小麦骨干亲本临汾5064单元型区段的遗传解析

利用分子标记解析骨干亲本临汾5064单元型区段在其衍生后代中的遗传规律, 可以为小麦分子育种提供依据。在临汾5064及其21个衍生品种(系)中, 395个SSR标记共检测出895个等位变异, 不同位点的等位变异为1~8个, 平均2.27个, 平均多态性指数为0.25。临汾5064及衍生后代中146个位点具有相同等位变异, 遗传贡献超过80%的位点有30个。实验结果表明, 临汾5064对衍生子一代和子二代的遗传贡献率分别为65.30%和64.24%, 且未随着世代的增加而明显下降。所有衍生后代与亲本完全相同的单元型区段有16个, 贡献率大于80%的染色体区段分布在所有染色体上。关联分析发现这些单元型区段存在重要农艺性状的QTL簇, 几乎都与重要农艺性状显著相关, 表明这些区段在育种过程中受到强烈选择。     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

小麦穗粒数主效QTL-qKnps-2A遗传效应解析

利用‘科农9204’与‘京411’衍生的重组自交系群体(KJ-RIL),对10个环境下的穗粒数性状进行了分析,将q Knps-2A定位在Ax-111707919-Ax-111626797的78.5～83.0 cM的范围内。为了进一步明确QTLqKnps-2A的遗传效应,利用与qKnps-2A紧密连锁标记Ax-110454852对KJ-RIL的188个家系进行遗传分析,结果表明,q Knps-2A优异单倍型能显著增加穗粒数,且能够增加穗粒重和每穗小穗数,单株产量平均增幅为3.72%;而此优异单倍型对千粒重具有负效应。利用310份品种(系)对qKnps-2A应用情况进行分析,结果表明,q Knps-2A优异单倍型已经被育种家选择,但利用率不高,具有较大的遗传改良空间。研究结果对穗粒数的遗传改良及主效QTL-qKnps-2A的进一步应用提供了理论依据。     

小麦骨干亲本繁6产量相关性状关键基因组区段的遗传效应

繁6是中国小麦育种最重要的骨干亲本之一, 明确其优良特性的遗传机制对小麦育种具有重要意义。本研究鉴定了39个繁6衍生品种的7个产量相关性状, 并利用全基因组SSR标记分析了繁6中控制这些性状重要遗传区段和基因位点在子代中的遗传效应。表型鉴定结果表明, 繁6产量相关性状在不同世代衍生品种中表现无显著差异, 表明这些性状在衍生品种选育过程中受到选择并稳定遗传。利用已获得的控制小麦产量相关“一致性” QTL区段的417个SSR标记进行分子扫描, 发现11个繁6特异SSR标记在其衍生后代中被高频率遗传。性状-标记关联分析表明, 21个来自繁6的特异SSR标记与产量相关性状极显著关联(P < 0.01)。同时鉴定出分别位于2A和5A染色体的Xgdm93.3-Xgwm526.2和Xbarc100-Xgwm156.1区段, 前者控制株高和小穗数, 后者控制千粒重。本研究证实, 上述两个与小麦产量相关性状关联的位点或区段在小麦产量育种进程中受到强烈的人为定向连续选择, 并在四川乃至西南麦区小麦产量育种中发挥了重要作用。     

西农979中长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）的遗传成分分析

西农979是我国黄淮麦区优质高产、早熟耐寒兼抗赤霉病的小麦新品种。十倍体长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）7E染色体携带有抗赤霉病和抗叶锈病等多种抗性基因。为明确西农979品种的遗传基础,以西农979及其主要供体亲本小偃6号、早优504、陕229、陕213和西农881为材料进行系谱分析,结果表明,西农979及其主要供体亲本陕229、陕213、西农881均为小偃6号的衍生系;小偃6号是十倍体长穗偃麦草的衍生系。在此基础上,利用十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上106个特异分子标记进行分析,发现有6个标记在西农979和小偃6号中扩增出了十倍体长穗偃麦草的特异片段,西农979和小偃6号均携带有十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体短臂上分子标记Xwmc653-Xwmc809之间的75.10~77.46cM区段,标记Xcfd31-Xgwm350之间的86.16~87.32cM区段,以及7E染色体长臂标记Xmag1932-Xdauk144之间的147.71~149.51cM区段。结果表明,西农979携带的十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上的遗传物质源自小偃6号,这为进一步研究和利用西农979提供了理论参考。     

