转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉的光合性状遗传分析

NCⅡ遗传交配设计是既可用于群体遗传参数估算又可用于配合力分析的设计方法 ,常用于作物的产量及构成因素、品质、种子性状等优势测定和基因的遗传效应分析。近几年来也被用于水稻光合性状的配合力和遗传力分析[1 ] 、甘蔗光合性状的遗传分析和高光效亲本的评价[2 ] ,但在棉花光合性状的遗传效应方面 ,只针对部分优势组合或品种有少数的研究报道[3 ,4 ] 。为了揭示抗虫棉与抗虫棉杂交后代的产量及主要光合性状的遗传表现 ,选用一组国外培育的转Bt棉品系和国内自育的一组转Bt抗虫棉品种 (系 )进行杂交 ,根据基因加性 显性的遗传模型 ,对亲…     

转bar基因小麦的抗性遗传及农艺性状分析

【研究目的】以皖麦48和扬麦87158两个小麦品种的转bar基因株系为材料,探讨bar基因在转基因小麦自交后代的遗传表现及对农艺性状的影响。【方法】利用涂叶法和PCR法研究bar基因在转基因植株自交后代T1、T2的遗传表现,并对产量及品质等主要农艺性状进行比较分析。【结果】证实抗除草剂bar基因已经整合到小麦基因组中,并能稳定表达;遗传分析显示bar基因能稳定的遗传给后代,符合孟德尔遗传规律;在产量及品质等主要农艺性状方面,转bar基因小麦与对照相比无显著差异。     

栽野稻远缘杂交高光效后代及其亲本叶片的气孔特性

为分析远缘杂交后代材料的高光效生理基础, 测定了从热带地区筛选出的杂交高光效后代材料SHP1(F2)、 SHP1-1-6(F3)、 SHP1-2-8(F3)及其亲本Azucena(O.sativa)与普通野生稻(O.rufipogon), 以及3个对照品种(O.sativa)的光合速率和气孔特性, 分析了光合速率与气孔导度和气孔结构的关系. 结果表明3个高光效后代材料的光合速率和气     

利用Bt基因和Xa21基因转化获得抗螟虫、白叶枯病的转基因水稻

利用水稻的愈伤组织作受体, 采用PIG基因枪法, 首先成功地将Bt基因[cryIA(b)]连同抗除草剂bar基因导入栽培水稻品种中国91, 选育出纯合稳定的株系T91系. 然后将T91系与黄淮区主栽品种豫粳6号杂交, 并辅以标记基因选择, 选育出纯合稳定、综合性状优良的转Bt基因株系C48. 利用农杆菌介导的转化系统将Xa21基因转入C48, 根据标记     

小麦杂交后代的光合作用

对小麦品种京411(J411)和小偃54(X54)及杂交后代植株于灌浆期对旗叶进行光合速率的比较测定, 在优选F3代的一个株系1-15中观测到测定的多数植株的光合速率比亲本高10%以上, 并且此结果在对它的F4代植株的测定中得到确证. 通过这个初步实验, 对选择具有高光合能力的植株作为培育优良小麦品种的重要指标的可能性以及在实际应用     

小麦新品种百农4199高产栽培技术

百农4199是由百农高光3709F2和矮抗58杂交后经定向选育而成的高光效小麦新品种,具有高产、早熟、适应性强、抗逆性好等优点,并且灌浆速度快,籽粒商品性好。根据百农4199的品种特性和产量水平,结合南阳市卧龙区的自然条件和百农4199生产应用的具体表现,介绍了百农4199的品质性状、产量表现及高产栽培技术,为其推广种植提供参考。     

小麦3个抗白粉病基因聚合于推广品种后代抗性的遗传分析

为了明确不同抗小麦白粉病基因聚合于推广品种后代的抗性表现,通过复合杂交,将抗小麦白粉病基因Pm4b,Pm13,Pm21聚合并转入推广品种,其后代(F1,F2)进行人工接种和表型抗病调查.结果表明,F1中凡是含有抗白粉病基因之一的材料均表现高抗或免疫.F2中Pm4b,Pm13和Pm21抗病基因聚合的抗病株占的比例最大(71.82%),Pm13和Pm21,Pm4b和Pm21聚合的抗病株占的比例次之(66.67%,64.14%),Pm4b和Pml3抗性基因聚合的抗病株占的比例较小(63.93%).2个抗病基因聚合体中含有Pm21基因的抗性最好.     

