我国将对禽流感进行集中监测对象为鸡鸭鹅等

为进一步做好动物H7N9禽流感防控工作，根据当前防控形势，农业部近日印发《2013年下半年动物H7N9禽流感监测方案》。监测对象为鸡鸭鹅和人工饲养的鸽子、鹌鹑等野生禽鸟。以及相关高风险区域监测场点的环境。监测范围：所有的活禽批发市场；农贸市场活禽交易摊位（档口1，规模养禽场、散养户、禽类屠宰场和候鸟栖息地。     

H7N9流感传播的生态学分析及防控对策

自2013年4月华东地区发生H7N9流感疫情以来,H7N9流感已连续4年冬春季节出现流行,严重影响公共卫生安全和沉重打击家禽业发展。通过深入分析活禽批发市场、零售市场和养殖场各环节的生态状况,提出H7N9流行传播的模型,指出活禽市场是控制H7N9病毒的关键环节。结合广东生产实际,从改变病毒生存、传播生态条件着手,提出相应的防控策略。     

江门部分活禽批发市场休市前中后的禽流感病毒核酸监测与分析

2017年1月11日至17日,江门地区活禽批发市场休市7d,我们通过对辖区内3个活禽批发市场休市前、中、后的禽流感病毒进行监测检测,结果显示,无论是哪种采样环境,还是休市前、中、后的样品,均未检出H7亚型流感病毒核酸,H5亚型也是极少数量,只在休市后的屠宰车间样品中检出1份H5亚型。活禽批发市场实行临时休市活禽零存栏和彻底清理消毒等措施可降低档口环境的禽流感病毒污染,是科学有效的,但是活禽批发市场休市前后的屠宰车间和活禽咽/泄殖腔样品中的A型流感、H9亚型阳性率无统计学差异,说明休市前后活禽屠宰环节也存在禽流感病毒污染与传播的风险,要进一步加强活禽屠宰和养殖等环节的防控措施。防控禽流感特别是防止人感染H7N9亚型流感单单在活禽市场环节采取措施仍不够,应综合多方落实措施,才能实现更好地防控。     

甘肃目前未发现H7N9禽流感感染病例

针对我国部分省市发生人感染H7N9禽流感疫情,甘肃省制订下发了《全省动物H7N9禽流感紧急监测方案》和《动物H7N9禽流感应急处置指南》,全力防控各项重大动物疫病。针对活禽交易市场、家禽屠宰场、家禽养殖场(村)、野生禽类栖息地、生猪屠宰场等五类重点监测对象,甘肃省全面排查,进行H7N9禽流感病毒监测。截至目前,全省临床监视鸡2 150万只,未见异常现象。     

要闻

畜禽养殖场未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒H7N9禽流感疫情发生后,农业部高度重视,各地畜牧兽医部门按照农业部《动物H7N9禽流感紧急监测方案》,积极开展H7N9禽流感病毒监测和疫情排查工作。截至目前,只在活禽交易市场的样品和野鸽样品中分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,在畜禽养殖场、野鸟栖息地和屠宰场采集的样品中均未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,各地家禽养殖场排查未见异常情况。     

畜禽养殖场未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒

H7N9禽流感疫情发生后,农业部高度重视,各地畜牧兽医部门按照农业部《动物H7N9禽流感紧急监测方案》,积极开展H7N9禽流感病毒监测和疫情排查工作。截至目前,只在活禽交易市场的样品和野鸽样品中分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,在畜禽养殖场、野鸟栖息地和屠宰场采集的样品中均未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,各地家禽养殖场排查未见异常情况。     

