黄瓜花叶病毒RNA1侵染性cDNA克隆构建及病毒致病因子的分析

侵染性克隆是研究植物病毒的基础。黄瓜花叶病毒是目前最重要的植物病毒之一。本文以黄瓜花叶病毒M株系为材料来构建病毒的侵染性克隆。由于RNA1的c DNA对多数克隆菌株有毒性,因而采取了分段克隆的方法来构建RNA1的侵染性c DNA克隆,并进一步通过假重组技术来研究病毒的致病因子。结果表明,采用分段克隆的方法成功获得了CMV-M RNA1的侵染性克隆;M株系侵染烟草引起的黄白化症状与病毒的RNA3有直接相关性。     

侵染美人蕉的CMV基因组全序列及其致病性分析

 对一株从美人蕉上分离到的CMV(Cah1-CMV)进行了全长克隆、全序列分析及寄主生物学研究。结果显示:其RNA1全长为3 356 nt,编码993个aa的1a蛋白;RNA2全长为3 045 nt,编码843 aa的2a蛋白和111 aa的2b蛋白;RNA3全长为2 220 nt,编码279 aa的3a蛋白和218 aa的CP蛋白。系统进化树分析显示:Cah1-CMV是CMV亚组IB株系。但是,该株系可以通过汁液摩擦接种侵染烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)、心叶烟(N.glutinosa)和番茄(Lycopersivon esculentum)鉴别寄主,可引起心叶烟顶端坏死,而在其他茄科寄主上均为典型花叶。将Cah1-CMV的2b替换到Fny-CMV中,产生FCah12b-CMV重组体,分析其在心叶烟上的致病性。结果显示:侵染早期,FCah12b-CMV引起心叶烟顶端叶黄褐坏死,与其母本病毒Cah1-CMV的症状相似,而非Fny-CMV症状;侵染后期,FCah12b-CMV并不引起植株系统性坏死。Northern blot-ting结果显示:Cah1-CMV、FCah12b-CMV和Fny-CMV在系统叶中的积累水平不存在明显差异。以上结果说明Cah1-CMV的2b基因在Cah1-CMV致病过程中具有重要功能,但并不是整株症状的决定因子;致病性差异与其基因组RNA在寄主体内的积累水平并不呈正相关性。     

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒辽宁分离物生物学和基因组研究

正苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)属于乙型线形病毒科(Betaflexiviridae)纤毛病毒属(Trichovirus),基因组为正义单链RNA,含有约7 500个核苷酸,编码3个部分重叠的开放阅读框。目前从Gen Bank数据库可以检索到19个ACLSV分离物的基因组序列。该病毒侵染仁果与核果,如苹果和桃,在苹果栽培种上不引起症状,在特定指示植物上引起症状,如俄罗斯苹     

马铃薯Y病毒N-Wi株系广西分离物的鉴定

 马铃薯Y病毒 (potato virus Y,PVY) 是一种重要的农作物病毒,可造成产量损失和产品质量下降。其宿主范围广泛,包括马铃薯、烟草、番茄和辣椒等经济作物。在广西从叶片表现斑驳褪绿症状的马铃薯上分离到一株PVY分离物DX,其基因组包含一个大的开放阅读框 (open reading frame,ORF),由9 186 nt组成,编码3 061个氨基酸。系统发育进化分析显示,分离物DX与PVY^N-Wi株系分离物IUNG-12、SGS-AG、MAF-VOY聚类成一个分支。重组分析表明分离物DX基因组在496 nt和2 388 nt存在重组位点,分别位于P1和HC-Pro/P3结合区,是分离物Oz和N605的重组体。通过机械摩擦接种,分离物DX可侵染茄科9种作物,引起本生烟叶片花叶、皱缩和泡状突起等症状;引起普通烟草和番茄的轻微花叶症状;引起马铃薯叶片花叶症状,接种辣椒没有发病。序列比对分析显示,分离物DX缺乏引起烟草叶脉坏死相关的氨基酸位点N₂₀₅、K₄₀₀和E₄₁₉。本研究比较了分离物DX对茄科共12种作物的侵染能力和病害症状差异,结果表明分离物DX可用于探索PVY在不同寄主中的致病机理。     

