低温冷藏大蒜出库后内芽生长特性观察

以宋城大蒜为试材,研究了低温冷藏大蒜不同入库时间和出库时间对大蒜内芽生长速度的影响。结果表明,同一出库时间,入库时间越早出库后内芽生长的速度越慢,芽/瓣达到0.333及1.000所需的时间越长;同一入库时间,出库时间越晚出库后内芽生长速度越快,芽/瓣达到0.333及1.000所需的时间越短。     

大蒜品种比较试验

以"金乡大蒜"、"中牟紫皮蒜"(对照)、"豫蒜一号"、"宋城白蒜"(对照)、"豫蒜二号"5个大蒜品种为试材,在河南中牟地区进行品种比较试验,以期选择适宜当地栽培的优良品种。结果表明:"豫蒜一号"、"豫蒜二号"蒜薹产量分别为3 076、2 918kg/hm2,显著高于对照品种"宋城白蒜"、"中牟紫皮蒜";"豫蒜一号"、"豫蒜二号"蒜头产量分别为16 310、16 185kg/hm2,与对照品种"宋城白蒜"、"中牟紫皮蒜"达到极显著差异。"豫蒜一号"、"豫蒜二号"蒜头大、综合性状好,叶片蜡粉多,抗性强,适宜在河南中牟县推广种植。     

不同用量氮肥对大蒜生长发育的影响

为寻找大蒜发生“面包蒜”的原因，在大蒜越冬期对赣榆白蒜用不同量的氮肥进行追肥试验，对大蒜鳞茎的鳞瓣数、鳞瓣的鳞片数（鳞叶数）、植株假茎长度及产量进行了统计分析，找到了大蒜产生“面包蒜”的直接原因。随着氮肥用量的增加，大蒜临界光照时间延长，使鳞瓣的鳞片向上发育叶身成为普通叶而发生二次生长，向外不断分化鳞片而形成“面包蒜”。     

嘉祥红皮大蒜

嘉祥红皮大蒜是山东省嘉祥县地方品种,栽培历史长达1900年,以其品质好、休眠期长而享有盛誉。一、特征特性嘉祥红皮大蒜株高不超过50cm,全株叶片13片,扁平狭长,有蜡粉。每头蒜有蒜瓣4～6瓣,属少瓣型,皮红瓣匀,肉质细嫩,蒜汁浓稠,香辛味浓,色味俱佳。嘉祥大蒜蒜瓣肥大,休眠期长,     

不同氮肥用量与地膜覆盖对大蒜生长发育的影响

为了寻找大蒜发生"面包蒜"的原因,在大蒜越冬期对赣榆白蒜采用不同栽培模式、不同量氮肥进行追肥试验,对大蒜鳞茎的鳞瓣数、鳞瓣的鳞片数(鳞叶数)、植株假茎长度及产量进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,大蒜鳞茎鳞瓣的鳞片向上发育叶身成为普通叶而发生二次生长,向外不断分化鳞片而形成"面包蒜"。地膜覆盖进一步促进大蒜产生"面包蒜"及二次生长。证明了大蒜临界光照时间随着氮肥用量的增加而延长这一科学原理。     

保鲜技术在出口大蒜中的应用

大蒜是我国农产品出口最主要的品种之一,年出口约30万t。其中,冷藏(保鲜)蒜占总出口量的60%左右。因此,保鲜技术是否成熟,对出口保鲜大蒜的质量有直接的影响。一、大蒜的保鲜原理大蒜蒜头在鳞瓣发育成熟后,随即进入1～2个月的休眠期,休眠期内即使在适宜的温度、湿度和气体成份等环境条件下,也不会发芽。休眠期过后,芽鞘和芽原基便开始生长活动,在条件适宜的情况下幼芽逐渐萌发。大蒜的贮藏保鲜实际上就是蒜头休眠期过后,采取必要手段造成其生长条件不适宜从而强制其继续休眠。即通过适当的低温、低氧等措施,抑制其生命活动强度,减少其物质消…     

再谈独头蒜——独头蒜生成模式及其应用

独头蒜的产生现象及其原因,笔者的“浅谈独头蒜”(本刊77年第三期、78年第一期)中已有论述,本文论述独头蒜生成过程,提出独头蒜生成模式,并介绍其在大蒜栽培上的应用。材料材料为阿城大蒜。阿城大蒜属紫皮蒜种,抽苔型。蒜瓣由第七、第八叶腋芽及副芽发育而成,分为二室:内室1—4瓣,由第八叶叶鞘基部形成的外蒜皮包裹,外室1—     