上海市活禽市场管理措施实施情况调查

了解上海市活禽市场针对活禽的管理措施实施情况,为防控人感染H7 N9禽流感提供决策依据。2018年1月15—23日,在上海市随机选取活禽市场共36家(包括活禽批发市场1家和35家定点活禽交易农贸市场),通过问卷调查和现场观察法,调查市场摊档功能区域设置、活禽交易品种、休市制度、清洗消毒等情况。结果:活禽批发市场未设屠宰区,交易区内售卖区与存栏区无分离,顾客能直接接触到活禽。20%的城区农贸市场设立统一的屠宰区,其余由商户提供屠宰但并未与活禽区售卖区和存栏区隔离。86.7%的郊区农贸市场未设立统一的屠宰区,由商户提供屠宰但未与活禽区隔离。60%的城区农贸市场中存在鸭、鹅等其他活禽品种交易。63.3%的郊区农贸市场中有鸭、鹅等其他活禽品种交易。活禽批发市场和所有定点农贸市场均能按照上海市商务主管部门和市农业行政主管部门要求实行季节性休市,暂停活禽交易。除此之外,30%的郊区农贸市场实行"一周一休市",每周休市半天,6.7%的郊区农贸市场实行"半月一休市",其余活禽市场实行不定时休市或者不休市。所有市场内活禽摊位由商户自己负责摊位的清洗消毒。94.4%(34/36)的活禽市场实行每天清洗。75%(27/36)的活禽市场实现每天消毒。上海活禽市场存在不利于禽流感疫情防控的环节,建议市场严格执行《上海市活禽交易管理办法》,相关部门细化各项防控措施,实现常态管理。     

2014—2016年华东地区某市活禽市场禽流感流行病学调查与分析

为了解华东地区某市活禽市场中禽流感病毒的污染状况,2014—2016年对该市活禽市场的家禽进行了禽流感流行病学调查。结果显示:该市活禽市场禽流感病毒污染面较广,94.12%的市场存在禽流感病毒污染;H9N2亚型病毒感染率较高,样品总体阳性率为22.66%,场点总阳性率为94.12%;H7N9亚型病毒感染率经历了一个升降过程,2015年上半年达到高峰,之后显著降低;农贸市场中的H7N9亚型病毒分离率显著高于批发市场。本次调查未在活禽市场中检出H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒。这些数据为深入了解活禽市场中禽流感病毒的污染状况和该病防控措施的制定提供了技术支持。     

活禽市场按2%比例采样监测H7N9

近日,农业部印发《2013年下半年动物H7N9禽流感监测方案》,结合今年国家动物疫病监测与流行病学调查计划中有关禽流感监测工作要求,对下半年动物H7N9禽流感监测和流行病学调查工作进行了全面部署。根据上半年动物H7N9禽流感紧急监测与风险分析评估结果,农业部要求各省(区、市)下半年在全面做好禽流感监测工作基础上,对所有的活禽批发市场和重点农贸市场进行监测。活禽批发市场按2%的预期流行率(患病动物与动物总     

杭州市抓四措并举促家禽业转型,保禽产品安全

正杭州市家禽"杀白上市"已全面启动,由H7N9禽流感引发的"谈禽色变",导致禽产品消费量锐减,禽类养殖场(户)遭受重创,损失超亿元,危机倒逼,挑战重重。2014年初开始,杭州市有关部门有效应对H7N9禽流感疫情,决定主城区永久性关闭活禽交易市场,建立H7N9禽流感源头防控长效机制,把全面实施家禽"定点屠宰、杀白上市"作为现阶段家禽     

Hypothesis On The Source,Transmission and Characteristics of Infection of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus – Based On Analysis of Field Epidemiological Investigation and Gene Sequence Analysis

