应用“502”非水介质消毒棉籽

棉花枯、黄萎病通过种籽带菌传播。1977年起,我所与沈阳化工研究院合作,用非水介质法进行种子消毒试验。 1.菌种:为本所棉田菌种。采用液体培养法,分别在恒温28℃振荡培养3—4天,纱     

白僵菌二级液体菌种扩大培养新技术的应用及其效益报告

白僵菌二级液体菌种扩大培养新技术的应用及其效益报告薛振南，曾国南（广西区森防站），（大明山白僵菌厂）白僵菌二级液体菌种（简称液种）扩大培养新技术一铝罐大摇床技术，是我区独创的液种扩大培养的一种新方法。１９８７年区直高峰林场白僵菌厂首先试用，１９８９年...     

阿魏蘑菇液体培养初探

阿魏蘑菇液体培养初探冯缨，许国英（中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所，乌鲁木齐，８３００１１）食用菌液体培养菌种的优越性，早已在国内外被同行肯定，但阿魏侧耳（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｆｅｒｕｌｕｅ）的液体培养目前还未见这方面的报道。阿魏蘑菇肉质细嫩、味美，口...     

玉米细菌性枯萎病菌种的保藏方法

菌种保藏是个很重要的问题,保存不当容易丧失活力或造成污染。菌种保藏既要求菌种在较长的时间内,维持其原有活力;同时又要保持原有的特性。 不同菌种,采用什么方法保存,贮藏在什么环境条件下是不尽相同的。我们曾采用日常应用较广的液体石腊保藏法,把玉米细菌性枯萎病Erwinia Stewartii(E.F.Sm.)Dye保藏在4—5℃的冰箱内,结果发现存活时间不长,只25—45天。     

小孢拟盘多毛孢PM-1菌株的液体发酵及除草活性物质的分离

前期研究发现分离自毛竹的小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora PM-1菌株具有较强的除草活性,为了明确其产生除草活性物质的最佳液体发酵条件,对培养基种类及成分、培养温度、培养时间和培养方式进行了探讨,并利用薄层层析(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)对除草活性物质进行了分离。小孢拟盘多毛孢在含硫酸亚铁的PD培养基中,30 ℃黑暗静止培养15天,得到的粗提物除草活性最强;除草活性物质经TLC分离获得7个条带,其中条带6具有较强的除草活性,HPLC分析发现该条带含有7个组分,其中组分3对马唐的活性较强,其保留时间为46.3 min。研究结果表明,利用最佳液体发酵条件对PM-1菌株进行发酵培养,可分离获得除草活性化合物——组分3。     

不同提取条件对葡萄叶提取物抑制两种病原菌活性的影响

以黄瓜枯萎病菌和辣椒枯萎病菌作为供试菌种,采用生长速率法对葡萄叶不同溶剂提取物和不同提取方法提取物的抑菌活性进行测定。结果表明,葡萄叶不同溶剂提取物对供试菌种均表现出抗菌效果,并筛选出最佳提取溶剂是95%的乙醇,而最佳提取条件是提取温度40 ℃、提取时间和方式是超声波提取30 min,提取料液比1∶8(g/mL)。     

葡萄霜霉病菌拮抗放线菌PY-1发酵条件优化

为探讨暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1液体摇瓶发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以菌体生物量和发酵液抑制葡萄霜霉病菌Plasmopara viticola活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交试验对菌株PY-1的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株PY-1最适发酵培养基为玉米粉50 g/L、葡萄糖5 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、氯化铵5 g/L、氯化钠 0.5 g/L;最佳发酵培养条件为培养温度28 ℃、培养时间5 d、初始pH 7.0、250 mL三角瓶装液量90 mL、接种量体积分数5%、摇床转速180 r/min。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株PY-1发酵液抑菌率达到99.26%,抑菌能力提高8.35%。     

