重金属铅、镉污染下紫茎泽兰对氨氯吡啶酸的耐性

研究了在重金属Pb、Cd污染土壤下,紫茎泽兰对氨氯吡啶酸的耐药性。结果表明,低剂量氨氯吡啶酸处理下,其鲜重防效随Pb浓度的升高显著增加,高剂量则呈先升后降的变化趋势;各处理IC50均小于对照,以500 mg/kg处理时为最低;低剂量氨氯吡啶酸处理时,紫茎泽兰鲜重防效随Cd浓度的增加显著增加,120 g/hm2氨氯吡啶酸处理时则随Cd浓度的增加呈下降趋势,各处理IC50均小于对照,以100 mg/kg处理组为最低;≤ 60 g/hm2氨氯吡啶酸处理时,Pb-Cd复合污染胁迫组的鲜重防效均小于单一Pb、Cd处理组,高于对照,120 g/hm2氨氯吡啶酸处理时,Pb-Cd复合污染胁迫组却高于单一Cd处理组和对照,接近单一Pb处理组,其IC50均高于单一Pb、Cd处理组。证实重金属Pb、Cd污染下,紫茎泽兰对氨氯吡啶酸的耐药性明显下降,鲜重防效显著提高,根系也受到一定程度的抑制,这对我国西南地区尤其是Pb、Cd污染严重地区紫茎泽兰的防治起到积极作用。     

鳞翅目昆虫迁飞相关基因的鉴定及进化分析

为明确迁飞性昆虫迁飞行为的分子调控机制，选取12种鳞翅目昆虫为研究对象，将其分为迁飞组和非迁飞昆虫组，采用PAML软件分析单拷贝直系同源基因在2个分组中的进化速率，从基因组水平对涉及生物钟调节、神经调节和内分泌调节3类迁飞相关基因进行注释和比较。结果表明，部分基因在迁飞昆虫和非迁飞昆虫中的进化速率存在显著差异，且这些基因富集在肌肉结构发育、复眼及光感细胞发育、能量代谢、腺体发育、醇酮类及脂蛋白合成代谢、磷酸化调节等生物过程中；与神经调节相关的基因在迁飞昆虫中有不同程度的显著扩增或收缩，而涉及生物钟调节的基因中仅ebony在迁飞组昆虫中的拷贝数显著多于非迁飞组的拷贝数，与内分泌调节相关的法尼醇脱氢酶编码基因在迁飞组和非迁飞组中呈现显著差异。表明迁飞和非迁飞2组昆虫在基因组水平上存在部分基因拷贝数增加或减少的规律，可能是迁飞昆虫或非迁飞昆虫的共同特征。     

冬小麦冠层-大气氨交换的季节性特征及其影响因素

为探究冠层氨交换对麦田氨挥发的贡献,从农学和生理角度揭示冠层氨挥发的机理,本文以冬小麦‘小偃22’和‘郑麦366’为材料,研究了不同生育期冬小麦冠层NH_3交换动态;枯、黄叶和根茬对冠层NH_3挥发的影响;监测了不同生育期的叶片硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、质外体铵浓度及可溶性蛋白含量等氮代谢指标,考察了其与冠层氨交换的关系。结果表明:冬小麦孕穗～扬花之前冠层吸收氨,为氨汇,其对农田氨挥发的消减率可达23%～40%;孕穗～扬花之后以冠层释放氨,为氨源,其对农田氨挥发的贡献率达17%～27%。小偃22冠层氨的吸收与挥发分别较郑麦366高28%～47%和19%～68%。氮肥施用下的土壤和冠层氨交换比不施氮处理高2.82～3.19kg·hm~(-2)和0.972～1.463 kg·hm~(-2),高肥力土壤和冠层氨交换比低肥力土壤高15.18～15.55 kg·hm~(-2)和0.947～1.438 kg·hm~(-2)。枯、黄叶对冠层氨挥发的作用受品种、生育期及土壤肥力等的影响。在高肥力和施氮(N180)条件下,收获后的麦茬也是氨释放源。冠层氨挥发与土壤温度、质外体铵浓度和可溶性蛋白呈显著线性正相关,与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和硝酸盐含量呈显著线性负相关。结论:冬小麦营养生长期冠层与大气的氨交换以吸收为主,进入灌浆期后,以释放为主,氨交换方向受到生育期及氮素代谢过程的影响,同时也受到小麦品种和土壤肥力的影响。     

