鄂西山区稻秆潜蝇发生规律与防治

稻秆潜蝇是鄂西武陵山区水稻上的主要害虫之一，在宣恩１ａ发生３代，以第３代幼虫在禾木科杂草心叶内越冬。第１代幼虫危害稻苗心叶，轻者植株生长弱小，重者心叶枯萎，生长点腐烂，不能成苗；第２代幼虫危害水稻孕穗，造成穗形扭曲，抽穗后，部分或大部颖花残缺不实，单穗损失２０％～６０％。湾槽田、阴湿田的杂交稻受害最重。在稻秆潜蝇卵孵始盛期至高峰期用４０％乐果乳油２００～２５０ｍｌ／６６７ｍ^２对水６０ｋｇ喷雾，或３％呋喃丹颗粒剂２～２．５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ^２拌细土５０ｋｇ撒施，防效达８０％以上     

昆虫病原线虫防治甜菜地蛴螬的初步研究

东北黑鳃金龟幼虫是甜菜的主要害虫，利用昆虫病原线虫ＳｔｅｉｎｅｒｎｅｍａｇｌａｓｅｒｉＮＣ３２品系在甜菜苗期防治小区试验表明，每平方米施用线虫１００万头，幼虫死亡率可达８５．３％。大田防治结果，每６６７ｍ^２施用４亿头线虫，幼苗被害率可控制在１５．１％以下，效果明显高于某些化学农药。线虫防治田与对照田相比，能显著的控制蛴螬的种群数量，使甜菜每６６７ｍ^２增产３５１ｋｇ，表明利用线虫防治甜菜地蛴螬的可行性，为地下害虫无公害防治开辟了新途径。     

生测法测定甲草胺在土壤中的残留量

根据甲草胺对敏感植物的幼根或幼茎有抑制作用的原理,采用培养皿土培方法,通过测量发芽种子的根、茎长度来测定甲草胺在土壤中的残留量。实验室筛选试验表明,豌豆、黄瓜幼根及燕麦、小麦幼茎是测定甲草胺在土壤中残留量的敏感试材。豌豆及黄瓜的根部对甲草胺的敏感浓度线性范围较宽,为0.1—8.0微克/克土,IC_(50)(在草甸黑土中抑制根长50％所需要的甲草胺浓度)为3.23ppm±0.20及2.3ppm±0.16;燕麦及小麦茎部的敏感范围较窄,为0.5—5.0微克/克土,IC_(50)为1.3 ppm±0.10及2.8 ppm±0.15。用豌豆根生测法测定甲草胺在田间土壤中的消解动态表明,甲草胺在花生田草甸黑土中降解较快,半衰期为3天左右,其结果与气相色谱法接近。     

4种不同安全剂对菜心上异丙甲草胺的解毒作用

为了解除草剂安全剂在菜心田的使用效果,通过培养皿滤纸法,以菜心的胚根长为测试指标,研究二氯丙烯胺、解草酮、苯叉酰胺（AD-67）、解草啶4种除草剂安全剂对异丙甲草胺的解毒作用。结果表明,当异丙甲草胺浓度1．5、2．0μg/mL对菜心胚根生长产生一定的伤害作用后,4种安全剂对菜心的解毒效果不明显。当异丙甲草胺浓度为0．15μg/mL时,4种安全剂在一定浓度范围内均对异丙甲草胺具有解毒作用,其中AD-67不同浓度处理均对菜心有较好的解毒作用,其浓度在0．5、1．0、2．0μg/mL时对0．15μg/mL异丙甲草胺的解毒效果分别为26．60％、37．14％、33．90％,且菜心胚根长度均与空白对照无显著差异;二氯丙烯胺、解草酮和解草啶三者效果相当,均为浓度0．5μg/mL对菜心具有解毒作用,浓度升高,解毒效果下降。     

麦椒间套避蚜效应与控制病毒病的效果

研究结果表明，３∶２式麦椒间套，在小麦与辣椒共同生长其期间，椒田日平均气温增加０．５℃，土壤相对湿度降低１６．５％，辣椒采光时间缩短６０．６％，黄色诱牌及辣椒上的有翅蚜着落量分别降低８７．２％、８０．８％。减轻了蚜虫对辣椒 直接为害及传播病毒病。间套田病毒病病株率较对照下降，７６．５％，病情指数减轻９３．１％，每ｈａ收入增加４８５３．４－１１１３３．０元。缓解了辣椒与粮棉争地的矛盾，为辣椒生产开辟     