黄瓜花叶病毒M株系引致烟草症状恢复的初步研究

 黄瓜花叶病毒M株系在白肋烟上具有典型的症状恢复现象,本研究用提纯病毒和DAS-ELISA建立了CMV-M病毒定量检测方法。研究发现,症状严重程度与叶片中的病毒浓度呈正相关:最早发病的黄化叶每克病组织中病毒可高达790 μg,而恢复叶片上部再发病的花叶症状病叶中每克病组织中病毒也可高达508 μg,恢复叶片中病毒含量很低,每克叶片中最高也没有超过6 μg,仅为发病叶片病毒浓度的1/85~1/135,远低于根和茎中的病毒浓度。RT-PCR和生物学检测结果表明恢复叶片中确实存在具侵染活性的病毒,而且病毒在长达半个月以上一直保持很低浓度。结果表明恢复叶中可能存在有效的病毒防御机制,其具体机理有待进一步研究。     

棉花曲叶病研究进展

 棉花曲叶病(Cotton leaf curl disease,CLCuD)是棉花上的重要病害,在巴基斯坦和印度已造成严重危害。已发现7种双生病毒与亚洲和非洲发生的CLCuD相关,在田间这些双生病毒常复合侵染且病毒基因组重组现象较为普遍。CLCuD伴随不同类型的小分子DNA,其中新型卫星DNA分子——DNAβ与CLCuD致病性紧密相关,是诱导田间典型症状所必需的。重组导致CLCuD的病毒多样化,而DNAβ分子能与不同双生病毒互作,这可能是引起CLCuD流行的重要原因。本文介绍了CLCuD的分布与危害、病害病原致病因子的发现及CLCuD病害复合体各组份之间的互作、病毒及小分子DNA的变异与进化关系、病害流行及防治等方面的研究进展。     

水蜡A病毒在呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市紫丁香上的发生及其基因组分子特征分析

为明确侵染紫丁香Syringa oblata并引起褪绿花叶症状的病毒种类及其基因组分子特征,利用透射电子显微镜对分离自呼和浩特市和哈尔滨市的紫丁香病样中的病毒粒子进行观察,并通过小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术对其进行检测分析。结果表明,在紫丁香显症叶片的病毒粗提液中观察到长约600 nm、宽约13 nm的线状病毒粒子。利用小RNA高通量测序和RT-PCR技术从病样中检测到水蜡A病毒（Ligustrum virus A,LVA）,发病率为3.7%。呼和浩特市紫丁香分离物LVA-Sob的基因组序列全长8 525 nt,包含6个开放阅读框,分别编码Rep（1 968 aa）、TGB1（229 aa）、TGB2（107 aa）、TGB3（60 aa）、CP（294 aa）和NABP（119 aa）共6个蛋白。序列一致性分析表明,分离物LVA-Sob与韩国水蜡树分离物LVA-SK的基因组序列一致率高达97.9%,而与我国辽宁省暴马丁香分离物LVA-DX的基因组序列一致率仅为73.6%。在这3个LVA分离物基因组中没有检测到重组事件;基于基因组和cp基因序列的系统发育树显示这3个LVA分离物形成一个分支,并与瑞香S病毒（daphne virus S,DVS）有较近的亲缘关系。     

北京地区侵染茄子的番茄斑萎病毒分子鉴定与分析

调查发现北京地区一温室栽培茄子Solanum melongena L.出现严重病毒病。利用基于小RNA的高通量测序技术和RT-PCR方法,明确了引起茄子病害的病毒种类为番茄斑萎病毒,将其命名为TSWV-eggplant分离物。进一步克隆了该病毒的基因组全长(S RNA、M RNA、L RNA),并构建其系统发育树。结果表明,该分离物的S RNA与美国分离物亲缘关系较近,M RNA与中国分离物亲缘关系较近,而L RNA与韩国分离物亲缘关系较近。因此,本研究发现的TSWV分离物与国内已发生报道的分离物不同,该分离物是否存在不同分离物之间基因组的重组需要进一步研究。     

