缺钾对油菜主序产量性状的影响及施钾效果

在大田试验条件下设置施钾(+K)与不施钾(–K)处理,研究缺钾土壤上施钾对油菜产量的影响,并重点研究主序不同部位产量性状对施钾反应的差异。结果表明,缺钾土壤上施用钾肥油菜产量显著提高,增产量为1 321 kg/hm2,增产率达111%,同时单株角果数和每角粒数显著增加,增幅分别达50.1%和9.2%。施钾显著提高单株主序籽粒重、单株主序角果数和每角粒数,增幅分别为33.6%、21.6%和10.3%。施钾对主序不同部位籽粒重、角果数和每角粒数的提高程度不同,其中对主序上部的影响显著大于主序中下部;与不施钾相比,施钾主序上部籽粒重、角果数和每角粒数分别提高69.6%、41.7%和20.1%,该序段相应的钾积累量提高124.4%。综合结果表明,钾肥施用显著提高油菜籽产量,主要途径是增加了角果数和每角粒数,从油菜果序产量性状看,钾素对果序上部的影响显著大于果序中下部。     

基施氮量对旱作区春油菜生长发育的影响

在半干旱区研究了基施氮肥量对春油菜生长发育的影响。结果表明,基施氮肥后,春油菜物候期及生育期随着施氮量的增加均出现推迟的趋势。苗期至现蕾期,干物质累积量缓慢,施氮量影响不大。抽薹期期至成熟期,干物质累积量较快,低施氮量(90～210 kg/hm2)范围内油菜全株干物质重随施氮量增加而增大,而高施氮量(240～270 kg/hm2)下油菜全株干物质重量随一次性施氮量增加而减小。株高、分枝部位、分枝数均随基施氮量增加而增加。全株有效结角数、角粒数、角果长度、千粒重、单株产量随施氮量增加均呈先增后减趋势。基施氮量210 kg/hm2时各经济性状指标表现最好,产量最高,达2 013.43 kg/hm2。     

再生稻套播油菜共生期对油菜植株性状及产量影响

为研究共生期对再生稻套播油菜性状及产量影响,设置油稻共生期0(T1)、3 d(T2)、5 d(T3)、7 d(T4)和10 d(T5)共5个处理,结果表明:(1)油菜产量和共生期呈一元二次抛物线关系(y=-8.98x~2+93.817x+1 864.6,R~2=0.848),其中共生期为5 d时产量最高,达2 179.8 kg·hm~(-2);(2)油菜全苗期密度随着其与再生稻套播共生期的延长而不断增加,而蕾薹期、盛花期均表现为先增加后减少,苗体稳定后密度大小为T3T2T1T4T5;(3)共生期与一次有效分枝、分枝有效角果数、全株有效角果数、单株生物量和单株产量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与每角粒数和植株密度呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与主花序有效角果数和千粒重相关不显著(p0.05)。说明不同再生稻套播油菜共生期通过影响油菜植株密度、单株产量等相关指标进而影响油菜产量,因此适宜的共生期有利于油菜产量的构建。     

适宜缓释肥用量优化油菜产量形成与氮素利用

为明确长三角冬油菜种植区专用缓释肥用量(N-P₂O₅-K₂O:25-7-8)对油菜生长和产量形成的影响,以提升油菜增产潜力和资源利用率,2020—2021年在江苏省苏州市布置田间试验。试验设置5个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)和施用缓释肥处理(施用量分别为750、900、1050和1200 kg/hm2,分别以F750、F900、F1050和F1200表示),并测定油菜产量和产量构成、干物质积累量和氮吸收量变化特征与肥料利用效率等指标。结果表明：与CK相比,施用缓释肥油菜产量显著增加了1.81～2.67倍,且在施用量900 kg/hm²时产量和肥料贡献率最高(P<0.05),其他施肥水平间表现相当。油菜产量与分枝数、角果数及株高显著相关。F900处理油菜角果数显著高于F1050和F1200处理(P<0.05)。各处理油菜角粒数和千粒重处理间无显著差异。油菜株高随缓释肥用量的增加逐渐增加。缓释肥用量为750 kg/hm²时显著抑制油菜苗期地上部干物质积累量和氮素吸收量,施...     