小麦穗部性状和株高的QTL定位

穗粒数是小麦的重要产量性状之一,减少基部不育小穗数是提高小麦穗粒数的重要途径。利用EMS诱变小麦品系山农1186获得基部2-4个小穗不育突变体M7652。本研究利用M7652与山农1186回交获得的BC3F2群体及其衍生的BC3F2:3株系(MS)群体,M7652与泰农18杂交获得的F2群体及其衍生的F2:3株系(MT)群体为材料,进行遗传作图和QTL定位。通过SSR标记检测构建了分别覆盖38.9 c M、73.1 c M的两个4B染色体的遗传连锁图。对两个群体的穗部性状和株高进行QTL分析表明,MS回交群体在3个环境下都检测到6个QTL,包括5个控制穗部性状和1个株高性状的QTL位点,其贡献率为18.22%~47.23%,且位于染色体的相同区段,形成一个QTL簇;MT群体在1个环境中检测到4个控制穗部性状、1个控制株高的QTL位点,其贡献率为1.51%~39.15%,形成一个QTL簇。利用MS和MT群体检测到的QTL簇在染色体上的位置相同,都覆盖swes24标记,这个区域与增加小麦穗粒数、降低株高有关,为小麦穗粒数、株高的精细定位、基因克隆奠定了基础。     

利用小麦关联RIL群体定位产量相关性状QTL

为定位控制小麦产量相关性状的QTL位点,获得与重要位点连锁的分子标记和染色体区段,以分别含有229和485个家系的关联重组自交系(RIL)群体WY和WJ为材料,在4个环境中,用完备区间作图法(ICIM)对产量相关性状进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明,产量相关性状QTL分布在小麦21条染色体上。在WY群体中检测到每穗小穗数、主茎穗粒数、单株穗数、千粒重和单株产量的QTL分别有9、9、4、7和5个,其中16个(55.2%)解释大于10%的表型变异;在WJ群体中检测到这5个性状的QTL分别有20、16、11、14和9个,其中只有3个(6.7%)在单个环境中解释超过10%的表型变异。在WY群体中有5个QTL在2个环境中被重复检测到;在WJ群体中,有11个QTL在2个或2个以上环境中被重复检测到。在2个群体中均检测到产量相关性状的QTL在染色体上形成了含有一因多效或紧密连锁QTL的染色体区段,并在2个群体检测到可能相同的9对QTL和2个染色体区段。     

宁麦9号/扬麦158重组自交系群体产量性状的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,二者都为高产类型品种,但产量结构类型不同,研究二者产量及构成因素的遗传对产量遗传改良具重要意义。本研究以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90K芯片分析遗传群体基因型,建立了高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对产量及构成要素进行表型鉴定,结果显示,3年中宁麦9号穗粒数均高于扬麦158,千粒重低于扬麦158,穗数与产量在不同环境中表现不一致,在产量及其构成要素中,千粒重的遗传力最高。表型结合遗传作图对产量及构成因素进行分子定位,获得控制穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及产量的QTL分别为9、8、10与12个。为了将检测到的QTL有效地应用于标记辅助选择,将重复检测到的3个千粒重QTL相关标记转化成适用于高通量基因分型的KASP标记,并在育种料中进行了验证,3个QTL位点均具有较好的选择效果,且具有累加效应。上述研究结果可为长江中下游麦区小麦产量性状的分子育种提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于SLAF-seq技术开发长穗偃麦草染色体特异分子标记

长穗偃麦草1E及7E染色体上带有重要的抗赤霉病基因, 开发大量相关染色体特异分子标记有助于准确定位抗性基因及获得可用于辅助育种紧密连锁的标记。基于SLAF-seq技术, 获得了368个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异片段, 随机选取80个特异片段设计引物, 开发了20个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异分子标记、2个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记及26个其他特异分子标记, 效率达60%。用这些特异标记能稳定检测出不同小麦–长穗偃麦草衍生材料中的1E染色体或片段。通过标记与优良性状的共分离特性, 获得与相关基因紧密连锁的标记, 将为小麦抗性育种中的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。     