玉米茉莉酸信号途径参与抵抗玉米褪绿斑驳病毒的侵染

为研究茉莉酸（jasmonic acid, JA）信号途径在玉米响应玉米褪绿斑驳病毒（maize chloroticmottle virus, MCMV）侵染中的作用,利用外源喷施茉莉酸甲酯 （methyl jasmonate, MeJA）方法,采用病毒诱导的基因沉默技术以及玉米原生质体过表达探究JA信号途径是否参与玉米抗MCMV侵染。结果表明,相比于对照, MCMV在外源喷施MeJA的玉米植株上引起的褪绿和花叶症状明显减轻, MCMV基因组RNA积累水平下降了69%,外壳蛋白 （coat protein, CP）积累水平下降了43%,表明MeJA处理提升了玉米植株对MCMV的抗性。在沉默JA信号途径抑制基因 ZmJAZ5的玉米植株上,相比于对照植株, MCMV引起的褪绿及花叶症状也明显减轻, MCMV的基因组RNA积累水平下降了71%, CP积累水平下降了56%。在玉米原生质体中过表达ZmJAZ5后,与对照相比, MCMV基因组RNA积累水平上升了1.58倍, CP积累水平上升了1.34倍。表明JA信号途径在玉米抵抗MCMV侵染过程中发挥着关键作用。     

系统侵染的番茄植株中黄瓜花叶病毒的时序变化

 采用实时荧光定量PCR (FQ-PCR)和DAS-ELISA方法,研究了22~26℃温室条件下番茄幼苗中黄瓜花叶病毒CNA株系(CMV-CNA)各基因组RNA组分及其外壳蛋白(CP)含量的动态变化,同时结合同期感病植株症状发展和病情指数,分析并探讨CMV各基因组RNA、CP以及病症显示程度之间的时间效应及其相关性。以18S rRNA为内参照,FQ-PCR相对定量分析结果显示:接种后5~30 d,CMV三分体基因组RNA在系统侵染的番茄组织中负荷量变化趋势大体一致,但是不同时期含量差异显著,均经历对数增长期、稳定期和回落期。其中,以RNA2负荷量变化情况最为平缓。DAS-ELISA检测结果显示:CP含量随接种时间延长而持续升高,但其对数增长趋势相对滞后于基因组RNA。番茄幼苗发病症状与CMV基因组RNA及CP负荷量的变化趋势大体一致,但症状表现时间相对滞后。CMV-CNA株系在番茄幼苗中以基因组RNA、CP以及病症显示先后次序出现高峰期,显示病毒基因组RNA及其CP在植物组织内负荷量的变化与植株症状表现并不同步。其动态变化规律将为研究CMV侵染机制,病毒与寄主互作及防病控病提供量化依据。     

A Variant of Cucumber mosaic virus Is Restricted to Local Lesions in Inoculated Tobacco Leaves with a Hypersensitive Response

A variant of Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV(Y/GM2), was isolated from a tobacco plant with mild green mosaic symptoms that was regenerated in vitro from a yellow strain of CMV [CMV(Y)]-infected tobacco leaves by tissue culture. CMV(Y/GM2) has two amino acid substitutions at 36 and 111 positions in the coat protein encoded on RNA3. CMV, assembled by mixing in vitro transcribed CMV(Y) RNA1 and RNA2 plus infectious RNA3 transcribed in vitro from cDNA to RNA3 of CMV(Y/GM2), was prepared and designated as CMV(Y/GM2)tr. When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants were inoculated with CMV(Y/GM2)tr, large necrotic local lesions in which the virus was localized, developed on the inoculated leaves. This host response unique to CMV(Y/GM2)tr was similar to the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a common resistance response to avirulent pathogens and was observed in five cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum and eight Nicotiana species. The revertant virus, however, accumulated to quite different levels in the various hosts. CMV(Y/GM2)tr induced pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) protein accumulation and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which were generally observed in the HR. However, when tobaccos were inoculated with CMV(S36P)tr and CMV(V111I)tr, which have an amino acid substitution at either the 36 or 111 position in the coat protein of CMV(Y), respectively, CMV(S36P)tr was restricted to the primary infection site without necrotic local lesion formation and PR-1 protein and SAR induction. CMV(V111I)tr, however, systemically spread and induced mild green mosaic symptoms, while the host had the HR to CMV(Y/GM2)tr. The localization of CMV(Y/GM2)tr at the primary infection site may not only be caused by the HR, but also by the restriction of virus systemic movement resulting from the amino acid substitution at position 36 in the coat protein of CMV(Y). Received 15 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 April 2000     

