金平县马鞍底乡林副产品资源及利用探析

运用社区林业的调查方法对云南金平县马鞍底乡林副产品资源的种类及利用进行调查与分析,旨在揭示当地社区经济发展与林副产品利用的关系,从而为促进当地社区村民经济发展与资源保护并存提供建议和意见.     

内蒙古大兴安岭典型混交林倒木空间点格局分析

依托内蒙古大兴安岭生态站,采用点格局分析法,对比分析兴安落叶松白桦、山杨白桦、白桦兴安落叶松3种典型混交林内不同树种及不同径级倒木分布格局。结果表明:(1)兴安落叶松白桦与白桦兴安落叶松混交林内倒木分布格局均呈显著聚集分布,山杨白桦混交林内倒木分布格局整体表现为随机分布;(2)3种混交林内兴安落叶松树种倒木均趋于随机分布,而白桦和山杨倒木以聚集分布为主,其中,白桦与兴安落叶松树种在白桦兴安落叶松混交林内1~23m分析尺度呈显著性负相关,在兴安落叶松白桦混交林内无显著关系,山杨与白桦树种在1~7m分析尺度存在较强烈的竞争,其余尺度无显著关系;(3)3种典型混交林内不同径级倒木分布格局均不同,大径级倒木以随机分布为主,中小径级倒木均为显著聚集分布,其中,大径级对中小径级倒木、中径级对小径级倒木均在小分析尺度存在较强烈的竞争。     

Participatory Planting and Management of Indigenous Trees: Lessons from Chivi District, Zimbabwe

This paper reports on action research that evaluated local perceptions and knowledge of indigenous tree planting and management in the Romwe catchment, Chivi District, southern Zimbabwe. The species tested were the overexploited Afzelia quanzensis, important for timber and carvings of sculptures and utensils; Sclerocarya birrea, the marula tree used for wood, bark, and fruit; and Brachystegia glaucescens, the dominant miombo tree species, used for firewood, fiber, and fodder. Participants volunteered to plant and manage the test seeds, while a research team monitored their activities and results for 26 months. For Afzelia quanzensis, the germination rate was 81%, and 69% of the seedlings were still alive after one year. In the case of Sclerocarya birrea, the germination rate was 69%, and the one-year survival rate was 50%. For Brachystegia glaucescens, the germination rate was only 30%, and the survival rate was 31%. The main reasons for planting were to provide shade, to serve as a windbreak, and to conserve and gain individual control over dwindling natural resources, particularly Afzelia quanzensis. Women were generally more active and innovative than men. For instance, they searched for their own seeds or seedlings in the bush when there weren’t sufficient plants. Some participants tried out various indigenous methods of pest and disease control, water conservation, and moisture retention. Group feedback sessions and informal interactions provided the opportunity to share experiences. The participants learned that indigenous trees can be purposefully planted and were not simply a gift from God. Despite the droughts and political instability of recent years, a growing number of people became involved in tree planting during 2002–2003. As a result, there is now greater awareness among the local population of dwindling resources and their future potential. Karin Gerhardt, PhD, is a researcher at Department of Plant Ecology at Uppsala University. She has worked with tropical dry forest regeneration and forest utilization, as well as with the promotion of tropical dry forest research and development programs at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Nontokozo Nemarundwe, PhD, is a research associate with the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Zimbabwe and the Center for International Forestry Research. She is a sociologist with research and training experience in community based natural resource management and gender issues in Southern Africa.     

