基因型和环境对以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒营养品质的影响

为探讨基因型和生长环境对野生二棱大麦营养性状的影响,对源自以色列不同地区的9个群体60个基因型野生二棱大麦材料在3个环境条件下的籽粒可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸、植酸、无机磷和淀粉含量及粒重进行测定,并对检测数据进行了单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)、相关性网络分析(correlation-based network analysis,CNA)和斯皮尔曼秩相关分析(Spearmanp’s Rho Correlation)。结果表明,野生二棱大麦各被测性状与生长地土壤成分存在显著相关性(P0.01);以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒中无机磷、总淀粉含量和粒重受生长环境和基因型的共同影响,而植酸、可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸含量等性状则主要受生长地环境的影响。     

大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量QTL初步定位分析

为挖掘控制大麦籽粒苯丙基酸含量的QTL,以紫光芒裸二棱和Schooner构建的包含193个家系的重组自交系（RIL）为材料,测定RIL群体及亲本籽粒苯丙氨酸含量,并结合SSR标记和完备区间作图法构建遗传连锁图谱,对大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量进行QTL定位。结果表明,紫光芒裸二棱籽粒苯丙氨酸含量为1.23 mg·g^-1,Schooner籽粒苯丙氨酸含量为0.60 mg·g^-1,群体籽粒苯丙氨酸含量在0.59~1.24 mg·g^-1之间;所构建的大麦遗传连锁图谱包含180对SSR标记,总遗传距离为2 671.03 cM,平均标记间距为14.84 cM;共检测到4个控制大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量的QTL,均为新发现的QTL,除 qPHE-4H加性效应来自母本紫光芒裸二棱外,其他3个QTL加性效应均来自父本Schooner。 qPHE-2H和 qPHE-7H为主效QTL,分别位于2H和7H染色体上,表型贡献率分别为12.32%和15.45%。该研究结果为大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量QTL精细定位奠定了基础。     

大麦籽粒生育酚含量的基因型和环境变异研究

为了探讨基因型和环境变异对大麦籽粒生育酚含量的影响,本文采用超声提取和高效液相色谱法测定了种植在3个生态条件差异很大的环境条件下的7个二棱大麦品种籽粒的生育酚含量。结果表明：各生育酚含量在基因型间、环境间及基因型和环境互作间差异均达到极显著水平;α-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚和总-生育酚含量的环境效应大于基因型效应,β-生育酚含量的基因型效应大于环境效应。     

收获期霉变与正常燕麦籽粒表面菌群差异分析

为探究秋季多雨条件下燕麦籽粒发生霉变的原因,采用宏基因组高通量测序技术对收获期燕麦霉变籽粒和正常籽粒表面菌群多样性进行了检测,分析霉变和正常燕麦籽粒表面菌群的差异。结果表明,霉变籽粒表面细菌和真菌的物种丰度和群落多样性均明显高于正常籽粒;从属水平看,霉变籽粒表面细菌主要为欧文氏菌属（Erwinia,20%）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas,15%）、克雷白氏杆菌属（Klebsiella,6%）、金黄杆菌属（Chryseobacterium,3.7%）、Ramlibacter（2.6%）、农杆菌属（Agrobacterium,1.9%）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium,1.6%）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus,1.6%）和地杆菌属（Pedobacter,1.3%）;正常籽粒表面细菌主要为薄层菌属（Hymenobacter,2.1%）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia,1.8%）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas,1.4%）。 霉变籽粒表面真菌主要为链格孢属（Alternaria,38.7%）、核腔菌属（Pyrenophora,25.2%）、赤霉菌属（Gibberella, 7.2%;Davidiella, 2.39%）;正常籽粒表面真菌主要为核腔菌属（Pyrenophora,21.7%）、链格孢属（Alternaria,7.6%）、Radulidium（7.4%）、Davidiella（3.9%）、赤霉菌属（Gibberella,1.24%）、隐球菌属（Cryptococcus,1.1%）。初步推测籽粒霉变可能是由链格孢菌Alternaria引起的。     