花椒粗提物对异丙甲草胺在稻田中除草效果及安全性的影响

为了探究异丙甲草胺以及花椒粗提物在水田中的除草效果与对水稻的安全性影响,在水稻移栽田中进行了药效试验。结果表明,异丙甲草胺处理组与花椒粗提物添加组对田间杂草均表现出了一定的防除效果,对单子叶杂草的防除效果最为显著,株防效为95．9％-100％;对双子叶杂草的防效相对较差,株防效仅为7．2％-76．5％;而对杂草鲜质量防效为46％～90％。用量为9000、18000、31500g／hm^2的花椒粗提物添加组与相应异丙甲草胺组比较,产量分别增加了1．4％、4．5％、12．7％。异丙甲草胺具有很强的除草活性,花椒粗提物对异丙甲草胺的除草效果影响很小,但能减缓异丙甲草胺对水稻的影响,可作为异丙甲草胺水田应用的安全剂。     

稻水螟发生为害与药剂防治

通过１９９３～１９９４年对稻水螟的田间调查，黑光灯诱集和药剂防治试验，表明该害虫在吉林稻区６月上旬始见幼虫，６月中、下旬为幼虫盛孵期；黑光灯下７月下旬为成虫高峰期。药剂防治可选用３％呋喃丹颗粒剂１．５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ^２，加１５ｋｇ细土，或５０％辛硫磷乳油０．１５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ^２，加１０ｋｇ细土于田边深水处幼虫筒密度大的地方撒施，能有效地控制该害虫     

青稞品种抗麦鞘毛眼水蝇的初步研究

不同青稞品种麦鞘毛眼水蝇着卵量与其倒三叶叶基部脉间距、平均严重度均呈正相关［Ｙ＝２．４７６９＋０．０３３１Ｘ（ｒ＝０．５７４７^＊）、Ｙ＝４２．６３４６＋１．３４２４ｘ（ｒ＝Ｏ．７６２５）］此外，旗叶和倒一叶叶鞘内叶绿素、蛋白质含量与平均严重度也呈正相关［Ｙ＝３０．７９５７＋８．３４４２Ｘ（ｒ＝０．６１９１^＊）、Ｙ＝２３．６７＋３．９０４４ｘ（ｒ＝０．５５５９^＊）］；蛋白质含量与千粒重产量损失率之间有显著的负相关性［Ｙ＝５５．１４８３－２．４６３３Ｘ（ｒ＝─０．５７８６）］。试验表明不同青稞品种对麦鞘毛眼水蝇存在着一定的理化抗性和耐害性。     

6个不同水稻品种对异丙甲草胺的敏感性差异

为探究水稻对异丙甲草胺的敏感性,选育耐药性品种及为异丙甲草胺水田安全应用提供理论依据,用琼脂培养法室内测定了‘T优15’、‘株712s’、‘深两优5814’、‘T优227’、‘湘丰优9号’、‘丰源优272’等6个水稻品种对异丙甲草胺的敏感性。结果表明,异丙甲草胺对水稻发芽、苗与根的生长均有较强的抑制作用,异丙甲草胺浓度越高抑制作用越大。并且根比苗更为敏感,在异丙甲草胺浓度为0.05mg/L时,6个品种根长抑制率分别为38.7%、34.2%、28.4%、16.1%、16.4%、25.1%,苗高抑制率分别为7.6%、6.3%、8.2%、8.9%、18.3%、5.5%。6个水稻品种中,‘丰源优272’对异丙甲草胺耐受性最高,异丙甲草胺对其苗高、苗重、根长、根重的IC50分别为0.958 9、1.867 4、1.093 9、3.968 2mg/L。     

亚蝗微粒子虫毒饵防治东亚飞蝗的研究

用亚蝗微粒子虫毒饵在室内和田间防治东亚飞蝗的试验结果表明，饵料含孢量约１×１０^１２个／ｋｇ，投放量２ｋｇ／６６７ｍ^２，于蝗蝻２龄期施用，１４ｄ内可获得８７．８％的杀蝻效果     

Critical period for weed control in direct seeded red pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Direct seeded red pepper is a cash crop in Kahramanmara? province of Turkey as well as some other nearby provinces. Weeds are a major constraint in red pepper production. Field studies were conducted to determine critical period for weed control (CPWC) in direct seeded spice pepper in Kahramanmara?, in 2008 and 2009. The CPWC in red pepper based on a 2.5%, 5% and 10% acceptable yield loss (AYL) was calculated by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data. The CPWC in red pepper was determined from 0 to 1087 growing degree days (GDD) in 2008 and from 109 to 796 GDD in 2009 for 10% AYL after crop emergence in red pepper. For 2.5–5% AYL, the CPWC starts with germination and lasts until harvest. Direct seeded red pepper is very vulnerable to weed competition and weed control programs for direct seeded spice pepper in Turkey should include pre‐emergence and residual herbicides.     