重庆地区生态条件下的油菜产量与农艺性状相关性分析

根据2009-2011年重庆市23个油菜品种区试的试验数据,利用SPSS统计分析软件,分析油菜产量与主要农艺性状之间的相关性。结果表明：油菜主要农艺性状对产量的作用大小依次为全株角果数〉株高〉每果粒数〉千粒重〉一次有效分枝数〉一次有效分枝高度;全株角果数和株高均与单株产量呈极显著正相关;株高和全株角果数之间呈极显著正相关;全株角果数和株高高效地控制着油菜生产力。     

密度和施氮量对油菜生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨密度和施氮量互作效应对油菜生长发育及产量的影响,以甘蓝型油菜品种华油杂9号为材料,在施氮120、240和360 kg·hm~(-2)的条件下,分别设密度15万、30万和45万株·hm~(-2)处理,分析了施氮量与密度对油菜生长发育动态、产量构成因素和产量的影响,及三者之间的相关关系。结果表明,油菜生育期随施氮量增加略呈延长趋势,而与密度无显著相关。株高随密度增大而下降,随施氮量增加表现出先升后降趋势。在油菜整个生育期中,随着施氮量和密度的增加,单位面积群体根颈粗、绿叶数、功能叶叶绿素、干物质积累量、角果分配比例、有效分枝数、有效角果数大体均显著增大,并与油菜产量呈显著正相关,且密度的影响总体大于氮肥的影响。随着施氮量和密度的增加,各相邻处理间差异总体呈逐渐变小趋势。120 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和45万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合不仅可以达到360 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和15万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合的产量,同时每公顷可以节省120 kg的氮肥投入,在实际生产中适量减少氮肥并适度提高密度依然可以获得高产。     

NBPT增效剂尿素在高海拔灌区春油菜施用效果初报

在天祝县高海拔灌区春油菜上施用NBPT增效剂尿素,观察其增产效果。结果表明,NBP T增效剂尿素比普通尿素能显著增加角果数和角粒数,春油菜折合产量为4 075.6 kg/hm2,较对照不施氮肥处理增产 2 425.6 kg/hm2,增产率147.0%;较施N 135 kg/hm2处理增产367.6 kg/hm2,增产率9.9%。     

缓释肥侧位深施及用量对油菜产量和肥料利用率的影响

为明确红壤稻田直播油菜缓释肥（N-P2O5-K2O:25-7-8）侧位深施效果及适宜用量，该研究连续2 a在两熟制和三熟制2种种植模式下开展缓释肥侧位深施效果对比试验（设置不施肥、土表撒施和侧位深施3个施肥方式）和施用量试验（设置0、300、450、600、750和900 kg/hm2 共6个施肥水平），研究缓释肥侧位深施及不同用量对油菜产量形成和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明，施肥方式对红壤稻田油菜产量形成和肥料利用率均有显著影响，且对两熟制油菜影响更为显著。相比传统土表撒施，侧位深施显著促进了油菜产量和肥料利用率的提高。缓释肥侧位深施明显提高了各时期油菜干物质量，尤其是显著增加了初花期至成熟期的干物质积累量，促进了花后根部与地上部干物质同步增长；促进了根系对N、P、K的吸收，提高了油菜产量和肥料利用率。菜籽产量与缓释肥用量呈线性加平台关系，适宜施肥量可保证较大的收获密度，并协同产生较多的每株角果数和每角粒数，从而提高籽粒产量、肥料利用率和经济效益。两熟制和三熟制油菜缓释肥侧位深施的适宜用量分别为715和585 kg/hm2，产量潜力可分别达2 450和1 700 kg/hm2。研究表明，侧位深施适量缓释肥可显著提高红壤稻田直播油菜生产力，建议结合机械化种植因地制宜推广应用。     

