南瓜子仁、莲子）、干果类（大枣、葡萄千）、蔬菜类（胡萝卜、甘薯）、菌藻类（黑木耳、银耳、海带）以及药用食物类（杏仁、枸杞子），靠它们相互间营养成分、     

环境因素对有色米糙米着色程度的影响

不同温度处理中,高温使红米赤糯着色程度加深,而黑米朝紫相反,低温使其糙米着色程度加深,高温不利于着色;遮光处理使红米赤糯着色程度降低,光照强度增加有利于赤糯糙米着色,而遮光处理对朝紫糙米着色影响很小;不同施肥处理对红米红浪漫及黑米奥之紫糙米着色程度影响不明显。 关键词：环境因素;有色米;糙米;着色程度     

黑米啤酒酿造工艺的优化

黑米啤酒属于保健啤酒的一种,经过对原料进行选择、处理,以及糊化、糖化等工序可得到营养丰富、口感纯正的黑米啤酒.研究表明,在糊化、糖化期间分别添加0.02％的硅藻士可吸附黑米皮的苦涩成分.     

食品添加剂红花黄色素的功能性研究进展

红花黄色素来源于中药红花,具有较好的活血化瘀功效,大量研究表明其对治疗心血管疾病效果显著,对近年来红花黄色素在治疗心血管疾病的研究进展进行了归纳总结,为红花黄色素在临床上治疗心脑血管疾病及研究功能性食品提供参考。     

红米色素着生位置及其基因定位

分别对红米和白米做了石蜡切片观察,其色素位于果皮和种皮中;并对红米水稻材料红宝石进行了遗传研究及基因定位。红宝石与白色水稻R272的杂交F1表现为红色,表明色素基因受显性基因控制;同时,其F2群体米色性状遗传分离规律符合3∶1的分离比例,表明红色米皮的性状受1对显性基因控制。利用R272/红宝石的F2群体和微卫星标记,将该基因定位在第7染色体上RM8006和RM21186两个标记之间,其遗传距离分别为4.0cM和2.1cM,在物理图上这两个标记的距离为1.7Mb,并将该基因初步命名为Red。     

紫黑米营养价值和药理功能研究现状

紫黑米是我国珍稀的稻种资源，其米粒及米饭呈紫红色，口味独特而受人们的青睐。本文主要报道近年来紫黑米营养和药理两个方面的研究现状，为紫黑米的进一步深入研究和开发利用提供参考。     

五种农产品开发有“钱”途

大米在我国粮食产品结构中占很大比重。目前,市场上大米加工的食品较少,开发大米系列食品在国内外市场潜力很大。主要加工的类型有：①方便型。制作万便料粉,如糯米粉、方便米糊等。②保健型。将精良大米配以玉米、燕麦等加工成混合保健食品;开发黑米、皿糯米、红赤米、香粳米等特种大米系列食品。③糕点型。用精细大米加工制成各式糕团、点心、饼干,包括众多的大米膨化食品。④饮料型。优质大米经发酵可制成各种营养饮料。     

黑米红枣复合营养面包的研制

通过单因素试验、正交试验确定黑米红枣复合营养面包最佳工艺配方为高筋面粉100g,水40g,鸡蛋10g,食盐0.5g,白砂糖20g,黑米粉4g,红枣泥3g,酵母2.0g,奶粉5g,此工艺条件制得的面包表面金黄、细腻松软、淡紫色、香气浓郁,具有独特的风味和口感。     

Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice

High rough rice yields are important for the profitable production of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The value of rough rice is determined primarily by head rice (whole milled grains) and broken rice, together referred to as total milled rice. The objective of this study was to optimize selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice using path-coefficient analysis and selection indices. Thirty-seven long grain pure lines were grown in an experiment at three Arkansas locations during 1993 and 1994. In another test, twenty-eight F₁ hybrids obtained from an eight-parent half diallel of long-grain rices were grown at two locations in Arkansas during 1991. For the pure lines, path analysis revealed that rough rice yield was approximately twice as important in determining total milled rice/ha than head rice. Path analysis for the hybrids revealed that rough rice yield was an even greater component in determining total milled rice/ha. Based on yield components for hybrid rice, panicle density had the largest direct effect determining total milled rice/ha. Filled grain/panicle, grain weight, and head rice, in that order, were secondary, but positive, factors determining total milled rice/ha. A selection index for pure lines based only on selection for head rice was 19.2 percent as effective as selection for total milled rice/ha directly. When selection for total milled rice/ha was based solely on rough rice yield, selection was 82.7 percent as effective as selecting for total milled rice/ha directly. Selection to improve total milled rice/ha should concentrate on increasing both rough rice yield and head rice. Rough rice yield should receive greater priority than head rice in selection strategies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

“云大— 120 ”浸种对水稻秧苗素质及产量影响的研究

试验结果表明：用“云大— 120 ”浸稻种对种子的发芽势、发芽率、秧苗素质、有效穗和稻谷产量具有一定的促进作用，发芽势比对照提高 12.68% — 23.94% ；发芽率提高 3.75% — 18.75% ；有效穗提高 0.5% — 7.43% ；产量增加 1.03% — 8.49% 。其使用方法简单易行，在生产上具有重要的推广价值。     

Quality of head and chalky rice and deterioration of eating quality by chalky rice

Chalk, an opaque area in the rice grain, is an important quality characteristic in rice and occurs most commonly when grains are exposed to high temperatures during development. Chalky rice decreases the value of rice because of its undesirable appearance and eating quality for consumers. We investigated the chemical composition, morphological structure, cooking, texture properties of cooked rice, and pasting and gelatinization properties to evaluate the reason for the deterioration in eating quality of chalky rice.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio     

Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论南方稻区水稻种子推广技术存在的问题与对策

笔者根据自己十多年来从事杂交水稻种子营销和指导农户应用所积累的工作经验,对目前南方杂交水稻种子推广技术中存在的问题作了具体分析,并针对这些问题提出了一些可行性的对策,同时还对南方稻区重新划分种植区域提出了新的观点.     

