汕头地区草坪杂草调查初报

研究首次调查了汕头地区暖季型草坪杂草的种类、分布、优势种.通过普查和取样2种方法调查了汕头地区暖季型草坪杂草,结果表明草坪杂草共76种,分属21科62属,杂草种类较多的有菊科15种、禾本科14种、莎草科7种等,其它杂草40种.以禾本科、莎草科和豆科杂草的危害程度最大.     

登云高尔夫球场草坪建植中的主要危害杂草

１９９４年５月对登云高尔夫球场草坪建植中发生的主要杂草种类及动态分布进行调查，记录了３２种数量较大的主要杂草，其中夏季主要以禾本科及莎草杂草为害，秋季主要菊科，蓼科，藜科等阔叶杂草，空心莲子草，香附子等多年生杂草夏，秋季均为害严重，草坪床上土构成及湿度影响草坪杂草的种类分布。     

深圳市公园绿地暖季型草坪秋季杂草的调查

对深圳地区暖季型草坪台湾草（Ｚｏｙｓｉａ Ｔｅｎｕｉｆｏｌｉａ别名细叶结缕草、天鹅绒草、朝鲜芝草）及假俭草（Ｅｒｅｍｏｃｈｌｏａ ｏｐｈｉｕｒｏｉｄｅｓ别名苏州草）秋季杂草进行普查，发现秋季杂草共６３种分属１９科５４属，其中台湾草草坪杂草５８种和假俭草草坪杂草３５种。通过抽样、统计，分析了台湾草、假俭草草坪精细管理区、粗放管理区秋季杂草的优势种和对草坪构成危害的杂草种类。杂草优势种和有危害的杂草种类属于莎草科、菊科和豆科。另外，对草坪杂草的来原进行了调查和分析。     

武汉地区草坪主要杂草调查及其防除

武汉市草坪绿地常见杂草有33种，分属15个科，以禾本科，菊科和豆科杂草为多，主要杂草有牛筋草，马唐，狗牙根，空心莲子草，小飞蓬，香附子，刺儿菜，苦苣菜，牛繁缕，白三叶，波斯婆婆纳，蓼草等，草坪杂草的防除应坚持生物防除，化学防除及人工拔除相结合的原则。     

山东半岛地区暖季型草坪主要杂草类型及发生规律调查

对山东半岛地区暖季型草坪结缕草(Zoysia japonica)及马尼拉或沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)草坪进行全年性普查，发现其共有杂草86种，分属32科73属，其中菊科杂草种类最多(计18种)，其次为禾本科杂草。通过抽样、统计，分析了结缕草、马尼拉草坪杂草的主要危害季节(夏秋季)的优势种。并结合春季杂草的调查，总结了山东半岛地区暖季型草坪杂草的发生规律。     

西宁地区草坪主要杂草种类和危害情况调查及其防除对策

2002年7月-2003年6月对西宁地区草坪主要杂草种类和危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：杂草共有18科38种。杂草种类最多的有菊科6种、豆科5种、禾本科4种、十字花科4种，其中又以菊科和豆科杂草的危害程度最大。草坪杂草在5—11月为危害期，5-9月为严重时期，采用机械防除和化学药剂防除，配合高水平的养护管理可得到有效的防治。     

南京钟山国际高尔夫球场杂草种类及种群变化

本研究旨在明确南京钟山国际高尔夫球场杂草种类及种群变化,为探讨杂草持续危害百慕大(Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis)草坪的可能成因,制定控制杂草对策提供依据。2000-2016年在该球场通过实地踏勘及定点调查,明确该球场有杂草36科130种,含禾草类1科27种,莎草类2科8种,阔叶类32科94种和藻类1科1种。16年中持续查见杂草28科63种;2006-2016年新见杂草9科13种;2009年前查见、2010年后草坪中未见的杂草20科54种。研究表明,该球场杂草种群丰富,相对聚集于禾本科、菊科、莎草科及十字花科等,稳定又有消长变化。2016年底,尚有马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、一年生早熟禾(Poa annua)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)及匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)局部危害百慕大草坪。在球场长草区外围加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadiensis)迅速扩展,钻形紫菀(Aster stubulatus)被发现。这两种杂草已在华东地区向高尔夫球场场地扩展。     

湘北地区草坪杂草种类、分布及其危害的评价研究

从重要值和相对多度两方面对湘北地区城区草坪杂草进行了调查研究,初步了解湘北地区城区草坪杂草的种类、分布与危害程度.湘北地区城区草坪常见杂草有126种,隶属36科115属.菊科、禾本科和唇形科杂草共有44种,为优势科;雀稗Paspalum thunbergii、莎草Cyperus rotundus、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon等8种杂草为杂草优势种,也是重要的防除对象.     

SL-160对马尼拉草坪杂草的防除效果

SL-160为暖季型草坪上防除单、双子叶杂草的优良除草剂.马尼拉草坪上以3.75,5,7.5ga.i/muSL-160用于防除草坪杂草.结果表明各处理的sL-160对阔叶莎草科杂草的防效均达100%;对禾本科杂草而言,高剂量SL-160(7.5ga.i./mu)对杂草防效较好,对稗草及千金子防效达100%,对五叶期后的马唐、牛筋草抑制也最强.SL-160对马尼拉草坪质量没有影响,可大面积推广应用.     

娄底市草坪杂草种类、分布及危害

为探究娄底市草坪杂草种类、分布及危害状况,通过野外调查、查阅植物标本信息和文献资料,应用统计方法分析重要值等指标,确定娄底市草坪常见杂草有68种,隶属28科58属,以菊科、禾本科、伞形科为优势科;一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)等13种杂草为杂草优势种,应列为主要防控对象。本研究为娄底市草坪杂草的防控与综合利用提供了重要资料,也可为其他地区杂草的类似研究参考。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.