轮回选择对矮败小麦生理及产量性状的影响

对矮败小麦回交、杂交后代可育株、杂交父本或回交亲本的叶绿素含量的相对比值(SPAD值)以及叶面积系数的测定,抗病性、农艺性状的观察结果表明:部分矮败后代可育株叶绿素含量的相对比值高于回交或杂交亲本,部分矮败小麦回交2代与新品系杂交后代可育株叶面积系数高于父本;部分矮败小麦回交、杂交后代可育株白粉病、锈病抗性高于回交亲本;部分矮败材料回交、杂交后代穗部产量性状有超亲优势.     

科技与产品

<正>转基因抗除草剂杂交水稻研究取得重要进展由中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所选育的转基因抗除草剂杂交水稻"香125S/Bar68-1"于近期完成了湖南     

甘薯高光效育种技术探讨

通过对本课题组近年来所选育的高光效类型系列品种(品系)的特征特性进行综合分析,探讨了甘薯高光效育种技术。结果显示:甘薯高光效育种的开展非常必要且切实可行,其育种目标为在杂交后代早期选拔减小种植密度,使其杂交后代无性系充分发育,减少株间和行间竞争,并且应主要鉴定质量性状;另外甘薯高光效品种应具备的优良性状为短蔓多分枝,株型半直立,经济系数高,同时具备优质、抗病、早熟等优良性状。高光效品种具有更高的增产潜力和实现机械化收获的特性,容易被企业和种植户所接受,在今后育种中我们应当加大该类型品种的选育和开发。     

Ethyloxanilates as specific male gametocides for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Induction of male sterility by deployment of male gametocides holds immense potential in heterosis breeding of wheat. The efficacy of a new class of male gametocide for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is described: ethyloxanilates, the most active example of this class being ethyl 4‐fluorooxanilate (E4FO). E4FO induces male sterility, specifically, without detectable effects on various agronomic features and female fertility. The plants sprayed once with 0.15% E4FO exhibited 100% pollen and floret sterility without causing a significant reduction in total yield. E4FO was screened on 29 genotypes of wheat at 0.15% test concentration and was observed to induce 99.76 ± 0.37% male sterility. Thirteen F₁‐hybrids of wheat were produced using the gametocide in Winter 2000–2001 and were evaluated for their agronomic performance in Winter 2001–2002. The cross combinations viz., lines WR 544 × HW 2046 and HW 2044 × WR 956 have outperformed their respective better parents by 48.17% and 23.42% in grain yield/plant and thus have potential as hybrids.     

A New Method to Produce 4× Triticales and their Application in Studying the Development of a New Polyploid Plant

F₁ hybrids of triticale × rye derived from commercial varieties were backcrossed to the respective triticale parent. Selfing of the backcross generation yielded a large number of 4× triticales containing a genetically balanced wheat genome. This indicates that the 28-chromosome F₁ plants with the genomic constitution of ABRR produced functional 14-chromosome gametes in high frequency each with a complete wheat and rye genome. The cytological mechanism leading to the formation of tetraploid triticales is described. The chromosomal constitution of the wheat genome in the progenies of 30 back cross plants was analysed by the C-banding technique. One offspring possessed a complete B genome of wheat. The production of tetraploid triticale through backcrossing in comparison to selfing the ABRR hybrid is largely independent of the genotype; it leads to new tetraploids in just three generations and it reduces the chance of translocations between the homoeologous wheat chromosomes. The possibility of studying the effect of different mixtures of chromosomes of the A and B genomes of wheat on the phenotype of the tetraploid triticale is discussed.     