宁麦9号与扬麦158株高及其构成因素的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,长江中下游麦区近3年来审定品种中80%都是其衍生后代,研究其性状的遗传具重要意义。以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90k芯片对群体进行基因型分析,建立高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对株高及节间长度、穗长等株高构成因素进行测定,结合遗传图谱对株高及相关性状进行QTL定位,获得14个控制株高及其构成因素的稳定表达位点。通过进一步位置比对,聚焦到6个染色体区段,初步明确了各节间对株高的遗传调控机制。同时,将6个染色体区段中同源性较低的连锁标记转化为适用于高通量筛选的KASP标记,利用101份区域试验材料进行标记效应验证,结果显示聚合Qph-2D与Qph-5A.1两个位点具有较高的选择效率,继续聚合Q2A后,中选材料显著减少,可能降低选择效率;对Q2A与Q5A两个一因多效位点的选择建议以降低株高的等位变异为主;Qd1-5D可作为穗下节间(D1)的选择标记对株高展开优化选择。期望以上结果能为长江中下游麦区的小麦株高遗传改良提供帮助。     

利用90k芯片技术进行小麦穗部性状QTL定位

小麦穗部性状与产量密切相关,挖掘穗部性状基因及其关联分子标记具有重要意义。本研究以周8425B?小偃81衍生的RIL群体(F8)为材料,利用90k芯片标记构建的高密度遗传图谱对3个环境下的穗长、小穗数、不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重进行QTL定位。共检测到19条染色体上的71个QTL,变异解释率(PVE)范围为2.10%~45.25%,其中37个位点为主效QTL(PVE10%)。QSl.nafu-6A.2(穗长)、QSl.nafu-7A(穗长)、QSsn.nafu-2A.1(不育小穗数)、QSsn.nafu-2D(不育小穗数)和QGns.nafu-2B(穗粒数)在多个环境中被检测到,且LOD10,PVE20%。位于同一个基因簇中的QSl.nafu-6A.2(穗长)、QGns.nafu-6A(穗粒数)和QTgw.nafu-6A(千粒重)在多个环境中被检测到,且与已报道的相关位点位置相同或相近,在分子标记辅助育种中具有较大参考价值。     

Trait identification and QTL validation for reproductive stage drought resistance in rice using selective genotyping of near flowering RILs

Drought resistance is becoming an indispensable character for rice improvement due to the dwindling global water resources. Genetic improvement for drought resistance is achieved through physiological dissection and genetic analysis of independent component traits associated with crop productivity under stress. A subset mapping population of 93 near flowering recombinant inbred lines with uniform phenology was constituted for genetic analysis of reproductive stage drought resistance. The population was phenotyped for 22 physio-morphological traits under two contrasting water regimes imposed at reproductive stage. Broad sense heritabilities of morphological traits were lower under stress than irrigated. Predominant association of plant height, panicle exsertion and harvest index with grain yield were observed under stress. The sustenance of panicle exsertion through maintaining growth during moisture stress was found as a significant trait associated with the grain yield through minimizing spikelet sterility. Selective genotyping was carried out with 23 polymorphic microsatellite markers of the established target genomic regions for drought resistance. The study validated the association of a QTL region on the long arm of chromosome 1 with plant height, panicle length, panicle exsertion, biological yield and stomatal conductance under stress. This region, flanked by markers RM246 and RM315, was known to possess the semi-dwarf gene, sd-1. Role of another major interval lying between RM256 and RM149 on chromosome 8 in defining the drought resistance could be established through identification of QTLs associated with leaf rolling, panicle exsertion, plant height, panicle length, senescence and biological yield under moisture stress condition. Few other QTLs were also identified.     

利用高密度SNP 遗传图谱定位小麦穗部性状基因

小麦穗部性状之间相关性密切, 其中穗粒数和千粒重是重要的产量构成要素, 挖掘与穗部性状相关联的基因位点对分子标记辅助育种及解释基因效应具有重要意义。本研究以RIL群体(山农01-35×藁城9411) 173个F_8:9株系为材料, 利用90 k小麦SNP基因芯片、DArT芯片技术及传统的分子标记技术构建的高密度遗传图谱, 在5个环境下进行穗部相关性状QTL定位。检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上7个控制千粒重的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率6.00%~36.30%, 加性效应均来自大粒母本山农01-35; 检测到8个控制穗长的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率14.34%~25.44%; 3个控制穗粒数的加性QTL; 5个控制可育小穗数的加性QTL; 3个控制不育小穗数的加性QTL, 贡献率为8.70%~37.70%; 4个控制总小穗数的加性QTL; 6个控制小穗密度的加性QTL。通过基因型与环境互作分析, 检测到32个加性QTL, 解释表型变异率0.05%~1.05%。在4B染色体区段EX_C101685–RAC875_C27536检测到控制粒重、穗长、穗粒数、可育小穗数、不育小穗数、总小穗数的一因多效QTL,其贡献率为5.40%~37.70%, 该位点在多个环境中被检测到, 是稳定主效QTL。在6A染色体wPt-0959-TaGw2-CAPS区间上检测到控制粒重、总小穗数的QTL。研究结果为穗部性状的分子标记开发、基因精细定位和功能基因克隆奠定了基础。     

