红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Metals in sediment of lakes in Northern Sweden

The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Fe were measured in sediment from 54 soft water lakes in the inland part of central and northern Sweden in order to study the regional impact of metals to lakes. An evident regional distribution due to environmental pollution was found concerning Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu. In the southern part of the studied region, the enrichment factors in the top sediment layers were about 50, 7, 4, and 2, respectively. Further to the north, the contamination of the top sediments gradually decreased. In a large part of the northern region, the sediment analyses showed no general vertical gradients of Zn and Cu, indicating non-polluted conditions. Lead was the most widespread and pronounced pollutant with marked enhancements in most parts of the region. In the northernmost areas, the top sediment showed increased concentrations of Pb and Cd of about a factor of 2, suggesting that strictly non-polluted conditions concerning these two metals can not be found anywhere in the studied region. The regional distribution of Fe differed from the other metals and gave no evidence of a large-scale anthropogenic contribution. The natural enrichment of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the surface sediment is probably of minor importance in these kinds of lakes. The regional distribution of metals in sediments indicate that there is a large scale impact of Ph, Cd, Zn, and Cu on Swedish forest lakes, caused by anthropogenic factors.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。     

Conservation of macropods in reserves in Western Australia

In Western Australia various offshore islands, and in particular Barrow Island, form natural laboratories, and ecological information derived from them can provide useful guidelines for the selection and management of reserves elsewhere in Australia. The adequacy of reserves depends on the size of the population to be retained on the reserve and on the species' requirements with respect to shelter and food. Species which use rock piles as shelter can persist in very small areas.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

我国西北地区2010年农产品需求预测

研究分析预测了我国西北地区2010年农产品需求状况,结果表明该区2010年农产品口粮缺口70.2万t,饲料粮缺口479.5万t,油料缺口205.2万t,甜菜缺口384.3万t,水产品几乎全部(157.3万t)缺口;而水果、蔬菜与棉花分别剩余547.5万t、460.6万t和116.5万t。     

河套灌区乌拉特灌域春季土壤盐碱化空间分布特征

盐碱化状况是干旱区灌区水盐合理调控及水土资源合理利用的基础。为掌握内蒙古河套灌区下游乌拉特灌域春季耕地土壤盐碱化状况的空间分布，通过野外调查采样和实验室检测，对0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层中的全盐量（Total Salt，TS）、pH值、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、K++Na+含量、交换性Na+含量、阳离子交换量（Cation Exchange Capacity，CEC）、碱化度（Exchangeable Sodium Percentage，ESP）等反映土壤盐碱化特征的指标进行了测定和计算，采用经典统计学、地统计学和多指标综合评价方法对土壤盐碱化指标的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明：1）0～20 cm土层中的TS含量更大一些，可溶性盐分离子主要以HCO3-、SO42-、Cl-、Na+为主。HCO3-、CEC、交换性Na+和ESP的变异系数在10%～100%之间，属于中等变异，其中交换性Na+和ESP的变异系数接近100%；TS、Cl-、SO42-和Na+的变异系数均大于100%，属于强变异。2）土壤pH、TS和ESP的空间分布规律基本一致，在东西方向上，各指标西部低，东部高；在南北方向上，中间低，南、北两侧高。土壤pH值基本在7.5～8.5之间，从TS空间分布来看，灌域内有32%的土壤存在盐渍化问题，且以轻度盐渍化土为主，约占26%；从ESP分布来看，有97%的土壤存在碱化问题，其中轻度碱化土约占40%，中度碱化土和碱土均约占23%。因此灌域内土壤碱化问题比盐化问题更为突出。3）通过因子分析得出TS、Cl-、Na+、交换性Na+、ESP和CEC是乌拉特灌域土壤盐碱化程度的主要影响因子，公因子综合得分值在-0.78~3.38之间，公因子综合得分能排除指标间个体差异，比较客观地评价土壤盐碱化整体水平。     

Application of fluorescence spectroscopy in the evaluation of light-induced oxidation in cheese

Light-induced oxidation of semihard cheese has been evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The cheese was packaged in two packaging materials and exposed to different storage conditions, which included light/dark storage, oxygen availability, and storage time (0, 4, 7, 14, 21, 42, 70, or 84 days). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) were analyzed by PARAFAC, which gave an estimation of the pure excitation and emission spectra of the fluorophores and the concentrations of these. This analysis showed the presence of components such as tryptophan, tyrosine, vitamin A, fluorescent oxidation products, and riboflavin. Effects of packaging material, light or dark storage, and storage time were seen. However, there was no effect of the oxygen availability on the fluorescence measurements. The score values obtained by the PARAFAC models and chemical and physical measurements were analyzed together by principal component analysis (PCA). The loadings showed a separation of the variables into three groups; the first group was related to oxidation, the second group was related to the degradation of both riboflavin and vitamin A, and the third group was linked to the protein structure.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.     