Interspecific hybridisation and genome size analysis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Buddleja</Emphasis>

Interspecific hybrids Buddleja davidii × Buddleja weyeriana, Buddleja weyeriana × Buddleja davidii and Buddleja davidii × Buddleja lindleyana were generated using in vitro embryo rescue 10–11 weeks after manual pollination. The morphological variation within the F1 populations was limited. The F1 progeny of B. davidii × B. lindleyana was almost sterile and no F2 generation was obtained. From the other hybrids, F2 generations were made by self pollinations and back crosses. Hybrid nature of all F1 and F2 seedlings was confirmed by AFLP. Chromosome counting and genome size measurement for B. weyeriana (F2 selection of (diploid) B. globosa × (tetraploid) B. davidii) revealed a higher chromosome number (76 chromosomes) and genome size than expected, indicating 2n-gametes formation occurred during meiosis of B. globosa. The F1 hybrids B. weyeriana × B. davidii (76 chromosomes) had an intermediate genome size compared with the genome size of the parent plants, proving their hybrid nature. However, the F1 and F2 hybrids of B. davidii × B. weyeriana all had 76 chromosomes but had a lower genome size than expected, suggesting the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements in the genome of the hybrids. B. lindleyana had 38 chromosomes, while the F1 hybrids of B. davidii × B. lindleyana had 76 chromosomes. Also genome size measurements revealed that the F1 seedlings B. davidii × B. lindleyana had higher genome sizes than expected. Both the results of chromosome counting and genome size measurement indicate that 2n-gametes formation took place during meiosis of B. lindleyana.     

氮肥运筹对滴灌冬小麦叶片光合特性及产量的影响

为研究滴氮时期及滴氮比例对滴灌冬小麦旗叶生理特性及产量的影响。在总施纯氮300kg/hm ²条件下设置6个不同滴灌追氮量处理,分别用F1、F2、F3、F4、F5、F6表示,以不施氮肥为对照（F0）,研究不同追施氮量对冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同处理滴灌冬小麦的LAI、SPAD值变化规律一致,均呈先增后降的变化规律,LAI以F4处理相对较大,处理间SPAD值差异规律不明显;开花期、花后10d旗叶净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）均表现为F5>F1>F6>F4>F2>F3>F0。而各处理胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）与P_n、T_r、G_s的变化规律呈相反的趋势。籽粒产量以F5处理最高,为9 889.35kg/hm ²,分别较F0、F1、F2、F3、F4、F6处理增加23.70%、3.10%、6.52%、21.44%、7.94%、14.10%。综合分析可知,总施氮量300kg/hm ²条件下,冬小麦起身期追施123.3kg/hm ²,在孕穗期、开花期各追施41.1kg/hm ²时滴灌冬小麦的光合性能表现较好。     

不同组合杂种小麦群体光合优势特点的研究

为明确群体水平上化杀型杂种小麦的光合优势表现特征及其生理机制，以2个化杀型小麦杂种F1及其亲本为材料，推广品种冀麦38号为对照进行了研究。结果表明：供试杂种小麦1F1和2F1的群体干物质生产能力都表现平均优势和超标优势。1F1起因于其LAI和光合势优势较大，2F1则是由于净同化率优势较大。1F1和2F1的子粒产量都高于亲本和对照，与亲本相比，1F1和2F1的产量优势是由产量构成三因素综合提高所致，与ck相比，1F1和2F1的产量优势则主要来自千粒重的提高。     