土沉香对黄野螟的抗性研究

【目的】黄野螟Heortia vitessoides是珍贵树种土沉香Aquilaria sinensis的重要食叶害虫,通过大面积林间调查土沉香受害情况,筛选可能存在的抗虫植株,为黄野螟的科学预防和土沉香抗虫品种的选育奠定基础。【方法】在黄野螟危害盛期,对野外土沉香林定期进行大面积调查,在严重受害的土沉香林中,观察不同受害水平土沉香的外观形态和叶片物理结构,同时采集具有不同抗虫性植株的叶片饲养黄野螟幼虫,观察初孵幼虫对不同抗性植株叶片的选择和拒食情况,取食不同抗性土沉香叶片后,测定黄野螟幼虫存活率、生长发育、化蛹和羽化的差异。【结果】在土沉香严重受害的林分中发现了2株未受害的土沉香植株,其表现出较好的抗虫性(抗1和抗2)。抗性植株(抗1和抗2)与感虫植株在叶片长度和厚度上差异显著(P0.05),而叶片长宽比无显著差异。在叶片物理结构上,抗2土沉香叶片的上表皮角质层厚度显著高于感虫叶片。抗2土沉香植株对幼虫取食抑制率高于抗1土沉香植株,两者均达44.81%以上。强迫取食抗性土沉香试验的幼虫存活率、成虫羽化率、蛹质量、成虫寿命均显著低于取食感虫土沉香叶片幼虫的相应指标,而取食抗性土沉香的幼虫、蛹发育历期均显著长于取食感虫土沉香叶片的害虫。【结论】叶片嫩绿的土沉香植株较易受黄野螟的为害,而叶片厚的或叶片颜色偏黄、墨绿的土沉香植株对黄野螟具有较强的抗性。抗性土沉香植株对黄野螟幼虫取食活性具有较强的抑制作用,对幼虫的发育有阻碍作用。     

不同地理种源速生白桦成浆特性

以东北林业大学实验林场6个具有速生优势的白桦种源为研究对象,选择天然次生林白桦种源为对照,通过传统的制浆造纸研究方法,探讨了各速生白桦种源之间以及速生种源与对照种源在成浆特性上的差异。成浆性能数据分析结果表明:各速生种源间存在显著性差异。速生种源与对照种源间无显著性差异。速生种源白桦中的六盘山、帽儿山优良种源完全可以用于生产商品漂白硫酸盐阔叶木浆。     

坡向对北亚热带大别山区不同马尾松林型土壤细菌群落的影响

土壤细菌作为土壤微生物的重要组成部分,在土壤生态系统中发挥着重要作用,作为北亚热带区典型的森林植被类型,马尾松针阔混交林在区域地带性植被恢复方面发挥着重要作用。探讨马尾松不同森林类型土壤细菌群落的组成结构和多样性特征是维护马尾松森林生态系统健康和稳定的关键。以北亚热带大别山区4种马尾松林型[马尾松（Pinus massoniana）纯林（pure forest,PF）、马尾松—麻栎（Quercus acutissima）混交林（Pinus massoniana-Quercus acutissima mixed forest ,PQM）、马尾松—枫香（Liquidambar formosana）混交林（Pinus massoniana and Liquidambar formosana mixed forest ,PLM）和马尾松—化香（Platycarya strobilacea）混交林（Pinus massoniana-Platycarya strobilacea ,PPM）]为研究对象,分析不同坡向（阴坡和阳坡）下马尾松4种林型林地土壤细菌群落的组成及多样性变化规律,旨在为该区不同环境梯度下马尾松林的生产经营和生物多样性保护提供理论参考。结果表明：（1）马尾松4种林型林地共检测到36门107纲246目393科688属,其中土壤优势菌门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）。（2）3种马尾松针阔混交林土壤细菌丰富度和多样性在阴坡均显著高于马尾松纯林,且不同坡向变化为：阴坡>阳坡,而4种林型在阳坡差异不显著。（3）土壤含水量与土壤细菌门之间存在显著相关性,其中与细菌α多样性呈极显著正相关。综上,阳坡环境下,马尾松4种林型林地土壤细菌群落变化差异较小,相较于马尾松纯林,3种针阔混交林土壤细菌群落更易受不同坡向环境条件的变化而变化。坡向和林型变化引起的土壤含水量改变是导致北亚热带大别山区马尾松森林土壤细菌群落组成改变和多样性差异的主要因素。     

Land-use allocation protects the Peruvian Amazon

Disturbance and deforestation have profound ecological and socioeconomic effects on tropical forests, but their diffuse patterns are difficult to detect and quantify at regional scales. We expanded the Carnegie forest damage detection system to show that, between 1999 and 2005, disturbance and deforestation rates throughout the Peruvian Amazon averaged 632 square kilometers per year and 645 square kilometers per year, respectively. However, only 1 to 2% occurred within natural protected areas, indigenous territories contained only 11% of the forest disturbances and 9% of the deforestation, and recent forest concessions effectively protected against clear-cutting. Although the region shows recent increases in disturbance and deforestation rates and leakage into forests surrounding concession areas, land-use policy and remoteness are serving to protect the Peruvian Amazon.     