不同施氮量和施氮方式下田间氨挥发损失及其影响因素

为明确干旱、半干旱区农田氨挥发损失规律及其影响因素,采用通气法研究黄淮海平原地区河南封丘国家农业生态实验站冬小麦季不同施氮量与不同施氮方式下基、追肥施用后的土壤氨挥发损失情况,同时测定了表层土壤(0~5 cm)的NH+4-N浓度、pH值和温度等氨挥发影响因素的动态变化。结果表明:肥料氮素的氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后的1周内。不同施氮方式下土壤氨挥发速率、氨挥发累积量及其占施氮量的比率均随施氮量的增大而增大。氮肥在土壤中的深度对氨挥发有显著影响,基肥时期除150 kg/hm2施N量外,氨挥发累积量沟施法明显大于传统施氮法;追肥期不同施氮量均为传统施氮法大于沟施法。传统施氮法在整个冬小麦季节氨挥发损失累积量占施N量的4.78%~6.72%,沟施法为4.31%~11.24%。相关分析显示,施肥后表层土壤NH+4-N浓度与氨挥发速率呈正相关关系,而pH值则与其呈负相关关系。另外,气温、降雨气候条件对氨挥发速率也有一定程度的影响。     

有机无机肥配施对宁夏引黄灌区露地菜田土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探讨宁夏引黄灌区露地菜田土壤氨挥发损失特征,于2013年5—9月在该区域露地花椰菜-大白菜轮作体系下,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配施对土壤氨挥发速率、氨挥发损失通量及其损失率的影响。结果表明:露地花椰菜和大白菜基肥后,不同有机无机肥配施处理下土壤氨挥发损失高峰通常出现在第1~4天,而追肥后提前到1~2天,在高量施氮处理下,氨挥发延续时间在10天以上;花椰菜季大多数施肥处理的氨挥发损失发生在追肥阶段(占总氨挥发损失通量的50.2%~60.3%,单施有机肥和低氮处理除外),大白菜季各处理的氨挥发损失主要在基肥阶段(占总氨挥发损失通量的57.0%~73.6%);露地花椰菜基肥和追肥后,不同施肥处理下土壤氨挥发最大速率分别在0.79~4.56、1.00~5.34 kg·hm-2·d-1之间,而露地大白菜季分别为3.49~13.09、1.54~7.03 kg·hm-2·d-1;不同有机无机肥配施下,花椰菜和大白菜全生育期内土壤氨挥发损失通量分别为5.15~35.82、11.11~70.60 kg·hm-2,其随总施氮量的增加而增加;花椰菜和大白菜季不同施肥处理的土壤氨挥发损失率分别为4.02%~4.87%和2.54%~10.55%,其化肥贡献率分别为62.0%~100.0%和85.5%~100.0%,且化肥贡献率随化学氮肥用量的增加而增加。因此,在同等施用有机肥的情况下,合理降低化肥氮用量是减少该地区露地菜田土壤氨挥发损失的重要措施。     

吡啶甲酸类除草剂应用研究进展

吡啶甲酸类除草剂属合成激素类, 目前登记使用的有效成分包括氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸和氯氨吡啶酸, 分别于1963年、1977年和2005年上市, 主要用于阔叶杂草和灌木的茎叶处理防控, 其中氯氨吡啶酸具有土壤封闭活性。吡啶甲酸类除草剂的作用靶标仍未明确, 有可能来自生长素结合蛋白家族。全世界报道的抗吡啶甲酸类除草剂杂草共涉及7种8个生物型。目前, 我国登记的除草剂品种中共有13个复配剂含氨氯吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸, 1个含氨氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸;国外登记的吡啶甲酸类除草剂复配剂主要为与其他激素型除草剂、ALS(乙酰乳酸合酶)抑制剂、ACCase(乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)抑制剂的组合。该类除草剂仍然具有较好的应用前景, 在主要应用场景下常见杂草对氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸的敏感性仍需系统研究, 该类除草剂主要靶标杂草种群的抗药性水平也亟须检测。     