Chromosomal locations and genetic relationships of tiller and spike characters in wheat

Number of tillers per plant, plant growth habit in seedling and adult stages, and spike and spikelet characters are agronomically important features of the gross morphology of wheat. To localize to wheat chromosomes the genes for these traits, we scored them in a set of wheat recombinant-inbred mapping lines already well genotyped with molecular markers. Quantitative-trait analysis revealed a region near Gli-A2 (Xpsr10) on the short arm of chromosome 6A strongly affecting tiller number and the correlated trait of seedling growth habit. Genes with opposing effects on adult plant type were localized on the short arms of chromosomes2A and 3A, while genes affecting spike development were assigned to several A- and B-genome chromosomes. None of these genes showed synteny with counterpart QTLs reported to affect the same traits in rice. In the chromosome 2D region containing the photoperiod-insensitivity gene Ppd-D1, the major determinant of heading date in these autumn-sown lines, earliness alleles reduced tiller and spikelet numbers and increased erect seedling growth habit, but showed no influence on adult plant type or spike length. Though several of these morphological traits are generally considered to be associated with winter hardiness and their phenotypic intercorrelations were consistent with the genetic mapping evidence, no association was found between newly identified loci and known vernalization-response or frost-resistance loci. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花适宜机采相关性状的SSR标记关联分析及优异等位基因挖掘

棉花机械采收对品种的生育期、株型及对脱叶剂敏感度有较高的要求。本研究利用覆盖全基因组有多态性的214对SSR标记对118份含有一个或多个机采性状的种质资源的株高、始节高、始节位、第一果枝平均长度、生育期及脱叶率6个机采相关性状进行关联分析。利用Structure 2.3.1软件进行群体结构分析,并结合2年2点12个重复的田间表型数据,采用Tassel 5.0软件的混合线性模型MLM关联定位。结果检测到460个等位基因,涉及905个基因型,基因多样性指数平均为0.5151,PIC值平均为0.4587,基因多样性指数和PIC值都大于平均数的标记有99个,占总标记数的46.3%,说明该批SSR标记具有较多的等位变异数和较高的遗传多样性。群体结构分析将118份供试材料划分为4个亚群,结果显示各类群中材料与地理来源无对应关系。关联分析结果显示4种环境中,在显著条件下(P0.05),共检测到124个与6个机采相关性状相关的位点,对表型变异解释率范围为2.23%~14.15%;其中在极显著条件下(P0.01),共检测到20个与机采相关性状相关的位点,对表型变异解释率范围为4.84%~14.15%。基于本研究的结果,鉴定出典型的载体材料11份,分别为系7、金垦9号、Y11、豫棉18、AY-4、K2、朝阳棉2号、DZ22、中棉所43、C2和关农长早B14。以上发掘出的控制棉花适宜机采性状的优异等位基因及优异亲本资源,可为机采棉的分子辅助选择育种提供理论依据。     

Molecular mapping of the brace root traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

The presence and morphology of plant brace roots are important root architecture traits. Brace roots contribute significantly to effective anchorage and water and nutrient uptake during late growth and development, and more importantly, have a substantial influence on grain yield under soil flooding or water limited conditions. However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie brace root traits. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for presence of brace roots from the sorghum landrace “Sansui” were mapped and associated molecular markers were identified. A linkage map was constructed with 109 assigned simple sequence repeat markers using a F₂ mapping population derived from the cross Sansui/Jiliang 2. Two QTLs associated with presence of brace roots were localized on chromosomes 6 and 7. The major QTL on chromosome 7 between markers Dsenhsbm7 and Xcup 70 explained about 52.5% of the phenotypic variation, and the minor QTL on chromosome 6 was flanked by Xtxp127 and Xtxp6 and accounted for 7.0% of phenotypic variation. These results will provide information for the improvement of sorghum root architecture associated with brace roots.     