简青霉CEF-818固体发酵工艺优化

简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum CEF-818发酵产物能够有效的防治由大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae引起的棉花黄萎病,为获得简青霉CEF-818最佳的发酵条件,本研究采用单因素和正交试验方法对简青霉CEF-818固体发酵培养基的组成以及发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,简青霉CEF-818固体发酵最适培养物为麦麸,其他添加物为葡萄糖、尿素和氯化钾,添加量按麦麸的质量比分别为2.5%、0.6%和0.6%（M/M）,料水比为1：0.5,固体发酵最佳的培养条件为液体接种量为5%（V/M）、初始pH为7、物料厚度为2 cm、培养温度为28℃、培养时间为7 d。在此条件下,简青霉CEF-818的产孢量为8.28×10⁹ CFU/g。     

莱氏野村菌微菌核一步液体发酵新工艺

莱氏野村菌微菌核已成功实现了液体诱导培养和对其分子发育机理的研究。为实现微菌核的规模化生产,我们通过对不同类型的接种体、不同培养时间的接种体和不同接种量对莱氏野村菌微菌核产量和生物量进行了研究。结果显示,培养24~48 h的菌体能够作为液体一步发酵的有效接种体,微菌核产量均达到1.0×104微菌核/mL。并优化莱氏野村菌微菌核液体30 L发酵工艺,产率达到20%~30%。研究结果为莱氏野村菌微菌核的规模化生产提供了科学数据参考。     

发酵时间和乙二酸前体对小核盘菌生物除草剂致病力的影响

以粉碎的大麦颗粒为培养基,采用固体发酵法制作小核盘菌Sclerotinia minor Jagger生物除草剂,研究发酵时间和乙二酸生物合成前体物质对除草菌的生活力、致病力及乙二酸产量的影响,以期为提高除草菌除草效率提供理论依据.发酵7天的液体菌种生产的除草菌生活力达到最大,为65.0 mm,发酵6天的液体菌种生产的除草菌致病力达到最大,为55.8 mm;固体发酵6天的除草菌的生活力、致病力和乙二酸产量均达到最大,分别为64.3 mm、54.3 mm和0.131 mg/g;添加乙二酸前体对除草菌生活力没有明显影响.添加浓度为56mmol/L的琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸后,除草菌中乙二酸产量分别比对照增加了64.4%和39.7%,除草菌的致病力分别增加了12.4%和5.4%,乙二酸产量与致病力之间存在正相关性.     

大豆毛口壳叶斑病菌产毒素的研究

 针对目前生产上新发现的大豆毛口壳叶斑病菌（Aristastoma sp.）产生的毒素进行了研究。该病菌的Czapek培养液经乙酸乙酯萃取可获得毒素粗提物。通过对该菌产毒条件的研究表明,pH 7的改良Richard培养液产生毒素生物活性最强,培养温度25℃、黑暗条件下持续振荡培养20 d最有利于该病菌毒素的产生。毒素活性测定表明,毒素对大豆叶片产生与病菌作用相同的褪绿症状,对种子胚根生长有抑制作用,对幼苗有致萎作用,说明毒素是大豆毛口壳叶斑病病菌侵染过程中的主要致病因子。     

枯萎病菌毒素培养滤液对唐菖蒲幼苗毒性的初步研究

 对唐菖蒲枯萎病菌进行了产毒培养基的筛选,研究毒素培养滤液对胚根生长的抑制作用、对幼苗根系活力的影响及对幼苗的致萎作用。结果表明：唐菖蒲枯萎病菌在Czapek培养基中培养15 d所产生的培养滤液对唐菖蒲胚根的抑制作用最强,胚根生长抑制率高达99.79%;而菌丝干重在PD培养基中培养13 d达到最高值1 242.27 mg;毒素培养滤液经121℃灭菌20 min后对唐菖蒲胚根仍有很强的抑制作用,表现出较高的热稳定性;与对照相比,毒素培养滤液能够显著降低唐菖蒲幼苗根系活力,随处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增加,萎蔫级数逐渐增加。说明枯萎病菌毒素培养滤液是唐菖蒲枯萎病的致病因子,可以利用其筛选唐菖蒲抗枯萎病品种。     

Inter-individual genetic variation in the temperature response of Leptosphaeria species pathogenic on oilseed rape