肥料酸化对灌漠土氨挥发的影响

氨的挥发不仅造成了资源的浪费,也间接地影响到了环境,为探讨水肥一体化条件下不同处理对灌漠土氨挥发的影响,本试验设了5个灌溉溶液pH梯度(1.5、3.5、5.5、7.5(对照)、9.5)、两个灌水量(1500m~3·hm~(-2)、3000m~3·hm~(-2))、两个施氮量(450Kg·hm~(-2)、900Kg·hm~(-2))共20个处理,通过盆栽试验来进行相关研究。结果表明:(1)土壤氨挥发总量与灌溉溶液pH、灌水量、施肥量均呈正相关关系,三者对氨挥发的贡献率分别为31.57%、4.23%、64.2%;(2)相比对照,灌溉溶液pH为1.5、3.5、5.5处理下的土壤氨挥发总量分别减少了68.34%、22.39%、-1.23%,而灌溉溶液pH为9.5这一处理增加了48.28%;(3)施氮量增加一倍,土壤氨挥发总量可增加349.97%;(4)灌水量增加一倍,土壤氨挥发总量可增加60.78%。研究表明,在酸性条件下,灌溉溶液pH越低,土壤氨挥发量降低程度越显著;近中性条件下,土壤氨挥发量随灌溉溶液pH的增加而增加,但增幅较低;碱性条件下,土壤氨挥发量最大。在农业生产中,通过调节溶液酸度,可适当减少水肥的投入,减少土壤氨的挥发,提高水肥利用率,保护环境。     

哪些肥料不能混施

<正>磷矿粉、骨粉等难溶性磷肥不能与草木灰、石灰氨、石灰等碱性肥料混用。否则会中和土壤内的有机酸类物质,使难溶性磷肥更难溶解,作物无法吸收利用。钙镁磷肥等碱性肥料不能与铵态氨肥混施。因为碱性肥料与铵态氨肥如硫酸铵、碳铵、     

玉米蛋白粉的芽前除草活性机制

通过比较玉米蛋白粉在无菌及带菌条件下的芽前除草活性和玉米蛋白粉培养液在除草活性试验前后游离氨含量的变化,探讨玉米蛋白粉的芽前除草活性机制。结果显示:在带菌条件下,玉米蛋白粉能有效抑制8种植物种子萌发时胚根的生长,当玉米蛋白粉中蛋白质含量为14mg/mL时,供试植物胚根的发育完全被抑制,但无菌条件下玉米蛋白粉的胚根生长抑制活性显著降低,对2种供试植物的胚根生长抑制率均低于34%;除草活性试验前各处理组玉米蛋白粉培养液中的游离氨含量小于0.01mg/L,除草活性试验后,在带菌条件下的玉米蛋白粉培养液游离氨含量显著上升,达到3.78～40.52mg/L,而在无菌条件下则保持不变。这表明玉米蛋白粉的芽前除草活性源于其产生的游离氨对种子萌发的抑制作用。     

青海高原长期复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响

为了深入了解青海高原地区麦后复种绿肥,翻压、留茬条件下小麦田土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)数量的响应以及微生物群落结构的变化,基于麦后复种绿肥毛叶苕子9 a定位试验,利用荧光定量PCR、高通量测序技术测定土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌数量及微生物群落结构。结果表明:在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,翻压绿肥可减施化肥30%,绿肥留根茬可减施化肥20%,且小麦、油菜表现为增产;化肥与绿肥毛叶苕子配施,土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物生物量氮均显著提高,其中处理70%化肥+绿肥翻压最高,提高幅度为1.26%～26.33%;绿肥不论翻压还是留根茬;与化肥配施产量增加且土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量显著增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB;其中施肥70%化肥+毛苕子翻压还田处理的土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量最高,增幅为54.84%～72.51%;小麦苗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量最低,至抽穗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量达到最高,成熟期又有所降低;绿肥不论全量翻压还是留根茬,与化肥配施土壤AOA、AOB数量均有增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB,表明不同土壤微生物丰度受种植模式、施肥量影响很大,长期复种绿肥、减施化肥提高了土壤微生物丰度和多样性,明显改变了微生物群落组成和结构。     