氮、磷、钾用量与种植密度对油菜产量和品质的影响

以华油杂9号为试验材料,固定氮（N）:磷（P2O5）:钾（K2O）比例为1:0.55:0.8,设置施纯氮量135、225、315 kg /hm2,以及种植密度15、45、75万株/hm2不同处理,研究施肥量与密度对油菜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量随施肥量、密度的增大而增加,增加施肥量的增产幅度大于增加密度;施肥水平较低时,提高密度的增产作用更为显著。改变施肥量与密度对经济性状、产量构成因素均可产生显著影响,但改变密度对单株有效分枝数及角果数的影响更大。不同肥力下密度每增加30万株/hm2,单株有效分枝数降低1.7～3.8个。主茎籽粒含油量高于分枝,蛋白质及硫苷含量低于分枝。随施肥量增加含油量下降,硫苷、蛋白质含量上升。随密度增加含油量上升,蛋白质含量下降,主茎与分枝的硫苷含量上升,但整株硫苷含量下降。因此,若以减少施肥、节本增效为前提,选择每公顷施纯氮135～225 kg、P2O575～124 kg、K2O 108～180kg,并且在45～75万株/hm2范围内适当提高密度,有利于获得3000kg/hm2以上的籽粒产量。     

测土配方施肥对油菜产量及经济效益的影响试验初报

2015年9月至2016年6月,在重庆市武隆区庙垭乡进行了油菜配方肥筛选试验,通过综合比较肥料投入、油菜籽产量、经济效益等指标,评价各种配方肥施用效果。结果初步表明,测土配方施肥能延长油菜的生育期,显著增加有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、千粒质量,从而提高油菜产量;其中,处理6(N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量分别为10%、6%、9%的配方肥)667 m~2较不施肥处理净增收289.03元,产投比达到3.27。     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide – role of oxidizable carbon and applied nitrogen

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) on N₂O emission, evolution of CO₂ and consumption of O₂. A flush of N₂O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH₄⁺ compared to NO₃^- applications. The increase in N₂O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O₂ limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH₄⁺ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO₃^- and a C source significantly enhanced N₂O emissions. In soils treated with NH₄⁺, N₂O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N₂O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.     

Influence of soil parameters on the effect of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate as a nitrification inhibitor

Nitrification inhibitors specifically retard the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to NO₂^- during the nitrification process in soil. In this study, the influence of soil properties on the nitrification-inhibiting effect of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate (DMPP), a newly developed nitrification inhibitor, has been investigated. Based on short-term incubation experiments, where the degradation of DMPP could be largely disregarded, the oxidation of the applied NH₄⁺ was more inhibited in sandy soils compared with loamy soils. The influence of soil parameters on the relative NO₂^- formation could be described by a multiple regression model including the sand fraction, soil H⁺ concentration and soil catalase activity (R²=0.62). Adsorption studies showed that the binding behaviour of DMPP was influenced markedly by soil textural properties, viz. the clay fraction (r²=0.61). The adsorption of DMPP was found to be an important factor for the inhibitory effect on NH₄⁺ oxidation in a short-term incubation (r²=0.57). It is concluded that the evaluated soil properties can be used to predict the short-term inhibitory effect of DMPP in different soils. The significance of these results for long-term experiments under laboratory and field conditions needs further investigation.     

茶树控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术研究

采用田间试验方法研究控释氮肥不同施用量和施用次数条件下土壤养分释放动态,以及对茶树养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量,茶叶产量和品质变化的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能明显延长氮在土壤中的留存时间,与普通尿素相比,NH4+-N浓度明显提高并能持续较长时间;而NO3--N变化不大,使NO3--N占总无机态氮含量的比例降低。控释氮肥在土壤中的这种动态变化与茶树对氮素的吸收规律基本同步,这不仅明显促进了茶树对氮素的吸收,而且对钾和锌等矿质元素的吸收也有所增强;茶树叶片叶绿素含量提高。与普通尿素相比,控释氮肥可减少30%氮肥用量而不影响茶叶产量和品质;相同的施肥量和施肥次数或施肥次数减少一次,茶叶仍增产6.6%～24.1%,平均12.9%;茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量也有明显提高。     