It is important to understand the likely response of plant pathogens to increased temperatures due to anthropogenic climate change. This includes evolutionary change due to selection on genetically based variation in growth rate with temperature. We attempted to quantify this in two ways. First, radial mycelial growth rates in agar culture were determined for a collection of 44 English isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and 17 isolates of L. biglobosa, at 14 temperatures. For L. maculans the genotypic variances in four parameters were measured: minimum temperature allowing growth, optimum temperature, growth rate at the optimum temperature, and growth rate at the highest usable temperature, 31.8°C. The standard deviations were 0.068°C, 1.28°C, 0.21 mm/day, and 0.31 mm⋅day⁻¹⋅°C⁻¹, respectively. For L. biglobosa, these figures were, respectively: immeasurably small, 1.31°C, 0.053 mm/day, and 0.53 mm⋅day⁻¹⋅°C⁻¹. In addition, the incidence and severity of phoma stem canker in planta over a natural growing cycle at four temperatures (16, 20, 24, and 28°C) around the average culture optimum were determined. There was no correlation between in vitro and in planta growth, and the decrease in pathogen measures either side of the optimum temperature was much less for in planta growth than for in vitro growth. We conclude that both pathogens have the capacity to evolve to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, but that predictions of the effect of this adaptation, or estimates of heritability in natural conditions, cannot be made from measurements in vitro.     

黄芪根腐病生防放线菌筛选鉴定及其优化培养

为获得对黄芪根腐病具有强抗菌活性的生防菌株,采用平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法对分离于河西走廊盐碱土中的172株放线菌进行拮抗菌的筛选,获得优菌株DA4-4-1,根据其形态、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA基因序列进行系统发育学分析鉴定,并根据单因素试验与正交试验对培养基条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株DA4-4-1对黄芪根腐病的2种主要致病菌尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和茄腐镰刀菌F.solani均有较好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径最大分别为20.16 mm和19.33 mm,抑菌率最大分别为34.62%和32.44%。结合16S rDNA基因序列的系统发育分析,将菌株DA4-4-1鉴定为链霉菌属蓝紫链霉菌Streptomyces tuirus。培养基最佳碳源为麦芽糖,氮源为(NH_4)_2SO_4,其优化条件为麦芽糖15 g/L、(NH_4)_2SO_4 0.5 g/L、NaCl 10 g/L、pH 7,在此条件下菌株DA4-4-1的抑菌率可达到86.72%。表明菌株DA4-4-1是1株具有较强抗菌活性的放线菌,具有良好的生物防治和开发应用潜力。     

Invertase Activities in Sheath-blight Infected Rice Selection Lines and Fungus Culture Filtrates

Infection of rice plants with Rhizoctonia solani, the sheath blight fungus, at the flowering stage resulted in an increase in acid invertase activity. Activity of the invertase(s) with optimum pH at 3.5 and 4.5 was higher in the susceptible plants compared to resistant plants. Healthy control plants had no change in invertase activity. An invertase of fungal origin produced in sheath blight fungus culture filtrates had an optimum acidic pH of 3.5. The increase in invertase activity observed in the later stages of infection in the susceptible plants compared to the resistant plants demonstrated a relation to fungal growth. These results suggested that the fungus produced an invertase for the hydrolysis of sucrose that resulted in alterations of source-sink relationships in the colonized cells. Thus, the increased invertase activity in the susceptible plants regulated the ratio of hexose to sucrose. This observation is further supported by the lack of a significant invertase increase in the resistant plants. Received 14 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 9 December 1999     

La detection et le dosage des herbicides à l'aide des chlorelles: recherches sur les conditions expérimentales optimales et application à l'analyse de plusieurs herbicides

The detection and estimatinn of herbicidés uith ihe aid of Chtorelta: investigation of optimum conditions and iheir applicalion to the analysis of several herbicides The use of a uniform culture of Chlorella as yn inoculum at a given density under known conditions of temperature, light and nutrition in a gaseous mixture has allowed an improvement in the technique and given highly reproducible results. Tests with atrazine have shown that it can be detected at a dose or 0.012 ppm and estimated to an accuracy of 0.04 ppm. Other herbicides have been tested and their sensitivity was found to be in lhe following descending order: lerbutryne > lenacil = isoproturon > atrazine > chlortoluron > methabenzthiazuron = metoxuron.     