额尔齐斯河河谷天然林区非木材资源利用的初步研究

非木材资源的合理开发与利用是解决我国天然林区资源保护与经济发展之间矛盾冲突的重要途径.根据额尔齐斯河河谷天然林区的实际情况,开展黑加仑的栽培试验、四翅滨藜引种试验、林区枯倒木资源栽培香菇试验和盐桦异地保护与组培试验的初步研究,以期为本地区天然林资源的保护、林牧业的协调发展和林区经济持续增长服务.     

樟子松嫩枝嫁接成活率的影响因素

采用不同种源地接穗,即内蒙古呼伦贝尔市红花尔基天然林、辽宁省昌图县傅家林场樟子松林木良种基地和陕西省榆林市樟子松种子园的接穗,通过嫩枝嫁接技术进行试验研究,分析不同种源地接穗亲和力、接穗保存时间和不同规格接穗3个因素对嫩枝嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明:不同种源地采集的樟子松优良接穗嫁接成活率具有明显的差异,采自榆林市樟子松种子园的11个无性系接穗嫁接成活率达到98.7%,辽宁省昌图县樟子松林木良种基地的30个无性系和内蒙古红花尔基樟子松天然林的34个无性系成活率分别是72.7%和61.3%。接穗低温保存第9天后对嫁接成活率具有显著影响;不同规格的接穗其嫁接成活率也有差异。     

Japan's green resources: Forest conservation and social values

Modern and historical Japanese societies are and were quite comfortable with a nature defined, designed, and dominated by humans. While contemporary Japanese are concerned about the environment, especially about non-timber (green) forest resources, conservation organizations are generally small and locally focused. Public forests, accounting for 40 percent of all Japan's forests, are intensively managed. At the national level, the timber program is operating below cost and there is increasing emphasis on non-timber management and rural economic development. A professional elite largely determines forest management goals and cultural barriers minimize broad public participation. Increasingly aware of the environmental impacts of their industrial society at home and abroad, the Japanese are becoming more environmentally concerned. Government agencies are especially proactive in enhancing environmental understanding among Japanese citizens and in sharing their resource management expertise with other Pacific Rim nations.     

虫害对刨花楠和闽楠叶片非结构性物质含量及酶活性的影响

【目的】近年来受全球气候变暖等环境影响,我国亚热带区域森林虫害呈加剧态势,开展叶片生理性状与虫害程度关系研究具有重要意义。【方法】采用典型样地调查,对刨花楠Machilus pauhoi和闽楠Phoebe bournei人工混交林受害植株健康叶片的非结构性物质含量、酶活性等主要生理性状与虫害等级关系进行研究。【结果】虫害导致刨花楠和闽楠受害植株健康叶片的相对含水量显著上升,但对叶片干物质质量分数的影响并不明显。刨花楠和闽楠健康叶片可溶性糖质量分数在中度虫害时最低。刨花楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数随虫害等级的提高而降低,闽楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数在轻度虫害时最高。健康叶片总氨基酸质量分数最高出现在刨花楠轻度虫害和闽楠中度虫害时。二者可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖质量分数的比值均在中度虫害时达到最大值,但二者可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖质量分数比值的最小值出现在不同虫害等级。轻度和中度虫害的闽楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白与可溶性糖质量分数比值差异显著。2种楠树健康叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体呈先降后升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则均以中度虫害时最高,重度虫害时最低,各等级间差异不显著。【结论】2种楠树受相同虫害等级的影响并不总是具有一致性;2种楠树叶片酶活性对同等虫害的响应具有一致性。2种楠树的受害叶片和健康叶片具有相互补偿和自我调节作用,且2种楠树均具有自我愈伤能力和防御机制。研究结果可为进一步探讨未来环境变化下植物叶片对虫害的响应机制,开展人工林虫害防治技术研究等提供理论依据。     

苏州近郊4种不同森林群落稳定性研究

稳定性是一个评价群落结构与功能的指标,一直是生态学研究的热点。本文依据林分地上部分指标建立稳定体系,对苏州近郊4种人工林分,应用数学生态学方法,分析冬青针阔混交林、栎树针阔叶混交林、湿地松林和木荷林的林分稳定性。结果表明,多样性并不完全能够代表稳定性;4种林分群落稳定性主要因林分密度不同而异;稳定性依次为湿地松林＞冬青湿地松林＞栎树湿地松林＞木荷林。其中湿地松林可能会发展成为针阔混交林;木荷林中在生长过程中会因竞争产生限制,可能演替形成栎树—木荷混交林;2种针阔混交林在未来演替也可能向落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林发展;该地区木荷林密度过大,稳定性较弱,应采取适当的抚育措施,提高其林分稳定性。     