气相色谱-电子捕获检测器同时测定瓜果类蔬菜中15种除草剂残留

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）法建立了同时测定瓜果类蔬菜中15种除草剂（氟嘧磺隆、草毒死、敌草隆、氯草定、氟乐灵、炔苯酰草胺、乙草胺、甲草胺、异丙甲草胺、吡唑草胺、硝草胺、丁草胺、丙草胺、齅草酮、吡氟酰草胺）残留量的方法。供试番茄、黄瓜、青椒、茄子、西葫芦、马铃薯、芸豆及萝卜8种样品经乙酸乙酯与二氯甲烷混合溶剂提取,Florisil PR固相萃取柱净化,DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）分离,GC-ECD测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.002~0.5 mg/kg的3个添加水平下,15种除草剂在8种蔬菜中的平均添加回收率为77%~113%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.5%~10.8%,定量限为0.001~0.1 mg/kg。采用所建立的方法对市售蔬菜样品进行测定,结果表明,15种除草剂的残留量均小于最大允许残留限量。该方法简单、快速,灵敏度高,适用于同时测定瓜果类蔬菜样品中15种除草剂的残留量。     

SELECTIVE ACTION OF DIPHENAMID AND NAPROPAMIDE IN PEPPER (GAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) AND WEEDS

Summary. A comparison was made between diphenamid and napropamide with regard to phytotoxicity to pepper and weeds under glasshouse and field conditions. Diphenamid was considerably less phytotoxic than napropamide in inhibiting root elongation and shoot growth of pepper seedlings. Plant growth was reduced when the roots were exposed to either one of the herbicides, but growth of the shoot through treated soil was not adversely affected. Since diphenamid was found to be more leachable into soil, it might become more available to the roots and damage the crop plants. Graminaceous weeds were very sensitive to both herbicides, whereas several dicotyledonous weeds were more susceptible to napropamide. Selectivity of both herbicides at a late pre-emergence application to direct-seeded pepper was found satisfactory in two field experiments on different soil types.
Action sélective de la diphénamide et de la napropamide sur le piment et les mauvaises herbes     

12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效

采用田间小区试验方法,测定12种除草剂对玉米田鸭跖草的防效。在玉米3~5叶期、鸭跖草3~7叶期进行茎叶喷雾处理,施药后观察鸭跖草的药害症状并定时调查除草效果。试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮以及含有以上成分的复配制剂对鸭跖草有较高防效。因此,防除玉米田鸭跖草可选择氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯唑草酮、硝磺草酮等除草剂单剂或含有以上成分的除草剂混剂。     

海南省胡椒瘟病病原鉴定及发生规律

采用形态特征观察、致病性测定及rDNA-ITS序列分析等方法,对海南省主产区胡椒瘟病病原进行鉴定,通过田间实地调查对胡椒瘟病的发生规律进行了研究。结果表明,该病病原为辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici),月平均降雨量对该病的发生有着显著的影响。降雨量越大,持续降雨天数越多,发病率越高。     

除草剂防治宽叶酢浆草的田间药效评价

宽叶酢浆草为近年来入侵云南夏秋玉米地和马铃薯地的外来检疫性杂草。利用田间小区试验评价了几种除草剂对玉米地和马铃薯地宽叶酢浆草的控制效果。结果表明,土壤处理剂对玉米地和马铃薯地的宽叶酢浆草的防除效果均较差,药剂处理45d后,株防效和鲜重防效均低于30%。玉米地茎叶处理剂的防除效果明显优于土壤处理剂,其中,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对宽叶酢浆草的45d株防效和鲜重防效均超过98%,除40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD,其他除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均低于80%,具体的株防效顺序为:41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD200g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC30%苯唑草酮SC13%2甲4氯钠AS。马铃薯地茎叶处理剂的防除效果较差,鲜重防效高于株防效,但均低于30%。45d的株防效和鲜重防效顺序均为13%砜嘧·精喹OD480g/L灭草松AS25%砜嘧磺隆WG。     

稻田除草剂选择智能决策系统APP的构建与思考

当前我国水稻田登记的除草剂活性成分组合共204种, 包括55种单剂和149种复配剂?在总结各种稻田除草剂应用技术要素的基础上, 提出稻田除草剂选用中具有普遍性的6个关键问题, 包括:水稻栽培方式?稻田除草剂施用时期?施用方法?稻田主要禾本科杂草种类?稻田非禾本科主要杂草类型?田间杂草生育期; 基于各种除草剂品种对应上述6个问题上的应用特点, 开发了“稻田除草剂选用参考系统”, 该手机软件共1.8 MB, 可以在安卓手机上安装使用?该软件可以根据用户在上述6个问题上的选项组合, 直接获得适用除草剂品种清单; 也可以根据用户输入除草剂名称所含字词, 检索相关的除草剂品种清单?此外, 软件中列出了每种除草剂的使用技术要点?     