Pins基因等位变异对磨粉品质和新疆拉面加工品质的影响

为了探讨新疆冬小麦品种Pins基因等位变异对小麦磨粉品质和新疆拉面加工品质的影响，对109份新疆冬小麦品种的籽粒硬度及其Pins基因等位变异、磨粉品质和新疆拉面加工品质进行测定，初步分析了新疆冬小麦品种资源籽粒硬度Pins基因的分布规律以及不同 Pins基因等位变异对籽粒硬度、磨粉品质和新疆拉面加工品质的影响。结果表明，新疆冬小麦品种属硬质麦类型，Pins基因型以 Pina-D1a、 Pinb-D1b和 Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1b为主， Pins突变类型及Pins突变基因型组合类型小麦的籽粒硬度均显著高于野生型， Pinb-D1a基因型小麦的籽粒硬度最低，L^*值和a^*值最高，b^*值最低； Pinb-D1ab基因型小麦的吸水率最高。不同Pins基因型组合中，野生型小麦的籽粒硬度、b^*值和吸水率最低； Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1aa的出粉率最高， Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1ab的灰分含量最低，吸水率最高。Pins基因及其基因型组合对新疆拉面加工品质无直接影响，主要通过对灰分、面粉色泽和吸水率等磨粉品质的作用对新疆拉面产生间接影响。优质新疆拉面品种中，Pinb基因突变对新疆拉面加工品质的影响大于Pina基因突变，育种中应优先选择Pinb 基因突变型材料，其中 Pina-D1a/ Pinb-D1b可以作为重点选择的基因型组合。     

耕播方式与减氮对扬辐麦13氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确不同机械耕播方式下减氮对小麦氮素吸收利用的影响,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下,以扬辐麦13为材料,研究两种机械耕播方式［板茬+2BMF-稻茬免耕条播机（NT）、旋耕+2BFG-10（8）230型播种机（CT）］和三个施氮模式［常规模式（N1）:施氮量270 kg·hm_-2,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥= 5∶1∶2∶2;减氮模式（N2）：施氮量225 kg·hm_-2,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2;减氮减次模式（N3）：施氮量180 kg·hm_-2,基肥∶拔节肥=5∶5］对小麦氮代谢酶活性、氮素吸收利用特征以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,播种前土壤相对含水量为84%,与CT处理相比,NT处理提高了植株硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性,使花前氮素转运量增加和氮素在籽粒中的分配量分别增加10.78% (P<0.01)和7.56%（P<0.05）,获得较高的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率,其最终籽粒产量提高5.36%（P<0.05）。N2处理在小麦生育中后期可维持较高的氮代谢酶活性,获得较高的氮肥利用效率,花后氮素积累量和籽粒产量与N1处理无显著差异;N3处理的氮肥利用效率最高,但氮代谢酶活性较低,影响氮素在植株中的积累和转运,且籽粒产量最低。因此,播前土壤偏湿条件下推荐采用NT耕播方式,配N2减氮模式,有利于小麦生育中后期维持较高的氮代谢酶活性和氮素的积累,促进氮素向籽粒转运,提升氮肥利用效率和籽粒产量,实现高产高效;若CT耕播方式下宜采用N1施肥方式才能实现稳产,但氮肥利用效率不高。     

大麦 PHT1基因家族的鉴定及表达特性分析

植物磷转运蛋白1(phosphase transporter protein 1,PHT1)家族在植物磷吸收和转运中发挥着重要作用。为研究大麦 PHT1基因家族成员的特性,利用生物信息学方法在全基因组范围内对大麦 PHT1家族成员进行鉴定,结果共鉴定到14个大麦 PHT1（ HvPT1～ HvPT14）基因,分布在2H、4H、5H和7H染色体上。根据系统发育关系、基因结构和保守蛋白基序,可将14个大麦 PHT1基因分为3个亚群。基于RNA seq数据对大麦品种GN121(磷高效基因型)根和叶片中12个 PHT1基因的表达模式进行分析,发现在低磷胁迫处理下,根中 HvPT1、 HvPT7、 HvPT10和 HvPT12基因以及叶片中 HvPT13基因均上调表达。进一步利用荧光定量PCR技术对大麦品种GN121和GN42（磷低效基因型）根中10个 PHT1基因的表达模式进行分析,发现两个品种根中 HvPT7、 HvPT8、 HvPT10、 HvPT12和 HvPT14基因在磷恢复后第3 d的表达量均显著低于低磷处理第22 d的表达量,推测这5个基因在低磷胁迫下参与磷的吸收和转运;此外 HvPT5基因在磷恢复后第3 d的GN42根中表达量显著下降,而在GN121根中的表达量显著上升,说明 HvPT5基因的表达与品种类型有关。     