外源性氮和磷对火力楠和马尾松混合凋落叶分解的影响

【目的】研究外源性N和P对火力楠Michelia macclurei和马尾松Pinus massoniana凋落叶分解速率的影响,以及分解过程中的N、P、K含量变化,了解混合凋落叶分解对外源性N和P的响应机制,为森林资源管理提供参考。【方法】将火力楠和马尾松混合凋落叶置于火力楠林地及马尾松林地,分别设立4块5 m×5 m的小样方,喷施N、P和N+P,比较其分解速率及分解过程中的N、P、K含量变化。【结果】在2种林地的不同处理下,24个月后,火力楠林地混合凋落叶残留量为施N(4.99 g)对照(4.14 g)施N+P(2.17 g)施P(1.16 g),马尾松林地混合凋落叶残留量为施N(2.72 g)对照(1.21 g)施N+P(0.36 g)施P(0.16 g),施N对火力楠和马尾松林下的混合凋落叶的分解有抑制作用;施P后两者的混合凋落叶的分解速率均不同程度地有所加快;施N+P后两者的混合凋落叶的分解速率也均加快,但慢于施P处理。马尾松林下混合凋落叶残留量均小于火力楠林下混合凋落叶残留量。分解24个月后,火力楠林地施N、P和N+P的混合凋落叶N质量分数分别为13.72、12.34和13.70 g·kg~(–1),而马尾松林地分别为12.63、13.46和14.54 g·kg~(–1),均显著大于其凋落叶的初始N质量分数(9.90 g·kg~(–1));施P和N+P处理的火力楠林地混合凋落叶P质量分数由初始的0.38 g·kg~(–1)分别增至0.86和0.74 g·kg~(–1),而马尾松林地混合凋落叶P质量分数由初始的0.38 g·kg~(–1)分别增至1.37和1.05 g·kg~(–1)。凋落叶K含量的变化无规律。【结论】火力楠和马尾松混交可促进火力楠凋落叶分解,提高混合凋落叶的分解速率。     

Against the neoliberal steamroller? The Biosafety Protocol and the social regulation of agricultural biotechnologies

Through a discursive and organizational analysis we seek to understand the Biosafety Protocol and the place of socioeconomic regulation of agricultural biotechnology in it. The literature on the Protocol has been fairly extensive, but little of it has explored debates over socioeconomic regulation during the negotiation process or the regulatory requirements specified in the final document. This case is especially important at a time when the spread of neoliberalism is increasingly associated with deregulation, because it sheds light on the conditions under which circumvention of the market is deemed legitimate and socio-economic regulation of agricultural technology is possible. Daniel Lee Kleinman is a professor in the Department of Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he is also affiliated with the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies and the Integrated Liberal Studies Program. He is the author and editor of a number of books, including Impure Cultures: University Biology and the World of Commerce (2003). Abby J. Kinchy is a PhD candidate in the Departments of Sociology and Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her current research examines the controversies surrounding the genetic “contamination” of Mexican maize and Canadian canola.     

Forests in the long sweep of american history

The role of forests in the American society and economy has changed greatly over the past 200 years, as is evidenced by data on acreage in forests, on volume of standing timber, on amount of annual wood growth, on amounts and form of wood utilization, and on prices for forest products. The two most dramatic facts in a long history of forest utilization have been the near fourfold increase in annual wood growth in the past 60 years and the persistent and major underestimate by the U.S. Forest Service of the wood production potential of American forests.     

Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems

Forest systems cover more than 4.1 x 10(9) hectares of the Earth's land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams of carbon, with approximately 37 percent of this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 percent in mid-latitudes, and 49 percent at high latitudes. Over two-thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is contained in soils and associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation in the low latitudes emitted 1.6 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, whereas forest area expansion and growth in mid- and high-latitude forest sequestered 0.7 +/- 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year, for a net flux to the atmosphere of 0.9 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year. Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon. Future forest carbon cycling trends attributable to losses and regrowth associated with global climate and land-use change are uncertain. Model projections and some results suggest that forests could be carbon sinks or sources in the future.     

