优质高产抗病杂交水稻新组合国稻3号

Xa21是一个从长药野生稻（O.longistaminata）中发现并首先被克隆的水稻白叶枯病抗性基因。笔者用国际水稻所选育的带Xa21基因的品种IRBB60，与L1（多系1号／明恢63）杂交及回交，并采用分子标记辅助选择，育成了抗白叶枯病、恢复性强、米质优的新恢复系中恢8006，再用它与印度型胞质不育系中8A组配，育成了杂交稻新组合围稻3号；该组合2004年3月通过江西省市定。     

水稻转录因子WRKY68在Xa21介导的抗白叶枯病反应中发挥正调控作用

白叶枯病是一种严重影响水稻产量的细菌性病害。Xa21是第一个克隆的抗白叶枯病基因,具有广谱抗性,在水稻抗病育种中被广泛应用。转录因子的鉴定对解析Xa21介导的水稻抗白叶枯病分子机制具有重要意义。本研究构建了Xa21背景下的WRKY68-RNAi转基因水稻。与受体材料4021相比,转基因水稻中WRKY68蛋白质丰度下调,接种白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)后抗病性下降,证明WRKY68基因在Xa21介导的抗白叶枯病反应中发挥正调控作用。此外,转基因受体材料4021和感病对照TP309接种后不同时期和部位叶片中WRKY68的蛋白质丰度没有显著差异,表明WRKY68蛋白质的表达不受抗病基因Xa21和病原物Xoo诱导,推测其功能主要是调控下游基因的表达。WRKY68-RNAi转基因水稻接种后, PR1A、PR5、PR10A、PR-pha和PAL1等病程相关蛋白质表达丰度发生变化,表明相关基因可能在WRKY68基因的调控下参与下游抗病反应。     

创建苗期和成株期广谱高抗白叶枯病的水稻种质资源(英文)

由白叶枯病菌引起的白叶枯病是一种世界范围的严重水稻病害。水稻抗病主效基因Xa3/Xa26是一个对白叶枯病具有剂量效应的抗性基因,即它对白叶枯病的抗性随着该基因的表达量的升高而增强。我们通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法,利用玉米泛素基因的启动子(PUbi)在水稻中组成型表达Xa3/Xa26基因。用于遗传转化的构件除了携带Xa3/Xa26基因外,还携带抗除草剂的草丁膦乙酰转移酶基因Bar作为遗传转化的筛选标记。我们获得的携带单拷贝PUbi:Xa3/Xa26的两个转基因家系无论在成株期还是在苗期对白叶枯病都具有高水平的广谱抗性,且转基因家系的主要农艺性状与对照相比无显著差别。因为转基因家系中Xa3/Xa26基因与Bar基因紧密连锁,这两个家系可以作为育种的种质资源用于培育既抗白叶枯病又抗除草剂的水稻品种。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因及其抗病机理的研究进展

水稻白叶枯病是由Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzae致病菌引起的全球性水稻病害。到目前为止,已有26个抗病基因被发现,有10个基因已在染色体上被定位,包括显性基因Xa1、Xa4、Xa21andXa26(t)等和隐性基因Xa5、Xa13等。对大部分抗病基因的抗病机制了解还不是很清楚。利用标记辅助选择(MAS)进行抗病育种是防治白叶枯病的有效途径。在此,综述了已发现的抗水稻白叶枯病基因的种类、分子标记、抗病机制和在抗病育种中的应用。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa31(t)候选基因的克隆及遗传转化

为了构建水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa31(t)候选基因的植物表达载体并对其进行遗传转化,以水稻白叶枯病抗性品种‘扎昌龙’(ZCL)的基因组DNA为模板,通过长片段PCR扩增得到水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa31(t)候选基因Xa31(t)-1和Xa31(t)-2的序列,采用酶切、连接的方法先将目的基因克隆至T载体,筛选正确的质粒后,再克隆至pCMABIA1300表达载体。以农杆菌介导法将构建好的重组质粒转入‘日本晴’和‘台北309’的愈伤后诱导成苗,获得了大量转基因植株,这些工作为克隆白叶枯病抗性基因并研究其功能奠定了基础。     