西汉河西走廊谷物及其籽粒特性考证

了解河西走廊农作物种类、食物结构和饮食文化有助于认识东西方物质和文化交流历史。西汉时期,汉王朝大力开发河西走廊地区的农业资源,特别是绿洲农业资源,以满足士兵和移民的粮食和饲料需求,固疆戍边。笔者对甘肃省敦煌市敦煌藏馆提供（由黑河流域牧民收集）的谷物籽粒进行特性分析以及同位素测年,发现敦煌藏馆保留的谷物籽粒形态完整、色泽清晰,直观可辨。这些籽粒包括大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)、青稞(Hordeum vulgare Linn.var. nudum Hook. f.)、糜子(Panicum miliaceum)和谷子(Setaria italica)。两批大麦样本的单籽粒平均粒重为0.029 g和0.030 g,最大单籽粒粒重达到0.041 g,但大麦籽粒已无发芽能力。两批青稞单籽粒平均粒重为0.025 g和0.028 g,最大单籽粒粒重达到0.048 g。经碳同位素（¹⁴C）测年鉴定,大麦距今2 063~1 898年,青稞距今2 010~1 885年,糜子距今1 994~1 865年,均为西汉时期的谷物籽粒。这一结果对研究东西方物质和文化交流具有重要的历史和学术意义。     

小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶及其控制基因研究进展

小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性是引起面制食品褐变的主要原因。目前常用测试小麦籽粒PPO活性的方法为邻苯二酚法和LDOPA法等。基因型和环境均对小麦籽粒PPO活性产生显著影响,但基因型是最为主要的决定因素。影响小麦籽粒PPO活性的基因主要位于2AL染色体上的PpoA1位点和2DL染色体上的PpoD1位点。目前,在PpoA1位点已发现7种等位变异类型,在PpoD1位点已发现4种等位变异类型,其中PpoA1b和PpoD1a类型表现出低PPO活性,而PpoA1a和PpoD1b类型则表现出高PPO活性。依据其序列特征,已经有PPO16、PPO18、PPO29和PPO33等多个籽粒PPO活性基因的功能性分子标记被开发,从而为以颜色为目标的小麦品质改良提供了有力的技术支撑。本文综述了小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶的检测方法及其遗传特征,并重点阐述了小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶的基因克隆、等位变异类型及其功能性分子标记研发情况,旨在为我国小麦品质改良及小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶活性的遗传研究提供一定的理论依据和有用信息。     

白粒小麦品种(系)穗发芽抗性机制分析

为了解小麦穗发芽抗性机制,应用与抗穗发芽有关的功能标记 Vp1B3、 Vp1b2和 Dorm1并结合整穗发芽、籽粒发芽、籽粒+芒、籽粒+穗轴、籽粒+颖壳和籽粒+芒+穗轴+颖壳共6种发芽试验处理,分析了11个小麦品种（系）的穗发芽抗性机制。结果表明,红粒抗穗发芽对照京9428和京冬8号的抗性受粒色、Vp1Bc、颖壳或颖壳抑制物控制;9个白粒品种(系)穗发芽抗性均不同程度的受芒和颖壳或它们的抑制物控制;强抗穗发芽品系CA0431的抗性与 Vp1B3、 Dorm1和粒色无关,而与其他遗传因素有关;强抗穗发芽品系山东046432属于由Vp1Bc和Dorm1控制的基因型;中抗穗发芽品种矮抗58的抗性与穗轴有关;Vp1Bb基因对CA95502的穗发芽作用有待进一步证实;芒和颖壳或它们的抑制物对白粒中感穗发芽品系CA9640、CA0459、CA0493和白粒高感穗发芽品系山东928802和CA0306的穗发芽均有一定的抑制作用,但 Vp1Bb基因型与山东928802和Vp1Bc基因型与CA0306的穗发芽并无相关。     

The potential contribution of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) germplasm to drought tolerance of cultivated barley (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare)