江淮平原小麦主栽品种茎秆抗倒性能分析

以江淮平原8个小麦主栽品种为材料,分析不同品种的茎秆抗倒性能及其产量。结果表明,烟农19,郑麦004,平安6号和周麦22在全生育期内未发生倒伏,偃展4110,新麦18和皖麦50在乳熟期发生1度（茎秆与地面夹角为75°~45°）轻微倒伏,而皖麦19在乳熟期发生2度（茎秆与地面夹角为45°~20°）倒伏,倒伏率为17.62%。皖麦19的株高、重心高度、基部节间长度及其干物质输出率均高于未倒伏品种和轻微倒伏品种,不利于其抗倒伏。烟农19的株高和重心高度适中,基部节间机械强度较大,干物质在乳熟前输出较慢,乳熟后迅速分解输出,有利于茎秆抗倒和产量提高。因此,江淮平原兼顾高产和抗倒的小麦品种为烟农19和周麦22。     

Combining ability estimates for yield and fibre quality traits in 4 × 13 line × tester crosses of Gossypium hirsutum

The aim of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Seventeen genotypes and 52 F₁ hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 13 testers in line × tester mating system during 2003 were sown in randomized complete block design in 2004. Line × Tester analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except fibre elongation. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was obtained for seed cotton yield per␣plant and majority of its component traits including fibre traits. Among the parents: PIL-8 for days to 50% flowering, CCH-526612 for boll weight, CITH-77 for number of open bolls per plant and CNH-36 for seed cotton yield per plant were detected with higher general combining ability. Parent, CCH-526612 for 2.5% span length, fibre strength and fibre elongation and AKH-9618 for micronaire value, fibre strength and fibre elongation were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The F₁s achieved high seed cotton yield by producing more number of open bolls. The high yielding hybrids with acceptable fibre quality traits were: CISV-24 × LH-1995, H-1242 × PIL-8 and RS-2283 × SGNR-2 deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics; 2.5% span length and fibre strength. These cross combinations involved at least one parent with high or average GCA effect for a particular trait.     

棉花杂种一代和二代SOD酶和POD酶活性及光合特性的研究初报

对４个杂交棉组合一代和二代不同发育时期ＳＯＤ酶和ＰＯＤ酶活性及光合特性进行了研究。结果表明，杂种Ｆ１和Ｆ２盛花期叶绿素含量因组合不同有差异，ａ／ｂ值均在２．８左右；盛花期光合速率同一组合世代或不同组合世代差异不明显，结铃期Ｆ１光合速率比Ｆ２大，光合作用能力强，不同组合世代子棉产的大小与净光合速率呈高度正相关。Ｆ１和Ｆ２盛花期ＳＯＤ酶和ＰＯＤ酶活性分别接近平均水平，但组合世代间有差异。结铃期ＳＯＤ酶活性Ｆ１比Ｆ２平均略高，比盛花期稳定上升，ＰＯＤ酶活性Ｆ１比Ｆ２明显升高.     

Influence of winter and spring wheat genetic backgrounds on haploid induction parameters and trait correlations in the wheat × maize system

The interactive influence of winter and/or spring wheat genetic background on haploid induction parameters and trait correlation was studied by hybridizing five elite and diverse genotypes each of winter and spring wheat and their F₁s (winter × winter, spring × spring, and winter × spring, generated in a diallel design excluding reciprocals) with a single genotype of maize. Data were recorded with respect to per cent seed formation, embryo formation, and regeneration. High genetic variability was present among the wheat genotypes (parents + F₁s) for the three haploid induction parameters. Significant differences were obtained within and between different groups viz., spring wheats, winter wheats, spring × spring wheats, winter × winter wheats, and winter × spring wheats with respect to the three haploid induction parameters based on ANOVA. The winter genotypes (winter parents and winter × winter wheat hybrids) responded better than the spring groups (spring wheat parents, spring × spring and winter × spring wheat hybrids) with respect to embryo formation and winter × spring wheat hybrids yielded significantly the highest numbers of regenerants. Correlation studies amongst the haploid induction parameters indicated that the genes controlling seed formation and haploid plantlet regeneration are negatively correlated when the genetic backgrounds of both ecotypes are combined in winter × spring hybrids. Haploid embryo formation had no association with seed formation and regeneration in all genetic backgrounds, suggesting independent inheritance.