On 31 March 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission announced that human infections with influenza A (H7N9) virus had occurred in Shanghai and Anhui provinces, China. H7N9 cases were later detected in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. It was estimated that the virus first spread northward along the route taken by migratory birds and then spread to neighbouring provinces with the sale of poultry. Epidemiological studies were carried out on samples from the external environment of infected cases, transmission routes, farmers markets and live poultry markets. Phylogenetic study of viral sequences from human and avian infections in Zhejiang showed that those from Shanghai and Jiangsu provinces along Taihu Lake were highly homologous with those from the external environment. This suggests that avian viruses carried by waterfowl combined with the virus carried by migratory birds, giving rise to avian influenza virus H7N9, which is highly pathogenic to humans. It is possible that the virus was transmitted by local wildfowl to domestic poultry and then to humans, or spread further by means of trading in wholesale poultry markets. As the weather has turned warm, and with measures adopted to terminate poultry trade and facilitate health communication, the epidemic in the first half of the year has been kept under control. However, the infection source in the triangular area around Taihu Lake still remains. The H7N9 epidemic will probably hit the area later in the year and next spring when the migratory birds return and may even spread to other areas. Great importance should therefore be attached to the wildfowl in Taihu Lake as the repository and disseminator of the virus: investigation and study of this population is essential.     

广东省人H7N9病例分布与活禽高危因素相关性研究

广东省人H7N9亚型禽流感的高危因素(接触活禽与活禽市场暴露)与活禽相关。为评价活禽交易限制、活禽调运限制与活禽H7N9免疫对人H7N9发病的影响,以接触活禽史病例数和活禽市场暴露史病例数的增减为研究视角,基于广东省2013—2018年H7N9亚型禽流感病例,采用Moran指数、K-means算法和Apriori算法等分析病例的空间分布特征、活禽高危因素导致病例的特征以及防控措施与病例数的关系。结果发现:病例的热点区域在珠三角,且向周边扩散,仅2017年的病例具有显著空间相关性。人活禽接触史病例分为3类,以中年、有基础病史、来自珠三角城市以及从事活禽销售为主;而活禽市场暴露史病例可分为4类,主要以男性、中年、无基础病史为主。未启动活禽交易限制和活禽H7N9免疫则分别增加活禽市场暴露史病例的概率是70.90%和71.70%,而启动活禽调运限制减少接触活禽史病例数的概率为70.60%。这表明,三大防控措施对减少因接触活禽与活禽市场暴露的人H7N9病例具有显著相关性。     

Serological evidence for exposure to avian influenza viruses within poultry workers in southern China

The risk of infection with avian influenza viruses for poultry workers is relatively unknown in China, and study results are often biased by the notification of only the severe human cases. Protein microarray was used to detect binding antibodies to 13 different haemagglutinin (HA1‐part) antigens of avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N7), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, in serum samples from poultry workers and healthy blood donors collected in the course of 3 years in Guangdong Province, China. Significantly higher antibody titre levels were detected in poultry workers when compared to blood donors for the most recent H5 and H9 strains tested. These differences were most pronounced in younger age groups for antigens from older strains, but were observed in all age groups for the recent H5 and H9 antigens. For the H7 strains tested, only poultry workers from two retail live poultry markets had significantly higher antibody titres compared to blood donors.     

我国H5和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感的监测及疫情暴发分析

禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）是一种重要的人兽共患病病原,严重制约养禽业的健康发展,并对公共卫生安全构成极大威胁。其中,H5（H5N1、H5N2、H5N6、H5N8等）和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感病毒（highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV）引起的高致病性禽流感（highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI）对我国养禽业危害巨大。通过实施强制免疫,疫情得到了控制,但在禽群中仍散状暴发,并出现多种新型病毒,防控形势依然严峻。本文总结了截至2021年9月我国禽类暴发H5和H7N9亚型HPAI的所有官方公布的疫情暴发事件以及监测数据,分析了其流行特点,以期为禽流感的预警和防控提供参考。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒起源及演化关系的探讨

通过综述感染人类的H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒起源及演化关系,表明感染人的A/Hongkong/97(H5N1)株及目前流行的高致病性禽流感病毒可能起源于禽源的A型流感病毒株(A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96)。自1996年以来,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的基因型经Gs/Gd,A,B,C,D,E,V,W,X0-X3,Y,Z和Z 不断的演化为目前流行的基因型Z。高致病性禽流感病毒(H5,H7和H9亚型)在禽,特别是水禽体内的重组或重配而相互传播,并随候鸟的迁徙而传播不易消灭,H5N1亚型的禽流感在不同地区的不断暴发与流行已严重威胁着养禽业的发展及人类的健康,需要进行长期监控。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒起源及演化关系的探讨H5N1亚型禽流感病毒起源及演化关系的探讨

