越冬前冬小麦主茎叶片几何参数模型研究

为了定量分析冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数与器官生物量及比叶重的关系,以小麦品种济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料,于2013-2014和2014-2015年冬小麦生长季内开展了品种和施氮试验,通过分析越冬前叶长和叶宽与器官生物量和比叶重之间的定量关系,以及叶弦角和叶切角与比叶重之间的关系,构建了冬小麦越冬前叶片几何参数模型。经独立试验资料检验,冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数叶长、最大叶宽、叶切角和叶弦角实测值与模拟值的RMSE、平均绝对误差（d_a）、平均相对误差（d_ap）和R分别为1.453 cm (n=46)、1.136 cm、11.997%和0.916;0.093 cm (n=46)、0.073 cm、13.396%和0.837;23.906°(n=46)、16.059°、52.153%和0.556;23.706°(n=46)、19.818°、53.966%和0.787,均达极显著水平（P<0.001）,说明实测值与模拟值的吻合程度较好。所建模型可较好地模拟不同品种、不同施氮水平下冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数。     

基于遥感信息和WOFOST模型参数同化的冬小麦单产估算方法研究

为探讨遥感信息和作物生长模型在作物估产方面的优势互补特性,选取河北省藁城市冬小麦作为研究对象,采集多个关键生育时期的生理生化、农田环境、气象等数据,并获取准同步的环境减灾小卫星HJ-CCD影像数据,采用植被指数反演冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）,基于扩展傅里叶振幅灵敏度检验法(EFAST)对WOFOST作物模型的26个初始参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选敏感性参数,调整WOFOST模型的核心参数,利用查找表优化算法构建基于WOFOST模型和遥感LAI数据同化的区域尺度冬小麦单产预测模型,并定量预测区域冬小麦单产水平。结果表明,增强型植被指数（EVI）是遥感反演LAI的最佳植被指数(开花期建模r=0.913,RMSE=0.410,灌浆期建模r=0.798,RMSE=0.470),预测能力最强(开花期r=0.858,RMSE=0.531,灌浆期r=0.861,RMSE=0.428);筛选出6个待优化参数,即TSUM1、SLATB1、SLATB2、SPAN、EFFTB3和TMPF4;产量预测精度r=0.914,RMSE=253.67 kg·hm_-2,找到了待优化参数的最佳取值,最终完成了单产模拟。     

白皮小麦抗穗发芽资源评价及抗性候选位点关联分析

白皮小麦皮薄且胚乳相对含量及出粉率高,较红皮小麦更受农户和企业青睐,但也更易发生穗发芽。为了给抗穗发芽机理研究及抗性育种提供参考,本研究首先在7个不同环境条件下对来自世界主要小麦产区的502个白皮小麦材料进行穗发芽抗性鉴定和评价,然后对白皮小麦穗发芽抗性进行位点关联分析。穗发芽抗性鉴定结果表明,502个白皮小麦材料中,仅1.39%的材料平均发芽率小于40%,其中Osiris（埃及）、Vilmorin 29（法国）、Miana（法国）、Kanto 107（日本）、Darwin（德国）、Magnif MG（阿根廷）和Benefactress（英国）具有在多个环境下稳定的穗发芽抗性。利用与小麦穗发芽抗性紧密连锁的236对标记筛选到202个多样性位点,依据遗传结构将白皮小麦群体分为3类（K=3）时,分别有40.92%、30.03%和29.04%的材料分在三个亚群中,当K=6时群体结构趋于稳定,同时发现,非洲的材料群体结构单一,而来自其他地区的材料遗传结构更复杂。结合穗发芽表型与K=3~6时的遗传结构数据对具有代表性的303个白皮小麦材料进行关联分析,通过平均值与各环境值分别关联到4个与15个在白皮小麦群体中与穗发芽抗性相关的等位变异位点。其中, Xwmc24.2-1A、 Xcfd44.1-2D、 Xbarc321.2-3A、 Xgwm397.1-4A和 Xwmc75.1-5B能够在不同环境中关联到,为较稳定的白皮小麦抗穗发芽位点。     