Distribution of Phytophthora spp. in Field Soils Determined by Immunoassay

ABSTRACT Populations of Phytophthora spp. were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in field soils used for pepper and soybean production in Ohio. Soybean fields were sampled extensively (64 fields, n = 6 samples per field over 2 years) and intensively (4 fields, n = 64 samples per field in 1 year) to assess heterogeneity of P. sojae populations. Four pepper fields (n = 64), three of which had a history of Phytophthora blight (caused by P. capsici), also were sampled intensively during a 6-month period. Mean (m), variance (v), and measures of aggregation (e.g., variance-to-mean ratio [v/m]) of immunoassay values, translated to Phytophthora antigen units (PAU), were related to the disease history in each of the pepper and soybean fields. Mean PAU values for fields in which Phytophthora root rot (soybean) or blight (pepper) had been moderate to severe were higher than in fields in which disease incidence had been low or not observed. A detection threshold value of 11.3 PAU was calculated with values for 64 samples from one pepper field, all of which tested negative for Phytophthora by bioassay and ELISA. Seven of the eight intensively sampled fields contained at least some detectable Phytophthora propagules, with the percentage of positive samples ranging from 1.6 to 73.4. Mean PAU values ranged from 1 to 84 (extensive soybean field sampling), 6 to 24 (intensive soybean field sampling), and 4 to 30 (intensive pepper field sampling); however, variances ranged from 0 to 7,774 (extensive sampling), 30 to 848 (intensive soybean field sampling), and 5 to 2,401 (intensive pepper field sampling). Heterogeneity of PAU was high in most individual soybean and pepper fields, with values of v/m greater than 1, and log(v) increasing with log(m), with a slope of about 2.0. Spatial autocorrelation coefficients were not significant, indicating there was no relationship of PAU values in neighboring sampling units (i.e., field locations) of the intensively sampled fields. Combined results for autocorrelations and v/m values indicate that Phytophthora was highly aggregated in these fields but that the scale of the aggregation (e.g., average focus size) was less than the size of the sampling units. Because of the observed variability, we calculated that sample sizes of 20 or more would be needed to estimate precisely the mean density of Phytophthora in most cases.     

基于登记用量分析我国四大主粮作物田除草剂的登记现状

为除草剂合理减施提供数据参考，本研究于2019年7月3日自中国农药信息网查询我国四大主粮作物——小麦、水稻、玉米和马铃薯登记的除草剂，并对这4种作物田登记除草剂单剂（含原药）及混剂的条目数量进行整体分析，并对所有单剂有效成分以及不同剂型的登记条目数量进行分析，筛选出高用量单剂有效成分，分别从剂型和防治对象上进行用量分析，再将用量最高的4种有效成分、3种作物和3种防治对象进行组合，对已登记的组合进行用量分析。结果显示：有效成分用量最大值、均值和范围排序均依次为水稻田、小麦田、玉米田和马铃薯田，并选出15种高用量单剂有效成分，其中2甲4氯钠、2，4-滴钠盐、苯磺隆、丙草胺、丁草胺、2，4-滴二甲胺盐和2甲4氯二甲胺盐等存在用量差异大、异常高值点多的问题；登记除草剂单剂有效成分用量最高的剂型为可溶粉剂，用量最高的防治对象为阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草；2甲4氯钠-水稻-阔叶杂草和2甲4氯钠-水稻-莎草科杂草组合用量差异大且离群高值点多，究其原因可能与剂型、厂家有关。为减少除草剂用量，建议在最低有效剂量研究基础上，选择有效成分用量较低的除草剂品种。     

湖南省烟田杂草种群调查

为了明确湖南省烟田杂草种群与分布,采用对角线五点取样法在全省烟田进行了系统调查。结果表明,烟田杂草共有30科77种,其中禾本科杂草占比14.29%,阔叶杂草占比81.82%,莎草科杂草占比3.89%;一年生杂草占比75.32%,多年生杂草占比24.68%。相对多度大于3%的杂草有铁苋菜、酸模叶蓼、稗、碎米荠、马唐、繁缕、喜旱莲子草、看麦娘、通泉草、鸭跖草、水苦荬等11种,其中铁苋菜、酸模叶蓼、稗为湖南省烟田优势杂草种群,碎米荠、马唐、繁缕、喜旱莲子草、看麦娘、通泉草、鸭跖草、水苦荬为湖南省烟田区域性优势杂草种群。湖南省烟田杂草防除主要采用苗前土壤处理和苗后茎叶处理相结合的化学防除方法,主要使用的化学除草剂是精异丙甲草胺和砜嘧磺隆。本研究结果表明,湖南省烟田杂草存在区域性差异,应因地制宜制定合适的化学防治方案。