基因组学在作物抗逆性研究中的新进展

自然环境中各种生物和非生物胁迫是影响作物产量的巨大威胁。随着现代分子生物学的发展,从分子水平研究作物抵御逆境的机理已成为生态农业研究的一个重要任务,分子遗传学与生态学的整合诞生了生态基因组学即用基因组学的技术和手段研究生态学领域的问题。基因组学按其研究内容分为功能基因组学、结构基因组学和比较基因组学,本文从这3方面分别阐述了作物抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的生态基因组学研究进展,总结了基因组学在植物抗逆性研究中的一些新技术和新手段,特别是基于近几年发展起来的二代深度测序所带来的一系列高通量的检测方法与结果。①功能基因组学包含转录组学、表观遗传学、蛋白组学、相互作用组学、代谢组学和表型组学,本文侧重从植物抗逆的功能基因表达水平上的研究展开,重点探讨了转录组学和表观遗传学在植物抗逆研究的新进展,介绍了一些转录组学和表观遗传学研究技术,如基因芯片技术、RNA测序技术、SAGE、cDNA-AFLP、SSH、亚硫酸盐法、ChIP-Chip、ChIP-seq等;例举了一些转录因子基因家族在植物抗逆反应中的作用,总结其作用共性,结果表明不少抗逆基因受到胁迫后基因转录激活上有一定相关性,大多受激素信号转导途径所调控,很多抗逆途径最终都涉及到ABA信号传导通路并与衰老相关;植物的抗逆性受多个信号通路调控,对同一逆境响应常常需要不同的转录因子共同参与,而同一转录因子也有可能参与2个以上的不同抗逆反应;表观遗传学则指在不改变基因序列前提下,对DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及小RNA介导的信号传导等,有证据表明其存在遗传印记作用。②结构基因组学主要利用QTL定位和DNA测序技术,确定植物基因组的遗传图谱和物理图谱,二代深度测序平台的建立使许多植物的全基因组测序成为可能。迄今为止,已有超过40种植物完成全基因组测序,越来越多的植物全基因组计划正在实施中或预计实施。③比较基因组学是基于功能基因组学和结构基因组学进而比较不同物种或不同群体间的基因组差异和相关性的研究,可分析逆境响应相关基因在进化过程中及在地理位置分布中的作用和意义,也同时为QTL定位及功能基因组学研究提供丰富信息。此外,还简要介绍并列举了一些网络共享作物抗逆的生物信息资源数据库。虽然基因组学在如何正确处理海量数据等问题上还存在瓶颈,但它提供的大量作物抗逆方面的基因组信息已为植物抗逆研究提供了众多线索与依据,为今后改良作物抗逆性的遗传育种工作带来了新启示。     

闽北不同土地利用方式径流量动态变化特征

采用定位研究方法和小集水区试验技术方法,通过两年的降雨量数据观测,对闽北地区木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地和对照等不同土地利用方式的小集水区进行坡面径流动态规律研究。研究结果表明:试验小区地表径流的产生主要是受降雨量的影响,而与降雨强度的关系不大,地表径流量与降雨量之间呈现出极显著的非线性二次抛物线关系(P<0.01)。4种不同土地利用方式的月平均径流量一般随月降雨量的增大而增大,并且在同1月份间其平均地表径流量的大小趋势为:对照>封山育林>杉木>木荷,均是在6月份达到最大值,9月份出现最小值。对照比木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地更容易产生地表径流,林地具有较好的涵养水源和保持水土作用。     

桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复与土壤养分变化

为促进桂西北喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建,采用全面调查和样方调查方法,以自然保护区的顶级群落为对照,研究了桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区自然恢复22a后植被的演替规律与土壤养分变化。结果表明,干扰区物种丧失严重,种类仅有自然保护区的26.6%,随着群落由草丛→草灌丛→灌丛→藤刺灌丛→乔灌丛→顶级群落的顺向演替和发展,群落的高度、生物量和物种多样性、土壤有机质、养分、阳离子交换量和硅、铁、铝、钛等矿质全量逐步增加,钙、镁全量显著减少,pH值降低,土壤质量随着植被的恢复呈波折性提高。     

Movement of ammonium in paddy soils in Taiwan

The movement of ammonium due to diffusion in paddy soils in Taiwan was investigated in the laboratory. The movement of ammonium in flooded soils was inversely proportional to the concentration of ammonium in the soil solution, which was a function of the quantity of ammonium present, the content of solid matter in a unit volume of soil (bulk density), and the adsorptive property of soil. Although there was a considerable variation in the value of both the ammonium adsorption and bulk density of soils, the adsorptive property was more variable. Therefore, the adsorptive property seemed to be the most influencial factor on the movement of ammonium in flooded soils, where the property had a close relation to the cationexchange capacity.

The bulk density of flooded soils in the field could be reproduced in glass tubes under percolating condition in the laboratory. The values of bulk density determined on paddy soils after harvesting or on air-dry soils were considerably different from those in the flooded soils in the field. A simple determination method of bulk density was proposed for paddy soils.