Effects of temperature, soil water status, and soil type on swine slurry nitrogen transformations

Manure N dynamics are affected by manure characteristics, soil factors, and environmental conditions. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess the relationship of these factors. The effects of temperature (11, 18, and 25°C), soil texture (three soils, silt loam to sandy loam), and soil water status (constant at 60% water filled pore space, WFPS, and fluctuating between 30% and 60% WFPS) on net mineralization and nitrification of swine manure N were assessed. Swine manure was applied at an equivalent rate of 350 kg total N ha^-1 to 250 g air-dry soil in 2-l canning jars. Subsamples were taken from each jar for NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ determination when fluctuating moisture treatment dried to 30% WFPS, with sampling continuing through four wet-dry cycles at each temperature. Manure NH₄⁺ was rapidly nitrified to NO₃^-. The relationship between NO₃^- accumulation and degree days after application (DDAA, 0°C base) could be described across temperatures using a single pool exponential model for each soil. More NO₃^- accumulated in coarser-textured soils (150-200 mg N kg^-1 soil), compared to 130 mg N kg^-1 soil in the silt loam soil. Fluctuating soil water status did not alter estimates of rate and extent of NO₃^- accumulation, but slowed NH₄⁺ disappearance somewhat.     

施用不同种类氮肥对日光温室土壤溶液离子组成的影响

采用土培模拟试验研究了施用不同量的尿素[CO(NH2)2]、碳酸氢铵（NH4HCO3）、硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]对培养期间日光温室土壤溶液电导率（EC）和不同离子组成及比例的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥种类对土壤溶液电导率（EC）的影响主要表现在培养的前一周左右,之后不同品种间无明显差异。土壤溶液中NO3--N含量随施氮量和培养时间呈明显的上升趋势,不同氮肥种类NO3--N含量无明显差异;不同氮肥种类处理土壤溶液中NH4+-N含量在培养的前7 d有所差异,之后亦无差异。随着氮肥施用量的增加,日光温室土壤溶液的EC及K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的浓度升高;增施氮肥同时提高了土壤溶液中Ca/K、Mg/K的比值,而对土壤溶液钾的活度比（ARK）无显著影响。说明氮肥施用量是影响土－液界面离子交换的重要因素;由此带来的日光温室土壤盐分累积以及K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+离子的淋失等问题值得关注。     

元素硫和双氰胺对菜地土壤铵态氮硝化抑制协同效应研究

采用好气培养法,研究了双氰胺（DCD）、元素硫（S0）和元素硫分解中间物（S2O32-）及其组合对蔬菜地土壤氮素硝化抑制作用。结果表明,在培养试验72 d内,DCD+S0、DCD、DCD+ Na2S2O3处理土壤NH4+-N总量分别是N处理的5. 8、5.1、5.9倍;S0、Na2S2O3处理分别是N处理的1.8、1.4倍;而所有硝化抑制剂（DCD、S0、S2O32-）处理土壤NO3--N含量显著低于N处理,表明DCD、S0和S2O32-均能抑制菜地土壤铵态氮硝化。培养试验开始8 d后,Na2S2O3和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制产生协同效应,16 d后S0和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制也产生协同效应,这可能是由于S0 氧化中间体S2O32-、S4O62-具有抑制DCD降解作用,延长了DCD硝化抑制作用时间。建议蔬菜生产上推荐使用DCD+S0组合,以提高氮素利用率。     

铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素激发效应的影响

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素的激发效应。结果表明,在测定NH4+-N的激发效应时,只有考虑粘土矿物对有机氮矿化产物或者添加NH4+-N的固定,才可获得可靠结果。在培养20 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对不同土类氮素激发效应存在极显著和显著的影响（P≤0.01和0.05）;培养40 d时,尽管不同土类氮素激发效应也存在很大差异,但统计检验不显著。从整体评价,NH4+-N对土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土表现出正的激发效应,而对干润砂质新成土表现出负的激发效应,对简育干润均腐土在培养20 d和40 d时无激发效应,而在培养60 d时,表现出显著的负激发效应。结果还看出,在培养40 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对农田土壤表现出负激发效应,对林地和裸地土壤表现出正激发效应,而草地土壤在培养40 d时为正激发效应;培养20 d和60 d时无激发效应。添加有机物料在培养20 d和40 d时对激发效应的影响不显著（P=0.0872和0.1641）,培养时间延长至60 d时影响显著（P＝0.049）。添加紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)后,NH4+-N在培养40 d时表现出正的激发效应,而添加长芒草(Stipa bungeana Trin.)却在培养20、40和60 d时均表现出负的激发效应,不添加有机物料在培养20、40和60 d时均无激发效应。     

腐植酸吸附土壤Cr(Ⅵ)条件优化

在单因素试验基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对腐植酸去除土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)进行了优化,建立了土壤Cr(Ⅵ)潜在去除率与HA浓度(x1)、pH(x2)、反应接触时间(x3)和反应温度(x4)四个因素间的正交回归模型:Y=60.27012-2.22158X1+2.92002X3-4.29138X21-2.53068X22-2.00566X24-2.35375X1X2+3.68250X1X3-1.99875X1X4-1.99875X2X3+3.68250X2X4-2.35375X3X4。从模型推知,当HA浓度为1.86 g/L、pH值5.5、振荡时间为8.6h和反应温度25.2℃时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)潜在去除率最大,达80.0%。验证结果与模型值相符。     

几种铵盐对土壤吸附Cd2+和Zn2+的影响

采用平衡吸附法,研究了不同铵盐对潮褐土、红壤吸附Cd2+、Zn2+的影响。结果表明,土壤对Cd2+、Zn2+的吸附量随平衡溶液中Cd2+、Zn2+浓度的增加而增加;潮褐土和红壤对Cd2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量为:Zn2+ Cd2+,且潮褐土红壤;随NH4HCO3浓度的增加,两种土壤对Cd2+、Zn2+的吸附率显著提高,NH4Cl、NH4NO3和(NH4)2SO4抑制红壤对Cd2+、Zn2+的吸附及潮褐土对Cd2+的吸附,对潮褐土Zn2+的吸附率影响不显著;铵盐浓度相同时,红壤对Cd2+吸附率为:NH4HCO3NH4ClNH4NO3≈ (NH4)2SO4,红壤对Zn2+吸附率为:NH4HCO3NH4Cl NH4NO3(NH4)2SO4。     

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogen mineralization and carbon decomposition in submerged rice soil

Controlled-environment chambers were used to study the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in rice soil. In three chambers, CO₂ concentration was maintained at 353ᆣ/396ᆫ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; ambient CO₂), while in another three, CO₂ was maintained at 667ᆸ/700ᆽ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; elevated CO₂) throughout the growing season. Rice (var. Nipponbare) seedlings were grown under either ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations, and then transplanted into the soils in the corresponding chambers. At different growth stages, soil samples were taken from surface (0-1cm) and sub-surface (1-10cm) layers at the centre of four hills, then sieved (<1 mm) to remove root residues. Fresh soil was used to measure N fixation activity (using the acetylene reduction assay), NH₄⁺ content and organic C. Separate sets of soil samples were transferred to serum bottles and anaerobically incubated at 30°C for 30 days to measure potential rates of N mineralization and C decomposition. Under an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, acetylene reduction activity significantly increased in the surface soil layer during the early cultivation stages and in the sub-surface soil layer during the latter part of cultivation. There was no difference in the amount of NH₄⁺ in fresh soils between elevated and ambient CO₂ chambers, while the rate of N mineralization was increased by elevated CO₂ during the latter part of cultivation. Soils from the elevated CO₂ chambers had obviously higher rate of C decomposition than that from the ambient CO₂ chambers. CH₄ production gradually increased with the growth of rice plants. These results suggest that elevated CO₂ affected biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in submerged rice soil during the different growth stages of rice.