黄河中上游地区经济林生产环节外包决策分析——基于7省农户专项调查数据的研究

黄河中上游是我国重要的生态战略区和发展相对滞后区。经济林是落实国家对黄河流域中上游生态目标和区域发展的重要途径。城镇化背景下,黄河中上游农村劳动力的转移以及带来的劳动力不足,成为经济林可持续发展的重要影响因素。以黄河流域中上游地区经济林生产为例,探讨农户生产环节外包的决策机理,基于“黄河流域生态保护与农业农村高质量发展”课题组的专项调查数据,利用Double-Hurdle模型,实证分析农户生产环节外包选择和程度的行动逻辑。结果表明,经济林种植户选择生产环节外包的概率和程度均较低;人力资本、社会资本和大部分家庭经营资产对农户生产环节外包的概率和程度均具有显著促进作用;因劳动替代效应,家庭农机数量抑制了农户生产环节外包的选择行为;家庭兼业化程度则可能因影响农户经济林种植模式而降低了生产环节外包程度。     

Influences of leaf litter replacement on soil biochemical characteristics of main planted forests in Qinling Mountains of China

Long-term continuous growth of the same tree species in planted pure forest will lead to soil polarization and degradation. Mixed forestation or litter replacement between different needle- and broad-leaved forests are effective measures, except fertilization, to control soil polarization according to the mutual compensation principle of different tree species. Through a two-year leaf litter replacement experiment in 4 typical planted pure forests of Larix kaempferi, Pinus tabulaeformis, Catalpa fargesii and Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in Qinling Mountains of China, influences of leaf litter replacement on soil biochemical characteristics and their interspecific relationships were studied and main conclusions were reached as follows. (1) Annual leaf litter decomposition rate of broadleaved forests was 33.70% higher than those of needle-leaved forests and increased by 8.35%–12.15% when needle-leaved litter was replaced with broad-leaved forests, whereas it decreased by 5.38%–9.49% when broad-leaved litter was replaced with needle-leaved forests. (2) Leaf litter replacement between needle- and broad-leaved forests popularly raised the contents of organic C, available N, P and K in soil, whose content increments in the needle-leaved forests (8.70%–35.84%) were obviously more than those in the broad-leaved forests (3.73%–10.44%), and in the former, the content increments after replacement with the litter of Catalpa fargesii (24.63%–35.84%) were more than those after replacement with the litter of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata (8.70%–28.15%). Furthermore, the litter replacement was found to make the soil pH of needle-leaved forests developed from light-acid to neutral. (3) Litter replacement of the needle-leaved forests with the broad-leaved litter popularly raised enzyme activities, amounts of microorganisms and contents of micro-biomass C and N in soil, the increments of which after replacement with the litter of Catalpa fargesii were also more than those after replacement with the litter of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata; while the litter replacement of broad-leaved forests with needle-leaved litter resulted differently depending upon the tree species. Among them, the soil enzyme activities and contents of micro-biomass C and N in the forest of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata raised while they lowered in the forest of Catalpa fargesii.     

广东省无瓣海桑和林地土壤碳储量研究

【目的】探究广东省无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala和林地土壤的碳储量,为开展广东省红树林生物量为基础的碳汇调查与监测提供基础数据,也为开展全国红树林碳汇监测提供经验和方法。【方法】以无瓣海桑及林地0～100 cm土壤为研究对象,构建适用于广东省范围内的无瓣海桑生物量模型,对比研究10个地区的无瓣海桑与林地土壤碳储量。【结果】无瓣海桑生物量模型为W=0.033(D_2H)~(1.002),决定系数为0.952,模型拟合效果较好。广东省无瓣海桑林的总面积为1 724.12 hm~2,总碳储量为536 801.09 t,植被碳密度为50.81 t·hm~(-2),土壤碳密度为260.54 t·hm~(-2),总碳密度为311.35 t·hm~(-2),植被碳密度为总碳密度的16.32%,土壤碳密度为总碳密度的83.68%。10个地区无瓣海桑林总碳储量依次为:深圳2 790.65 t潮州3 088.34 t惠州10 479.30 t江门13 800.58 t茂名17 116.43 t湛江55 610.15 t中山58 562.90 t汕头66 498.62 t广州134 938.18 t珠海173 915.93 t。【结论】广东省无瓣海桑林碳储量主要集中于土壤层,不同地区的立地条件不同,其土壤碳储量及植被碳储量差异明显。