Genetic linkage map of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeosphaeria nodorum</Emphasis>, the causal agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch disease of wheat

A genetic linkage map of the fungal pathogen Phaeosphaeria nodorum, the causal agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch disease of wheat, was created. A total of 152 ascospore-derived progeny from a single pseudothecium, which resulted from a cross of two opposite mating type isolates, Sn37-1 and S-81-B13B, was analysed with AFLP, RAPD, ISSR, expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellite primers and sequence tagged site markers developed from specific genes. The genetic linkage map consisted of 276 molecular markers, and included markers developed from five genes [Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), malate synthase (Mls1), mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (Mpd1), mating type (MAT1) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2)], which were assigned to 21 major linkage groups (LGs). The total length of the 21 major LGs was 1,932.1 centiMorgans (cM) with an average spacing of 6.88 cM between loci. The idiomorph mating type gene (MAT1) loci was placed in LG 2 and was closely linked to RAPD marker A4-680. On the other hand, 24 molecular markers and four gene loci [β-glucosidase (bgl1), histidinol dehydrogenase (Hdh2), mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (Mpd2), and xylanase (Xyl 10-2)] were dispersed in 11 minor LGs. The segregation ratio of the xylanase (Xyl 10-1) locus was distorted and not mapped. This is the first genetic linkage map reported for this important foliar pathogen of wheat. In combination with the genomic sequence of P. nodorum strain SN15 (), the availability of a genetic linkage map of this organism would be an important tool to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) of biologically important phenotypes and for positional cloning.     

The antihistaminic chlorpheniramine inhibitsin vitro growth of several fungi isolated from harvested fruits

Chlorpheniramine (CPA) is an antihistaminic that changes the conformation of DNA and inhibits polyamine biosynthesis in mammalian cells. In the present work, we tested the effect of CPA on four genera of fungi species (Altemaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides and threePenicillium spp.) grownin vitro. Similar growth inhibitions of these genera were produced by 0.5 raM iprodione, CPA and histidinol, but CPA was the most effective. The CPA sensitivities of the twoB. cinerea strains were different. Putrescine did not restore the fungal growth inhibited by CPA.     

N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基)噻吩-2-甲酰胺的合成、杀菌活性及分子对接

为了寻找结构新颖的琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH) 类衍生物，在前期发现吡唑联苯甲酰胺基础上，采用骨架跃迁的策略，设计并合成了18个N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基) 噻吩-2-甲酰胺类衍生物 ( 3a~3n ， 4a ~ 4d )，其中17个为新化合物。通过 1H NMR、13C NMR 和高分辨质谱 (HRMS) 确证了化合物的结构。离体杀菌活性测试结果表明:部分化合物对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum、马铃薯早疫病菌Alternaria solani和草莓灰霉病菌 Botrytis cinerea 显示出较好的杀菌活性，其中化合物 3k 和 4d 对小麦赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为18.5和14.3 mg/L，化合物 4d 对马铃薯早疫病菌的EC₅₀值为15.7 mg/L，活性略高于对照药剂噻呋酰胺 (EC₅₀值27.8 mg/L)，化合物 3k 和 3m 对草莓灰霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为15.3和 9.9 mg/L，与噻呋酰胺活性 (EC₅₀值10.4 mg/L) 相当。分子对接研究结果显示:具有较高活性的化合物N-(4-氟苯基乙基)-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基) 噻吩-2-甲酰胺 ( 3m ) 与靶酶 (SDH) 的氨基酸残基之间存在较强的氢键作用。     

Toxicity to the snail Limnaea acuminata of plant‐derived molluscicides in combination with synergists