黄瓜花叶病毒浙江白术分离物全基因组序列测定与分析

正白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)为菊科(Compositae)苍术属(Atractylodes)多年生草本植物,其根茎入药具补脾健胃、燥湿利水、止汗安胎等功效,在我国广泛栽培,并以于术(浙江临安于潜)品质最佳[1]。近年来白术生产由于品种单一,长期连作等因素导致病毒病害日趋严重。据报道,黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)~([2])、蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号(Broad bean wilt virus 2,     

黄瓜花叶病毒两亚组分离物寄主反应和血清学性质比较研究

 本文对枯萎病菌侵入黄瓜不同抗性品种的途径,以及黄瓜受侵染根部维管组织的变化进行了观察。分生孢子在幼根表皮上萌发产生菌丝,通过胞间层侵入表皮细胞,之后菌丝继续向内部生长,穿过皮层组织进入导管。受侵染的导管内相继出现壁覆盖物、侵填体及褐色物。抗病品种的壁覆盖物比感病品种的厚:侵填体由受侵染导管旁边的薄壁细胞产生,一个细胞可产生多个侵填体,并在侵填体中观察到细胞核的存在,感病品种中的侵填体发育不充分,抗病品种中的侵填体能完全堵塞导管;谒色物在感病、抗病品种中均能完全堵塞导管,对菌丝的侵入构成了较强的机械障碍。     

黄瓜花叶病毒甜菜分离物的分离鉴定

 从新疆石河子地区春季采种甜菜和夏播母根用甜菜上分离到3个病毒分离物,代号为石-B-2、石-B-5和石-B-D,自然感染甜菜引起叶片黄色花叶、扭曲、皱缩和植株严重矮化。病毒粒体球状、直径28~30 nm、均含有分子量约为2 9k D外壳蛋白、3种相同的较大片段的双链RNA (即3400 bp的RNA1、3100 bp的RNA₂、2300 bp的RNA₃)和片段大小约400 bp的小RNA,石-B-2和石-B-D具有1100 bp的RNA4,在ELISA和琼脂双扩散试验中,3个分离物均与CMV-83抗血清有特异反应,初步认为这3个球状病毒分离物属于CMV,但它们具有狭窄的寄主范围,不感染心叶烟、蔓陀罗、番茄,在寄主反应、双链RNA4和卫星RNA的大小上明显不同于国内外报道的CMV株系或分离物,同时说明侵染甜菜的CMV可能存在着株系分化。     

引起番茄植株坏死病的病毒研究

 2004~2005年,在上海郊区夏番茄上连续发生严重的植株坏死病。表现为番茄植株矮化、顶端坏死、果实畸形和整株枯萎症状,并在叶柄和茎干上出现不规则坏死条斑,具有典型的病毒病特征。通过采集典型病叶、病果,进行病毒分离、dsRNA分析、寄主生物学研究、病毒纯化、病毒蛋白分析、组织病理学与形态学观察和ELISA检测,初步确定是由番茄花叶病毒(Tomato mosaic virus,ToMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)侵染。经5次心叶烟单斑分离,获得N5分离物,对CP基因克隆测序的结果确定该分离物为ToMV。寄主反应测定显示,N5的寄主反应与常规ToMV株系存在明显区别,主要表现为常规番茄品种上出现严重坏死。进一步接种GCR品系番茄鉴定N5与ToMV-1株系相似。因此,作者认为,在上海地区番茄上流行并引起坏死病的主要病原可能是ToMV-1株系的1个变异株。     

Studies on poly(acrylic acid) induced resistance to viral and non-viral plant pathogens

Studies on polymer size, concentration and mode of application, either as foliar spray or soil drench, in relation to the induction of resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana tabacum cv xanthi-nc by poly(acrylic acid) (PA) are reported. PA also induced resistance to TMV in N. glutinosa, to pelargonium leaf curl virus in Datura stramonium, to cucumber mosaic virus in Vigna sinensis and to tobacco ring-spot virus in N. tabacum cv White Burley. No TMV was detected in PA-treated tomato cv Virocross 11 days after inoculation; but the susceptible cultivar Craigella became infected. PA treatment had no effect on TMV replication in White Burley tobacco but resistance was induced to Peronospora tabacina, a fungal pathogen of N. tabacum cv xanthi-nc. The potential of PA-induced resistance as a control measure for viruses and fungi is discussed.     