通过综述感染人类的H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒起源及演化关系，表明感染人的A／Hongkong／97（H5N1）株及目前流行的高致病性禽流感病毒可能起源于禽源的A型流感病毒株（A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96）。自1996年以来，H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的基因型经Gs／Gd，A，B，C，D，E，V，W，）X0—X3，Y，Z和Z^＋不断的演化为目前流行的基因型Z。高致病性禽流感病毒（H5，H7和H9亚型）在禽，特别是水禽体内的重组或重配而相互传播，并随候鸟的迁徙而传播不易消灭，H5N1亚型的禽流感在不同地区的不断暴发与流行已严重威胁着养禽业的发展及人类的健康，需要进行长期监控。     

H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Korean live bird markets continuously evolve and cause the severe clinical signs in layers

H9N2 influenza viruses are endemic in many Asian countries. We demonstrated that H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Korean live bird markets are genetically changing and could cause the clinical signs in layers. Genetic analysis showed that Korean avian H9N2 influenza viruses are distinct from H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in poultry in China and Hong Kong. When we infected layers with H9N2 isolates, layers showed about 30% mortality and the reduction of egg productions. Considering that H9N2 influenza virus is one of potential pandemic candidates, the continuous surveillance is needed to monitor avian H9N2 influenza viruses for the poultry industry and humans.     

Bird flu (H7N9) outbreak and its implications on the supply chain of poultry meat in China

During the past two decades, food safety issues in China not only posed serious threats to Chinese consumers but also damaged the image of Chinese products internationally. In China, food safety is not only about scientific discoveries, advanced laboratories, and sanitation equipment; it is more about the role of different players in the food supply chain. The poultry meat supply chain is instrumental in the spread of the avian influenza A virus (H7N9), raising questions about how policymakers respond to such threats and whether industries need to be restructured to manage and control this epidemic so that it does not recur. As a short-term measure, to prevent the spread of this disease, government authorities enforced the closure of live bird markets (LBM) in disease-affected areas of China. However, in the long term, the poultry meat supply chain needs to be restructured. The aim of the current study was to analyze distribution channels for chicken meat in China and then describe arrangements in poultry meat sectors that incorporate small- and medium-scale producers into the supply chain while responding to shifts in LBMs. We also assessed the role of LBMs in spreading H7N9 and how these interventions affect the poultry meat supply chain in the Chinese market.     

野鸟禽流感的研究进展及西藏的预防和控制对策

高致病性禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的一种传染病,不仅给世界养禽业造成重大损失,也具有重要的公共卫生学意义。作者综述了高致病性禽流感的研究进展和流行特点,以及野鸟感染禽流感的概况,并结合实际情况提出西藏预防和控制禽流感的建议。     

Interspecies transmission of influenza viruses: H5N1 virus and a Hong Kong SAR perspective

This account takes stock of events and involvements, particularly on the avian side of the influenza H5N1 'bird flu' incident in Hong Kong SAR in 1997. It highlights the role of the chicken in the many live poultry markets as the source of the virus for humans. The slaughter of chicken and other poultry across the SAR seemingly averted an influenza pandemic. This perspective from Hong Kong SAR marks the coming-of-age of acceptance of the role of avian hosts as a source of pandemic human influenza viruses and offers the prospect of providing a good baseline for influenza pandemic preparedness in the future. Improved surveillance is the key. This is illustrated through the H9N2 virus which appears to have provided the 'replicating' genes for the H5N1 virus and which has since been isolated in the SAR from poultry, pigs and humans highlighting its propensity for interspecies transmission.