White rot of Panax quinquefolius caused by Sclerotinia nivalis

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), one of the most well-known araliaceous perennial herbs, suffered from root rots and mortality in 2020 in Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China, leading to 40%–60% yield losses. The diseased plants initially showed unevenly yellowing foliage, and yellow-brownish, water-soaked roots with internal softening. Subsequently, white fluffy mycelia manifested on the surface of diseased P. quinquefolius roots, followed by the appearance of black irregular sclerotia-like bodies. In this study, a fungal isolate (SS-TB, GenBank no. MT830866) was obtained from the infected roots. Based on the culture morphology, pathogenicity tests and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, this isolate was identified as Sclerotinia nivalis. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sclerotial production was 20 ℃ and 15 ℃, respectively; the optimum pH for mycelial growth and sclerotial production was pH 6.0. This isolate grew faster and produced more sclerotia on potato dextrose agar than on other media. It infected ginseng roots with or without wounds, but inoculation of wounded roots led to more severe disease. S. nivalis also infected 43 of the 48 plant species tested, including vegetables, fruits, oil crops, and flowering plants from Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Liliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Orchidaceae. It was nonpathogenic on Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Anemone vitifolia, Ipomoea batatas, and Vaccinium sp. This study is the first report of S. nivalis causing white rot on P. quinquefolius.     

枣缩果病主要病原菌生物学特性的初步研究

枣缩果病为多病原病害,本文对其中2种主要病原菌生物学特性的研究表明:盾壳霉菌丝生长温度范围为9～33℃,最适温度27℃;pH值范围为3～10,最适pH为7～8;碳素营养以果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖为好,乳糖较差。细链格孢菌苗丝生长温度范围为6～36℃,最适温度为24℃;pH值范围为3～10,最适pH为7;碳源以果糖为佳,乳糖最差;分生孢子在3～39℃,pH值3～10范围内均可萌发,以温度27℃,pH 5～8为最适。不同光照处理对盾壳霉菌和细链格孢菌菌丝生长和后者孢子萌发率无明显影响。     

Bait method to detect Pythium species that grow at high temperatures in hydroponic solutions

Pythium helicoides, P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum are important pathogens that cause root rot of several crops in hydroponic culture and in ebb-and-flow irrigation systems. These species belong to a group of Pythium species that can grow at temperatures higher than 40°C. We developed a method for baiting these high-temperature Pythium species and evaluated its practicality to monitor their presence in nutrient solutions. Seeds of cucumber, tomato, radish, hemp, perilla and millet and leaves of bent grass and rose were tested as baits in hydroponic systems. Hemp, perilla and radish seeds and bent grass and rose leaves were more effective than the other baits for Pythium zoospores, and bent grass leaves were the most effective. In a sensitivity test, bent grass leaf traps (BLTs) detected three Pythium species after only a 1 day exposure to suspensions of 40 zoospores per liter of water, and the frequency of detection increased with zoospore density and with baiting period. A temperature of 38°C was optimum for the selective reisolation of the high-temperature Pythium species from the BLTs. The BLT was also tested with inoculated and noninoculated miniature roses that shared a recirculating nutrient solution. The pathogen was detected in the nutrient solution 23 days before the disease spread to the noninoculated roses. In addition, P. helicoides was detected 30 days before the disease was evident in a commercial greenhouse. The baiting method described here will be useful for monitoring high-temperature Pythium species in recirculating hydroponic culture systems.     

布朗李叶枯病菌生物学特性研究

对布朗李叶枯病菌(Macrophoma kawatsukai Hara)生物学特性研究表明,该菌最适生长和产孢的培养基为布朗李果汁。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源分别为蔗糖、麦芽糖和果糖;氮源分别为酪氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天门冬酰胺和半胱氨酸。菌丝生长最适温度25℃,最适pH5～7;分生孢子形成最适温度25～30℃,最适pH8,饱和湿度有利于产孢,阳光照射形成分生孢子器最多,紫外光照射对分生孢子器形成有一定的抑制作用。孢子萌发最适温度为20～30℃,最适pH6～9,相对湿度为90%～100%,以在水滴中萌发最好。布朗李杆煎汁和布朗李果汁对孢子萌发有促进作用。