覆膜大蒜追肥方法

春季3月中、下旬大蒜退田,植株开始独立生产,鳞芽、花芽开始分化,已由幼苗期进入植株旺盛生长期。从鳞芽、花芽分化到蒜薹成熟,蒜头产量的形成几乎接近50%,植株地上部分的生长量达到最大值,根系的生长量处于盛期,所以这段时间的肥水管理特别重要,一般需要追两次肥,分别于3月底或4月初和提蒜薹前的4月底。大蒜对氮、磷、钾在整个生长期内都有较高的要求,但不同的生育时期其需求量不同。氮,是大蒜生长需要的重要营养元素,中等产量水平的蒜田,每667 m2需吸收纯氮19·5kg,除了在蒜薹伸长期吸收量略大外,在全生育期基本上是均衡吸收的。磷,需要量…     

硫酸钙对大蒜生长发育和产量的影响

以宋城大蒜为试验材料,研究在土壤中增施硫酸钙对大蒜生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:667m2施用硫酸钙40kg、分两次施入效果最显著,植株表现出根系发达,茎秆粗壮,叶面积大,叶片增厚,叶绿素含量高,不发生二次生长,蒜头增大增重,蒜皮鲜亮,不易散瓣,产量增幅达到30.3%。     

贵州白蒜栽培技术

贵州白蒜属白皮类型大蒜中的大瓣品种,产地位于黔西北海拔1500m的毕节地区,故又称毕节大白蒜。其蒜头大,蒜皮白色,蒜瓣整齐,蒜味纯正浓郁,辛辣醇香,蒜苔粗壮脆嫩,外形正,品质佳。目前,贵州白蒜栽培面积达3万亩以上,主要分布在毕节市。贵州白蒜从60年代开始销往香港、新加坡等地,常年出口量达30多万公斤,约占贵州大蒜出口量的 2/3以上,是毕节市出口创汇的主要农副产品。 一、特征特性 贵州白蒜的蒜头为扁圆锥形,蒜皮和蒜瓣肉质均为白色,蒜头平均重35-45g.横径约6-7cm,一般为八瓣,故又称为“八牙蒜”,其植株高度为50cm以上（高山地区略低）,叶片8-10张,叶宽2-3cm,叶色浓绿,生长直立,蒜苔长50-55cm,全生育期约270天,产量一般每亩300-400kg,最高可达750kg,蒜苔产量约100kg,套作条件下亩产150-250kg。贵州白蒜较早熟,有较强的抗寒能力,生食加工均相宜。 二、适时播种     

贮藏时间对大蒜植株再生的影响

以金乡大蒜鳞茎为外植体,研究了不同贮藏时间对大蒜无性繁殖体系的影响。结果表明：大蒜组织培养扩繁的最佳时期为收获后61～122 d（即休眠解除后幼芽萌动期）。在此期间大蒜组织培养各指标（外植体出愈率、出愈量、胚性愈伤组织诱导率,分生不定芽的直径、发芽率、平均发芽数,分生不定根的生根率、平均生根数）均达到较高水平。     

Effect of prolonged cold storage on the production capacity of strawberry plants

After cold storage for various periods (42, 99, 155, 189, 227 and 259 days) strawberry waiting-bed plants cultivar ‘Elsanta’ were planted on six dates between January and August. Plant performance was evaluated simultaneously in a growth chamber under controlled environmental conditions and in a greenhouse. Starch content in the crown tissue was clearly reduced during the cold storage period.

In the greenhouse trials a variable decline in fruit number and yield per plant was found in relation to the length of cold storage and the temperature conditions during the growth and harvest period. Also in the growth chamber, under a constant temperature regime, a significant decline in the number of flowers per plant developing up to anthesis was observed after increasing periods of storage. This indicates that it is not only stressing climatical conditions after planting which are influencing the performance of cold stored plants. Also, the length of cold storage strongly affects plant vigour and productivity. This is related to the carbohydrate status of the plants after cold storage.     

Effect of exogenous growth regulators on flowering and cytokinin levels in azaleas

‘Alaska’ and ‘Redwing’ azaleas having dormant flower buds were sprayed with gibberellins (GA₃ or GA_{4 + 7}) alone and in combination with thiourea, N⁶ benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin weekly for 3 or 4 weeks to test the efficacy of these materials in breaking bud dormancy. Additional plants received 6 weeks of cold storage at 4.5°C or glasshouse day temperatures of 21°C and above. The 2000 and 3000 mg l^?1 GA₃ and Ga_{4 + 7} sprays were better than 1000 mg l^?1 in promoting flowering, with ‘Redwing’ responding better than ‘Alaska’. GA-treated plants flowered in fewer days than those receiving cold storage. Flower diameter and pedicel length increased with higher levels of GA, and flower uniformity was comparable to cold-stored plants on most GA-treated ‘Redwing’-plants. Thiourea, BA and kinetin applied alone had no effect and considerable cytokinin activity was highest in GA-treated buds 14–21 days after treatment application. No increase in activity occurred on plants not receiving GA.     