Improving drought tolerance has always been an important objective in many crop improvement programs and is becoming more important as one way of adapting crops to climate changes. However, due to its complexity, the genetic mechanisms underlying the expression of drought tolerance in plants are poorly understood and this trait is difficult to characterize and quantify. This study assessed the importance of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, in contributing developmental and yield-related traits associated with drought tolerance and therefore its usefulness in breeding for improved adaptation to drought stress conditions. Fifty-seven fixed barley lines derived from crosses with two H. spontaneum lines (41-1 and 41-5) were evaluated in Mediterranean low rainfall environments with 10 improved varieties and three landraces for grain yield, developmental and agronomic traits. The study was conducted for three years (2004–2006) in a total of nine environments (location–year combinations), eight in Syria and one in Jordan, which were eventually reduced to seven due to a large error variance in two of them. There was significant genetic variation among the genotypes for most of the traits measured, as well as differential responses of genotypes across environments. Traits such as peduncle length, peduncle extrusion and plant height were positively correlated with grain yield in the dry environments. Differences in phenology were small and not significantly correlated with differences in grain yield under stress. Performances at the three highest yielding environments were much more closely correlated than those at the four stress environments. The GGE biplot analysis allowed identification of genotypes consistently best adapted to the lowest yielding environments and confirmed the existence of unique environments for identifying better adapted genotypes in the low rainfall environments of Syria. The top yielding lines in the driest of the seven environments derived mostly from crosses with H. spontaneum 41-1, while most of the improved varieties showed a positive genotype by environment (GE) interaction with the highest yielding environments. The results of the field experiments indicated that there was variation for grain yield under drought stress among barley genotypes, and that some of the lines derived from H. spontaneum had consistently superior specific adaptation to the range of severe stress conditions used in this study. The usefulness of H. spontaneum in breeding programs for stress conditions is likely to increase in view of the predicted increase in the occurrence of high temperatures and droughts.     

Amino acid composition and biological evaluation of the protein quality of high lysine barley genotypes

The protein quality of high lysine barley genotypes Notch₁ Notch₂,Riso-1508 and Hiproly grown in Indian soil was evaluated by determining amino acid composition and also by rat growth and nitrogen balance studies. Protein and fat contents were found to be highest in Riso-1508. Lysine concentration (5.26 g/16g N) of Riso-1508 was also highest compared to the other high lysine genotypes. Rat feeding trials indicated that the growth promoting qualities of the proteins of genotype Riso-1508 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the low lysine barley genotype. The comparatively low lysine barley diet had more digestible protein than the high lysine barley diet. However, the BV and NPU of the high lysine barley were significantly (p < 0.05) higher. This improvement is of importance in meeting the essential amino acid requirements of man as well as other monogastric animals. The study showed that the high lysine barley harvested in Indian agroclimatic conditions retained high lysine quality.     

大麦单倍体细胞水平与植株水平耐低氮性的关系

为了确定大麦籽粒产量和苗期耐低氮能力与小孢子培养阶段的氮胁迫下愈伤组织产量之间是否存在一致性,以2份大麦基因型为供试材料,进行了以下3项研究：（1）培养基中水解干酪素和谷氨酰胺使用量对小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的影响;（2）营养液中NH₄NO₃不同添加量对大麦苗期生长量的影响;（3）盆栽时正常施氮与不施氮处理对大麦单株产量的影响。结果表明,培养基中氮含量的下降明显降低小孢子培养愈伤组织产量,2份基因型的降幅存在明显的差异;营养液中氮使用量的下降明显降低植株高度、主根长度和植株及根干重,2份基因型之间的降幅也存在明显的差异;盆栽时不施氮处理的大麦有效穗和单株产量低于正常施氮的对照,2份基因型间有差异。氮素胁迫下,2份基因型小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的相对值与苗期植株高度、茎叶干重、主根长度和根干重的相对值以及单株产量的相对值存在一致性,说明供试基因型小孢子水平与植株水平的耐低氮性存在相关性。     

Protein and hordein content in barley seeds as affected by nitrogen level and their relationship to beta-amylase activity

Two barley cultivars differing in grain size and protein content were used to investigate the effects of nitrogen nutrition, cultivar and their interaction on grain protein content, hordein content and beta-amylase activity and the relationship between hordein content and beta-amylase activity during in vitro spike culture. The content of protein and hordein fraction, and beta-amylase activity in barley grains increased as the nitrogen level in culture solution increased. Grain protein content was significantly affected by nitrogen treatment and cultivar, and there was no significant interaction between nitrogen treatment and cultivar. Hordein content and beta-amylase activity were significantly affected by nitrogen treatment and cultivar as well as their interaction. Beta-amylase activity was positively correlated with grain protein and hordein contents, and the ratio of hordein B:C was negatively correlated with total protein content and beta-amylase activity.     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye

Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN<2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN<1.9 and drastically poorer forN>1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN>1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.     