The effects of combinations of plant‐derived molluscicides with piperonyl butoxide (PB) or ENT 8184 (MGK‐264) were studied on different enzyme activities and biogenic amine levels in the nervous tissue of Limnaea acuminata. 24‐h in vivo exposure of the nervous tissue of L acuminata to 40% and 80% of the 24‐h LC₅₀ of the plant‐derived molluscicides Azadirachta indica oil, Allium sativum powder and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale rhizome and their active molluscicidal components azadirachtin, allicin and [6]‐gingerol, alone or in combination (1 + 5) with PB or ENT 8184, caused a significant reduction in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and sodium‐potassium ATPase. There was a significant increase in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase. In vivo exposure for 24 h to sub‐lethal concentrations of azadirachtin, allicin and [6]‐gingerol, singly and with PB or ENT 8184, significantly altered the dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine levels in the nervous tissue of L acuminata. It is concluded that these active moieties singly or with PB or ENT 8184 adversely affect all known neurotransmission mechanisms in the snail, either separately or through a complex interaction between the different neurotransmitters. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

实时荧光PCR检测瓜炭疽病菌

采用实时荧光PCR技术建立了瓜炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum orbiculare)的检测方法。根据瓜炭疽病菌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)基因序列,设计了该病菌特异性引物和TaqMan探针,并对所设计的引物和探针的反应条件进行了优化。采用本试验建立的实时荧光PCR方法对瓜上的其他菌株及近似菌株进行检测,可将瓜炭疽病菌与其他病原菌区分开。灵敏度试验表明,25μL体系中只要有39.6pg的核酸量就可以被检测到,检测灵敏度达到1.584pg/μL,比普通PCR检测灵敏度高100倍。同时对田间采集的病株和未知样品进行的检测证明了引物和TaqMan探针的特异性。     

Comparative studies on carbofuran-induced changes in some cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes and proteins of epigeic, anecic and endogeic earthworms

Exposure of epigeic (Perionyx sansibaricus), anecic (Lampito mauritii) and endogeic (Metaphire posthuma) earthworms to four different concentrations (10 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm and 80 ppm) of carbofuran for 16 days induced specific activities of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). P. sansibaricus showed 33-52% increase in specific activities of aerobic (cMDH, mMDH) and anaerobic (LDH) enzymes and proteins (cytoplasmic and mitochondrial). In L. mauritii, the enhancement in enzyme and protein level was 30-46%. Similarly, M. posthuma indicated 29-43% increase in profile of enzymes and proteins. The significant increase was observed on 2nd or 3rd day and it was maximum on 16th day of carbofuran exposure. Maximum effect of carbofuran was on epigeic earthworm. The sensitivity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase and protein of different earthworm species to carbofuran appears to be associated with oxygen availability in different strata of soil habitats. Inductions in enzyme specific activity and protein content were concentration and time-dependent. The effect was more pronounced on aerobic enzymes (cMDH, mMDH) as compared to anaerobic (LDH) one. The increases in mitochondrial enzyme (47%) and protein (43%) were more than the cytoplasmic enzymes (35%) and protein (31%), which suggest a greater effect of carbofuran on respiratory metabolism of earthworms. The carbofuran-dependent increase in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes and proteins might be due to increased synthesis of metabolic enzymes and stress proteins.     

五种琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂与灰葡萄孢琥珀酸脱氢酶的结合模式及抗性机制分析

为探究琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂 (SDHI) 类杀菌剂与灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH) (以下简称BcSDH) 的结合方式,阐明BcSDH对SDHI类杀菌剂产生抗性的结构生物学机制,通过同源建模构建了BcSDH的三维模型,通过分子对接预测了5种SDHI (异丙噻菌胺、氟吡菌酰胺、氟唑菌酰胺、吡噻菌胺和啶酰菌胺) 与野生型和突变型BcSDH的亲和力及结合模式之间的变化,分析其抗药性机制,对相关突变位点进行保守性预测,并分析突变类型。结果表明:5种SDHI与BcSDH 具有较强的亲和力,其中酸部分插入BcSDH活性腔底,胺部分在活性腔口,能够形成牢固的疏水作用、氢键、卤键、π-π堆积作用和π-阳离子等相互作用。B-P225F氨基酸残基突变 (以下简称突变) 会造成活性腔口变窄,使得SDHI酸部分不能进入活性腔;B-P225L突变会造成异丙噻菌胺、氟吡菌酰胺和吡噻菌胺与靶标蛋白的结合模式发生变化,亲和力降低;B-H272R突变后,活性腔底变窄,与SDHI的亲和力下降。另外,保守性分析结果表明,B-P225和B-H272均位于BcSDH的保守区域,B-P225F、B-H272R和B-H272L突变可能为随机突变。因此推测BcSDH的B-P225F和B-H272R突变可能是引起灰葡萄孢对5种杀菌剂产生抗性的主要原因,也可能是引起SDHI类杀菌剂之间交互抗性的主要原因之一;B-P225L突变可能降低灰葡萄孢对部分杀菌剂的敏感性,而不是引起BcSDH对SDHI类杀菌剂产生交互抗性的主要原因。在实际生产中,应采取合理有效的抗性监测治理策略来延缓灰葡萄孢对SDHI类杀菌剂抗性的产生,在SDHI分子设计时也应考虑该位点氨基酸残基突变,避免产生交互抗性。     