Linkage fine-mapping and QTLs affecting morpho-agronomic traits of a Mesoamerican × Andean RIL common bean population

This paper proposes the construction of a genetic linkage map with 376 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Mesoamerican?×?Andean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) parents based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; and to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seven morpho-agronomic traits: number of days to flowering (DF), number of days to maturity (DM) or crop cycle; plant architecture (ARC); seed yield (YLD); degree of seed flatness (SF); seed shape (SS); and 100-seed weight (SW). A total of 3060 polymorphic SNP markers were used and 2041 segregated at a 1:1 ratio in the RIL population, as expected. These markers were subjected to linkage analysis in each chromosome. The genetic linkage analysis resulted in linkage maps with a total of 1962 markers spanning 1079.21 cM. A total of 29 QTLs associated with seven morpho-agronomic traits were detected on the 11 chromosomes, which explained between 3.83 and 32.92% of the phenotypic variation in DF. A total of 18 candidate genes associated with the detected QTLs were identified and related with biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components.     

Analysis of contributors to grain yield in wheat at the individual quantitative trait locus level

In wheat, strong genetic correlations have been found between grain yield (GY) and tiller number per plant (TN), fertile spikelet number per spike (FSN), kernel number per spike (KN) and thousand‐kernel weight (TKW). To investigate their genetic relationships at the individual quantitative trait locus (QTL) level, we performed both normal and multivariate conditional QTL analysis based on two recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations. A total of 79 and 48 normal QTLs were identified in the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI)/SHW‐L1 × Chuanmai 32 (SC) populations, respectively, as well as 55 and 35 conditional QTLs. Thirty‐two QTL clusters in the ITMI population and 18 QTL clusters in the SC population explained 0.9%–46.2% of phenotypic variance for two to eight traits. A comparison between the normal and conditional QTL mapping analyses indicated that FSN made the smallest contribution to GY among the four GY components that were considered at the QTL level. The effects of TN, KN and TKW on GY were stronger at the QTL level.     

多环境下稻米粒重的QTL定位

以粳稻Asominori为遗传背景的染色体片段置换系（CSSLs）群体为材料,利用基于性状-标记多元回归分析方法对稻谷粒重和精米粒重进行多环境的QTL定位。结果在5个环境共检测到6个粒重相关QTL,分布于第1、6、7和8染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率介于13%~35%;其中控制精米粒重的qMRW-1a和稻谷粒重的qPRW-1在不同环境中均能稳定表达,且均位于第1染色体RFLP标记XNpb113附近,该基因座还同时控制着粒宽。qMRW-1a和qPRW-1共同对应的置换系AIS8和AIS11与Asominori 的粒重差异在不同环境中均显著(P < 0.05),表明该QTL的等位基因在不同环境中效应显著。比较发现该QTL在不同遗传群体中均能被重复检测到,且与蔗糖磷酸合酶基因（SPS）位置一致,推测该QTL与淀粉合成代谢有关。qMRW-1a 和qPRW-1在不同环境条件和遗传背景中表达,因此可用于进一步的精细定位研究。     

利用陆地棉MAGIC群体定位产量、生育期和株高性状的QTL

棉花的产量、生育期和株高是重要的农艺性状, 决定着棉花的经济效益和生产方式。为了研究这些性状的遗传基础, 利用8个亲本构建的包含960个株系的陆地棉MAGIC (multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross)群体和SSR标记对这些性状进行关联分析。对产量、生育期和株高共8个相关性状进行了3年3个地点共5个环境的田间试验。经过最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)综合多环境的表型数据, 发现MAGIC群体比亲本有更丰富的表型变异。8个性状的广义遗传力(H ²)变化范围为0.17~0.71。结合284个SSR标记基因型数据, 利用混合线性模型对产量、生育期和株高相关性状进行关联分析, 分别检测到51、27和9个显著关联的位点, 这些位点都表现出微效性, 表明该陆地棉MAGIC群体在性状位点的挖掘方面具有高效性。检测到20个标记位点或区间控制多个性状, 还发现单株有效铃数、单铃皮棉重、第一果枝节位和株高存在染色体热点区域, 对多性状综合研究或单性状深入挖掘具有重要价值。本研究为后续深入利用MAGIC群体进行遗传研究提供参考, 一些表型优良的材料和关联到的位点为育种改良奠定了基础。