Do barley and wheat (bread and durum) differ in grain weight stability through seasons and water-nitrogen treatments in a Mediterranean location?

Under Mediterranean environments, farmers usually prefer to sow barley rather than wheat as it is generally believed that barley yields more under stressful conditions. As terminal stresses such as high temperature and water are common constraints in Mediterranean regions, higher grain weight stability may confer a clear advantage in order to maintain higher yields. The objective of the present study was to compare the stability in terms of grain weight and its components for barley, bread wheat, and durum wheat, exploring a wide range of nitrogen and water availabilities in experiments conducted in a Mediterranean region. Grain weight ranged from 23.8 to 47.7 mg grain⁻¹, being higher for durum wheat than barley and bread wheat. Durum wheat presented higher variability both in maximum grain filling rate and duration of grain filling period than bread wheat or barley. The three species responded similarly in terms of grain nitrogen content to changes in the environmental conditions explored. It is concluded that in terms of grain weight barley is as stable as bread wheat. However, durum wheat presented a lower stability than barley and bread wheat.     

不同生态条件下品种和施氮量对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为给河南省不同生态区域小麦氮肥高效利用提供理论依据,于2012-2013年在南阳和信阳2个地点,2013-2014年南阳、信阳和郑州3个地点,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对10个小麦品种产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,小麦产量和氮肥利用效率均显著受品种、地点和施氮水平的影响,同时显著存在品种×地点和地点×施氮量的互作效应;其中,品种效应相对较小,地点对产量和氮肥农学利用效率的影响较大,施氮水平对氮肥偏生产力的调控效应最大。10个品种中,周麦28在各地点均获得了较高的产量和氮肥偏生产力,表现出较好的适应性。3个地点中,郑州和南阳的小麦产量和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于信阳,而信阳具有较高的氮肥农学利用效率,说明适量的氮肥供给对于信阳改善小麦生产非常重要。增施氮肥可以显著提高小麦产量,但降低了氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率,且不同地点和品种对施氮水平的响应存在差异。综合各品种产量和氮肥利用效率对施氮水平的响应,在3个地点小麦在较低施氮水平(120kg·hm-2)下均可达到高产高效的生产目标,但各地点也存在需要高氮肥投入的小麦品种,如郑州的郑麦3596、南阳的洛麦24及信阳的西农509和宛麦16。     

大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性评价

为了解大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性,以185份大麦种质资源为材料,测定了7个试验环境下籽粒的长度、宽度、长宽比及千粒重等性状,对其遗传多样性和稳定性进行了分析评价。结果表明,所有试验环境下二棱大麦粒长、粒宽及千粒重均值均大于六棱大麦,籽粒长宽比均值均小于六棱大麦;二棱大麦与六棱大麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽及籽粒长宽比在品种(系)间及环境间差异均极显著,且品种(系)与环境之间存在极显著的互作效应,籽粒大小在环境间差异程度因性状而异,其中以千粒重的差异程度最大。依据10级分类分布频次法则,千粒重和粒宽分布比较集中,六棱大麦集中分布在3、4等级,二棱大麦集中分布在7、8等级;粒长和籽粒长宽比分布比较分散,六棱大麦粒长和籽粒长宽比分别分布在1~10等级和2~10等级范围内,二棱大麦粒长和长宽比分别集中分布在4~8等级和2~7等级范围内。千粒重与粒长、粒宽及粒长与籽粒长宽比呈极显著正相关,粒宽与籽粒长宽比呈极显著负相关;粒长与粒宽及千粒重与籽粒长宽比的相关性因棱型不同而异。二棱大麦千粒重的稳定性小于六棱大麦,而粒长和籽粒长宽比的稳定性恰好相反,粒宽的稳定性与棱型无关;皮大麦千粒重稳定性小于裸大麦,其余籽粒大小性状的稳定性与皮裸无关。通过熵权法TOPSIS对大麦籽粒大小进行综合评价,筛选出籽粒饱满且稳定的品种川52209,其可作为大麦籽粒性状改良的优异种质。