西北地区种植密度对夏播沈爆3号产量和品质的影响

在西北地区夏播条件下,以沈爆3号为试验材料,在不同密度下对其产量、品质及生理指标进行研究。结果表明,沈爆3号适合高密度种植且适应密度范围较大,密度在82 500株/hm²时产量最高,达3 915.17 kg/hm²;最大叶面积指数和最大叶绿素值分别出现在97 500株/hm²和52 500株/hm²密度处理;高密度条件下,最大叶面积指数出现的时期较晚,持续时间较长,叶绿素含量变化也较为平缓;高密条件下较大的叶面积指数降低了因叶绿素含量下降而对产量造成的负效应,即降低了高密条件下源对于产量的限制;沈爆3号平均叶向值LOV为11.5,在品种改良上具有很大的上升潜力;建立产量和生理指标最优回归方程为：Y=490.280 6-7.836 0X₂+7.505 5X₃（R²=0.999 9,X₂为叶绿素SPAD值,X₃为叶向值）。在夏播条件下,沈爆3号膨爆率、膨爆倍数分别为96.29%和23倍,分别比春播低1.07个百分点和27.97%。玉米花中淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸平均含量分别为51.94%、10.30%、6.97%和0.24%。     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨淮北地区晚播冬小麦合理高效的氮肥运筹模式,以济麦22为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,拔节期追氮或孕穗期追氮减少了群体透光率,提高了灌浆期旗叶SPAD值和生育后期叶面积指数,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(qN）,有利于叶片吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用。光化学效率的提高进而促进了小麦的干物质积累与成穗率。氮肥运筹对籽粒产量的影响达到显著水平,其中拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4的施肥方式显著提高了每公顷穗数和籽粒产量,其籽粒产量显著高于其他追氮处理,增幅达到5.5%~10.8%。此外,氮肥后移和增加基追比例可明显提高籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和硬度。本试验条件下,总施氮量270 kg·hm^-2,拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4和孕穗期追肥且基追比4∶6的氮肥运筹模式是晚播冬小麦实现高产、优质的理想施肥方式。     

基于上部叶片叶绿素荧光参数的小麦产量预测与评价

为了利用叶绿素荧光快速测定技术实时评价植株光合生产能力以及预测小麦籽粒产量,以豫麦49-198和郑麦9694为试验材料,设置0、90、180、270 kg·hm^-24个氮素水平,通过2014-2016年连续两个生长季的田间试验,在小麦主要生育阶段同步测定植株顶部四片完全展开叶的净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素荧光参数及叶面积。结果表明,P_n和叶绿素荧光参数因生育时期、氮素水平和叶片位置的不同呈现规律性变化。叶绿素荧光参数F_m′、F_v′、F_v′/F_m′ 和 F_s与P_n 相关性较好,且相关系数（r）均随叶位的降低而降低,其中,F_m′与P_n的相关性最好。将叶面积与对应的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数组合出光合性状累积量指标,与P_n 相比,光合累积量与产量的相关性显著提高。组合顶部四片叶,光合累积量与产量相关性在灌浆前期表现最好（r=0.875）。光适应下荧光参数累积量与产量的相关性表明,顶部两片叶的相关性较单叶片或其他叶位组合均表现较好,相关系数在不同荧光参数、生育时期间差异均较大,以F_m′表现最好,其次是F_v′;生育期间比较,孕穗期至灌浆中期整体较好。总体而言,在灌浆前期,顶部两片叶的F_m′累积量能够较好地预测小麦籽粒产量,为小麦生长诊断和田间管理提供技术支持。     