Glyphosate-induced metabolic changes in susceptible and glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max L.) roots

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) blocks the shikimate pathway, reducing the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, followed by the arrest interruption of protein production and a general metabolic disruption of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Glyphosate-resistance is conferred to soybean by incorporating a gene encoding a glyphosate-insensitive enzyme (CP4-EPSP synthase) that acts in the shikimate pathway. This paper evaluates the metabolic effects caused by this herbicide on the shikimate (shikimate dehydrogenase activity and shikimate content) and phenylpropanoid (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, phenolic and lignin contents) pathways in BRS-133 (susceptible) and BRS-245RR (resistant) soybean (Glycine max L.) roots. In general, the results showed that in susceptible roots (1) glyphosate affects the shikimate pathway (massive shikimate accumulation and enhanced shikimate dehydrogenase activity) and the phenylpropanoid pathway (increase in PAL activity, production of benzoate derivatives and decrease of lignin) and (2) the metabolic disruption contributes to the production of p-hydroxybenzoate and vanillate, which likely originate from shikimate and/or cinnamate and their derivatives. No such changes were observed in the genetically modified soybean consistent with its resistance to glyphosate.     

Impact of phorate on malate dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase and proteins of epigeic, anecic and endogeic earthworms

The effects of an organophosphate pesticide phorate on cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), supernatant and mitochondrial proteins of an epigeic (Perionyx sansibaricus), anecic (Lampito mauritii) and endogeic (Metaphire posthuma) earthworms were studied. The treatment of different concentrations (20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm) of phorate for 16 days gradually decreased the specific activities of cMDH, mMDH and LDH as well as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents. This showed the inhibitory effect of phorate on metabolic enzymes and proteins in tropical earthworms. The inhibition was dose- and time-dependent. The inhibitory response in mitochondrial enzyme (mMDH) and protein was somewhat earlier and more as compared to the inhibitory effect of phorate on cytoplasmic enzymes (cMDH, LDH) and protein. This indicates a greater interference of phorate in cellular respiration of earthworms. The phorate related decreases in enzyme and protein profiles were about 60% and 58% in P. sansibaricus, 54% and 49% in L. mauritii and 47% and 42% in M. posthuma, respectively. It reflects phorate-induced substantial decline in protein synthesis and aerobic and anaerobic capacity of earthworms. The maximum effect of phorate was on epigeic earthworm followed by anecic and endogeic species. The present findings suggest the differential sensitivity of different earthworm species in enzymatic and protein responses to phorate and the sensitivity was associated with the ecophysiological categories of earthworms.     

喹唑啉酮肟醚衍生物的设计、合成、杀菌活性及其与琥珀酸脱氢酶受体的结合模式

为寻找高活性杀菌化合物,以氟吡菌酰胺为对照,在前期发现的新型硝基甲基喹唑啉酮骨架的基础上,通过中间体衍生化法和活性亚结构拼接等手段,设计、合成了25个未见文献报道的喹唑啉酮肟醚衍生物,所有化合物的结构均通过核磁共振氢谱 (1H NMR)、碳谱 (13C NMR) 及高分辨质谱 (HR-EI-MS) 确证。活体杀菌活性测试表明,目标化合物 A19 和 A25 在500 mg/L下对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum的防效分别为43.74%和42.46%,活性远低于氟吡菌酰胺。初步分析,其理化性质以及其与琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH) 受体结合模式方面的差异可能是导致这些化合物活性比氟吡菌酰胺低的主要原因。