应用MNP-RT-PCR方法检测黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒

 A novel RT-PCR method integrated with Magnetic Nano Particles (MNP), MNP-RT-PCR, was set up for detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). After the virus particles in crude sap were concentrated by MNP, viral RNAs were released and were detected by RT-PCR. CGMMV could be detected in as less as 10 ng watermelon leaf materials. Compared with normal RT-PCR, the method decreased the inhibitors of plant material and steps for extracting RNA, and also increased the sensitivity of RT-PCR detection in less time. The method is simple and suitable for quick detection of plant virus in a large number of samples.     

A new furovirus infecting barley in France closely related to the Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus

In April 2001, stunted barley plants bearing mosaic symptoms were observed in a field in France (Marne Department, 51). Rod-shaped and flexuous particles were visualized by electron microscopy and positive serological reactions were detected by ELISA with Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) polyclonal antisera. The tubular virus which was soil transmissible to barley cv. Esterel was separated from BaYMV by serial mechanical inoculations to barley cv. Esterel. This furo-like virus, in contrast to a French isolate of SBCMV, could be transmitted to Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Beta vulgaris and Datura stramonium. RT-PCR was used to amplify the 3′-terminal 1500 nucleotides of RNA1 and the almost complete sequence of RNA2. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses revealed that the French virus infecting barley is closely related to a Japanese isolate of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV-JT) which was originally isolated from barley. This French isolate was named SBWMV-Mar. The 3′ UTRs of both RNAs can be folded into tRNA-like structures which are preceded by a predicted upstream pseudoknot domain with seven and four pseudoknots for RNA1 and RNA2, respectively. The four pseudoknots strongly conserved in RNAs 1 and 2 of SBWMV-Mar show strong similarities to those described earlier in SBWMV RNA2 and were also found in the 3′ UTR of Oat golden stripe virus RNAs 1 and 2 and Chinese wheat mosaic virus RNA2. Sequence analyses revealed that the RNAs 2 of SBWMV-Mar and -JT are likely to be the product of a recombination event between the 3′ UTRs of the RNAs 2 of SBWMV and SBCMV. This is the first report of the occurrence of an isolate closely related to SBWMV-JT outside of Japan.     

Amino Acid 129 of Cucumber mosaic virus Coat Protein Determines Local Symptom Expression and Systemic Movement in Tetragonia expansa, Momordica charantia and Physalis floridana

Local symptom expression and systemic movement of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Tetragonia expansa, Momordica charantia and Physalis floridana were mapped to the amino acid at position 129 of CMV coat protein (CP), using pseudorecombinants, chimeric RNAs, a site-directed mutant of RNA 3 and four strains of CMV : pepo-, SO-, MY17- and Y-CMV. Local and systemic symptoms caused by three strains, pepo-, SO- and MY17-CMV, and those by Y-CMV differed in the three host species. The three strains expressed local chlorotic spots at 24°C and systemic chlorotic spots and ringspots at 36°C, whereas Y-CMV developed local necrotic spots at 24°C but no systemic symptoms at 36°C in T. expansa. In M. charantia the three strains caused systemic chlorotic spots, whereas Y-CMV caused local necrotic spots. The three caused systemic mosaic and Y-CMV systemic necrosis in P. floridana. With pseudorecombinants combined with pepo- and Y-CMV RNAs, CMV RNA 3 was responsible for symptom expression and systemic infection. Inoculation with Y-CMV RNA 1, RNA 2 and chimeric RNA 3s exchanged CP gene fragments between pepo- and Y-CMV showed that NruI-XhoI fragment of CP was essential for symptom expression. Comparative analysis of the NruI-XhoI fragments revealed that only the amino acid at position 129 was common among the three strains but different from that of Y-CMV. Inoculation with a point mutant constructed by substituting one nucleotide resulting in an amino acid change from Ser to Pro at position 129 in Y-CMV CP verified the previous experiments. These results indicate that the amino acid at position 129 of CMV CP is the determinant for local symptom expression and systemic movement in the three host species. CMV CP containing Ser at position 129 may induce resistant responses in these plants. Received 29 June 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 August 2001