基于无人机可见光影像与生理指标的小麦估产模型研究

为及时、准确地掌握小麦产量动态信息,基于无人机遥感平台,分别分析了小麦4项生理指标［地面实测叶面积指数、叶片含氮量、叶片含水量及叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）］及10项植被指数与产量的相关性,以筛选出与产量最为敏感的生理指标与植被指数,并比较了3种建模方法（一元回归UR、多元逐步回归SMLR和主成分回归PCAR）在小麦各生育时期估产的适用性,进而得到小麦最优估产模型。结果表明：（1）不同生育时期两类变量与产量的相关性变化特征一致,均表现为抽穗期>灌浆期>成熟期;不同生理指标、植被指数与产量的相关性在各生育时期均存在差异,生理指标表现为叶片含氮量>LAI>SPAD>叶片含水量;而植被指数在各时期表现不同;（2）以生理指标与植被指数为自变量,采用SMLR模型构建的抽穗期估产模型拟合精度最高,R、RMSE和nRMSE分别为0.828、362.53 kg·hm^-2和12.35%;（3）小麦估产模型在各生育时期的预测精度表现为抽穗期>灌浆期>成熟期。     

基于无人机多时相遥感影像的冬小麦产量估算

为高效准确地预测小麦产量,以浙江省冬小麦为研究对象,利用四旋翼无人机精灵4多光谱相机获取冬小麦5个关键生育时期（拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期）的冠层多光谱数据,选取多光谱相机的五个特征波段计算各生育时期的72个植被指数,分别通过逐步多元线性回归（SMLR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、BP神经网络（BPNN）、支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）构建不同生育时期的产量估算模型,最后采用决定系数（R）、均方根误差（RMSE）和相对误差（RE）对估算模型进行评价,筛选出最优估算模型。结果表明,基于随机森林建立的模型估算效果最优,SMLR、PLSR和SVM三种方法建立的模型估算效果接近。利用随机森林算法所建拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期模型的R、RMSE和RE分别为0.92、0.35、11%;0.93、0.33、10%;0.94、0.32、9%;0.92、0.36、9%;0.77、0.67、33%。模型验证时,抽穗期估算效果最好（R、RMSE和RE分别为0.91、0.35和15%）,拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期估算效果接近且有很好的估算能力,成熟期估算精度最差（R、RMSE和RE分别为0.71、0.47和13%）。由此说明,结合机器学习算法和无人机多光谱提取的植被指数可以提高小麦产量估算效果。     

新疆冬小麦磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良提供理论依据,选用30个新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状及新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对面粉（团）的主要品质性状具有显著影响,并通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉率通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性、反弹值等品质性状的显著影响进而对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。其中,出粉率与拉面的色泽、适口性、光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉率与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a^*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b^*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。因此,冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良中应重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉率,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对16个适合加工优质新疆拉面的冬小麦品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L^*≥90.78,a^*≥-0.81,b^*≤8.54。     

基于无人机影像的小麦株高与LAI预测研究

为快速、准确地估测不同生育时期小麦品种（系）株高与叶面积指数（LAI）表型性状,基于各生育时期小麦品种（系）数字正射影像（digital orthophoto map,DOM）和数字表面模型（digital surface model,DSM）,分别构建不同生育时期株高估测模型和光谱指数LAI估测模型。借助一元线性回归、多元逐步回归（SMLR）和偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析方法,并采用决定系数（r）、均方根误差（RMSE）和归一化均方根误差（nRMSE）综合性评价指标,筛选出小麦不同生育时期最优的株高和LAI估测模型。结果表明,（1）全生育期株高估测效果最好,模型预测值与实测值高度拟合（r、RMSE、nRMSE分别为0.87、5.90 cm、9.29%）;在各生育时期中,灌浆期模型预测精度较好,成熟期预测精度最差,r分别为0.79和0.69。（2）所选的18种光谱指数与LAI相关性均较好,其中BGRI、RGBVI、NRI和NGRDI的相关系数达到极显著水平,且各时期三种回归估测模型均表现出较高的稳定性和拟合效果,其中SMLR回归模型对各生育时期LAI预测精度最好,其拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期的预测集r分别为0.68、0.57、0.61、0.68和0.53。这说明,基于无人机获取的不同生育时期小麦DSM影像提取株高,并运用18种光谱指数构建LAI估测模型方法是可行的。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.