Objective evaluation of whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes using a portable spectrophotometer

The whiteness of cooked rice and rice cakes was evaluated using a portable spectrophotometer with a whiteness index (WI). Also, by using boiled rice for measurement of Mido values by Mido Meter, it was possible to infer the whiteness of cooked rice without rice cooking. In the analysis of varietal differences of cooked rice, ‘Tsuyahime’, ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Koshinokaori’ showed high whiteness, while ‘Satonoyuki’ had inferior whiteness. The whiteness of rice cakes made from ‘Koyukimochi’ and ‘Dewanomochi’ was higher than the whiteness of those made from ‘Himenomochi’ and ‘Koganemochi’. While there was a significant correlation (r = 0.84) between WI values and whiteness scores of cooked rice by the sensory test, no correlation was detected between the whiteness scores and Mido values, indicating that the values obtained by a spectrophotometer differ from those obtained by a Mido Meter. Thus, a spectrophotometer may be a novel device for measurement of rice eating quality.     

中稻杂交超级稻品种小区对比试验初报

通过15个杂交水稻新品种组合田间小区对比试验,试验以两优培九为对照,设3次重复、45个试验小区。试验结果表明：内5优8015、Y 两优7号、Y 两优302、泰优99、Y 两优3399等5个新品种组合在产量、抗性等农艺性状上的表现比对照优势明显,可在地理条件相近的地区作为中稻高产创建主导品种大面积推广应用;而 Y 两优1号、天优3301、深两优5814、C 两优608、Ⅱ优52、皖稻153等6个品种比对照增减产不明显,有待进一步试验观察;新两优6380、Y 两优2号、T 优5128比对照减产明显,不建议大面积推广应用。     

Relationship between rice grain amylose and pasting properties for breeding better quality rice varieties

One hundred and sixty‐seven rice varieties/laudraces from 23 different rice‐growing countries were used for studying the relationship between the amylose content (AC %) and paste viscosity parameters (RVU) through Pearson correlation. AC and paste viscosity parameters were measured using Auto Analyser and Rapid Visco Analysers respectively. Based on all five RVA pasting properties, i.e. peak viscosity (PV), minimum viscosity (MV), breakdown (BD), final viscosity (FV) and setback (SB), the simple paired t‐test (at P = 0.05) was carried out to identify varieties that showed non‐significant differences (similar) from the check variety, separately for each of the four AC groups, e.g. Waxy rice AC (0–8%, n = 21) –‘IR29’ (Philippines); Low AC (8.1–16%, n = 58) –‘Koshihikari’ (Japan); Intermediate AC (16.1–24%, n = 64) –‘Local Sadri’ (Iran); high AC (>24.1%, n = 24) –‘Kasalath’ (India). Significant variation among the rice varieties for AC and pasting properties were observed. Means of the AC and the viscosity parameters including PV, MV, BD, FV and SB were 15.8, 416.1, 180.3, 235.8, 380.9 and 200.6 RVU respectively. Significant correlations existed between AC and paste viscosity parameters at AC group level. The paste viscosity parameters, i.e. PV, BD and SB are important within an AC group as far as cooking quality is concerned. In the low AC group, ‘Koshihikari’ (check) was most preferred by Japanese consumers, which was used for identifying 16 varieties that showed non‐significant differences for pasting properties with it. Some of the important Japanese varieties were ‘Todorokiwase’, ‘Owarihatamochi’, ‘Sasanishiki’, ‘Reimei’ and ‘Kinuhikari’. These varieties had good cooking quality with low AC, high PV and BD with low SB. In contrast, the Iranian cultivar ‘Local Sadri’ with good cooking quality had intermediate levels of AC and SB while recording high PV and BD. The varietal diversity for pasting properties available within each AC group may allow the breeder to make effective selections for improving the cooking quality according to consumer choice.     

国外稻种资源在广西水稻育种中的应用

水稻种质资源是育种的物质基础。水稻育种要在米质、产量、抗性上有新的突破,除了有新的育种技术外,还要有丰富的遗传资源。国际水稻遗传评价试验网(INGER)的参试材料集中了世界上主要产稻国家和国际研究机构提供的优良种质,来源广泛,遗传基础丰富。广西农科院从1980年起,参加由国际水稻研究所协调的国际水稻遗传评价试验网的国际合作研究工作,到2002年累计从各试验圃获得试验材料15890份,大大丰富了广西水稻新品种选育的物质基础,经试验评价,筛选出一批高产、优质和恢复源种质材料提供育种利用,并育成一批高产、优质、抗病的优良水稻品种…