落叶果树芽自然休眠诱导的研究进展

落叶果树芽的自然休眠诱导是一个理论和实践上都很重要但至今还未弄清楚的问题。重点阐述了自然休眠诱导和冷适应的关系、诱导休眠的自然环境因素、激素与休眠诱导的关系、休眠诱导期间芽与邻近组织的竞争、休眠诱导期间顶端分生组织的动力学及休眠诱导期间发生的某些重要的生理活动和休眠诱导的分子生物学等方面的内容,并指出了今后休眠诱导研究的重点问题。     

A new garlic growing system from bulbils through transplanting

Summary

We have developed a new garlic growing system from bulbils through transplanting. By this system, extremely small seed bulbils produced bulbs as large as those from cloves of bulbs. In the new system, the bulbils harvested in summer and stored at 18–20°C in winter are grown from the following spring to summer in paper pots, and then transplanted to the field. In Hokkaido, northern Japan, July transplanting produced larger bulbs than August or September transplanting, and the bulbs produced were almost the same size as those of traditional growing methods. One bulbil weighed 75.3±5.6 mg and 84.2±5.4 mg in cv. Furano and a clone, No. 205, respectively, while one clove weighed 5–7g. A clone, H500, produced bulbs of 79.9±3.0.g although its original bulbil weighed only 15.4±0.8.mg. Moreover, this clone produced a great number of bulbils, 250–300, per plant.     

Temperature effects on dormancy,bud break and spear growth in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Summary

The effects of the length of chilling, chilling temperature and growing temperature on dormancy of asparagus crown buds and subsequent rates of spear growth were examined. The results showed that prior chilling enhanced bud break at low growing temperatures and stimulated the growth of spears.Thus, chilling should facilitate commercial production by hastening bud break and spear growth rates at lower temperatures. If sufficient chilling was given, the minimum temperature for rapid bud break was approx. 12.5°C for ‘Rutgers Beacon’ and ‘Jersey Giant’, and around 10°C for ‘UC 157’ and ‘Apollo’. The optimum chilling temperature appeared to be closer to 5°C than to 10°C or 2°C for ‘Rutgers Beacon’ plants grown at 12.5°C. Increasing the growing temperature had a significant effect on the relative spear growth rate (RSGR) in all cultivars. Prior chilling had no effect on the RSGR for ‘Dariana’ and ‘Apollo’; but, for ‘UC 157’, chilling plants at 5°C for 5 or 10 weeks increased growth rates at 12.5°C and at 20°C. These results demonstrate that release of bud dormancy and spear growth rates depended not only on the growing temperature, but also, at least in some cultivars at some temperatures, on the duration and temperature of chilling during the previous Winter.     

落叶果树芽休眠相关基因的研究进展

落叶果树芽的休眠是一种十分复杂的生命现象,涉及到一系列复杂的生理生化反应(如光周期反应、温度反应、水分代谢、能量代谢、活性氧代谢、激素代谢等)和许多信号分子的转导,被称为"生命的隐蔽现象"。落叶果树芽休眠的诱导、维持和解除不是某单一基因作用的结果,参与休眠调控编码光敏色素、水通道蛋白、脱水素、腺苷三磷酸水解酶和抗氧化酶等主要结构基因和细胞周期调控基因已被分离,一个重要的转录因子MADS-box对休眠调控的功能已被初步鉴定。综述了这些休眠相关基因的表达和调控研究进展,以期为果树芽休眠的调控研究提供参考和借鉴。     

不同需冷量桃休眠相关DAM基因表达特性及激素调控的响应分析

以"南山甜桃"(需冷量200 h)、"瑞光51号"(需冷量400 h)和"春美"(需冷量600 h)为试材,从大量落叶期开始至花芽萌动期间,约每15 d采样一次,RT-PCR分析DAM基因在不同冷量积累时期花芽中的表达量,PLC-MS-MS测定相同时期吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)含量变化,以期了解不同需冷量桃休眠过程中DAM基因的表达特性及激素的调控机理。结果表明:DAM基因在不同需冷量桃休眠过程中的表达趋势一致,随着休眠的深入,"春美"中DAM基因的表达水平呈先升后降趋势;"南山甜桃"和"瑞光51号"在进入休眠期以后DAM基因表达水平急剧下降,与低温积累量呈负相关。"春美"中DAM基因表达量明显高于"瑞光51号"和"南山甜桃"。"春美"中DAM基因表达水平比"南山甜桃"和"瑞光51号"开始下调约晚30 d,但"瑞光51号"和"南山甜桃"中DAM基因下调的时间一致。IAA、ZT在不同需冷量桃休眠过程中的含量变化差异不显著,ABA含量变化差异显著,可能在休眠解除过程中起重要调控作用。