转Xa21基因杂交水稻选育和评价

通过基因枪转基因方法和双质粒共转化体系将Xa21基因转入优良恢复系明恢63,得到转基因系M12和M22,并进一步做田间试验、新品种选育和食用安全性评价。结果显示:M12和M22对中国的所有白叶枯病小种都表现出高度抗性,但与原受体品种明恢63相比,农艺性状上有许多变异,主要表现在:结实率、千粒重等农艺性状变差,与珍汕97A的配合力显著降低;但与温敏不育系(X07S、056S)配组的F1有较好的田间表现。通过多代回交和分子标记辅助选择,成功地将Xa21基因从M12株系转到保持系80-4B和不育系80-4A中,得到抗白叶枯病的皖21B和皖21A。并利用皖21A不育系选育出优良杂交组合抗优97(皖21A×R-18),该组合在两年区域试验和一年生产试验中产量表现突出,米质优良。对不同世代和不同遗传背景的转基因品系进行白叶枯病鉴定和Southern分析表明:Xa21基因都能稳定遗传和正常表达,连续16代的种植并没使其白叶枯病的抗性减弱或丧失,而且不论Xa21基因是纯合的还是杂合的都有相同的抗性表现。对大鼠和小鼠的饲喂试验表明:转基因大米实质上等同于非转基因大米,是安全无害的。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa7荧光分子标记开发与育种应用

本研究利用含有抗白叶枯病基因Xa7的水稻品种‘IRBB7’与9个感病水稻品种进行序列比对,在Xa7基因位点附近寻找碱基差异,结合PARMS (Penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system)技术,开发了与Xa7基因紧密连锁的荧光分子标记PM-Xa7,并利用该标记对72份水稻种子资源中的Xa7基因进行鉴定和对杂交水稻育种亲本‘美B’的白叶枯病抗性进行改良。结果显示,从72份水稻种质资源中鉴定出了两份含有抗病Xa7基因的水稻种质;利用标记PM-Xa7将‘IRBB7’中的抗病Xa7基因导入到‘美B’中,成功选育出了稳定的抗白叶枯病新保持系材料;在对‘IRBB7’与‘美B’的382份BC2F2代单株进行选择时,发现289株检测到抗白叶枯病荧光信号,93株检测到感白叶枯病荧光信号,与病原菌Xoo接种的实验结果完全一致。以上结果表明标记PM-Xa7可有效地运用于Xa7基因的抗白叶枯病分子标记辅助育种工作中。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因的聚合育种

白叶枯病是严重危害水稻生产的重要病害之一,利用聚合多个抗性基因的水稻品种是控制该病害的有效途径。本研究以携带Xa4、xa5、xa13、Xa214个抗白叶枯病基因的IRBB60与8个水稻新品系,组配8个杂交组合.应用分子标记辅助选择技术从F2和F3群体中共获得216个携带4个抗白叶枯病基因的纯合体。用华南地区的5个白叶枯病病原菌小种进行田间接种的试验表明,4个抗性基因聚合系的抗性水平高于只带1个抗性基因的近等基因系。这些聚合系可用作华南地区高抗白叶枯病水稻品种育种的亲本材料。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的调控机理研究进展

十年来，已经陆续鉴定的近30个白叶枯病抗性基因中先后有5个被克隆，它们是Xa21、Xa1、Xa26、Xa5和Xa27。Xa21是最早克隆的水稻白叶枯病抗性基因，也是单子叶植物中第一个克隆的抗病基因，具有广谱抗性，相关研究既有重要的理论意义，也具有重要的实用价值。     

转Xa23基因水稻的白叶枯病抗性及其遗传分析

在分离克隆抗白叶枯病基因Xa23研究中获得大量转基因水稻材料。为了系统研究转Xa23基因水稻的抗病稳定性和遗传模式, 本文通过逐株进行抗白叶枯病接种鉴定、PCR和Southern blot分子检测, 对一批转Xa23基因水稻植株进行了T₀代到T₂代的跟踪分析。结果表明, Xa23基因的整合和表达, 使感病受体品种牡丹江8号获得抗病性。由于Xa23基因插入受体基因组的位点不同, 同是单拷贝插入的转基因T₀代抗病植株, 其抗病程度有明显差异。T₀代植株的抗病程度, 可以准确、稳定地遗传到T₁代和T₂代。单拷贝转基因植株分离群体的抗感植株分离比接近3∶1, 表明转Xa23基因遵循孟德尔单基因遗传模式。已获得2个纯合的单拷贝转基因抗病株系, 它们的抗病程度稍有差别, 将用于外源基因插入位置效应分析和杂交稻抗病育种。     

不同Xa21转基因杂交稻组合的大田试验与分析

在北京、四川和江苏等地对Xa21转基因杂交稻进行了大田释放实验. 分别对转基因纯合的3个恢复系明恢63-Xa21、盐恢559-Xa21和C418-Xa21与各种不育系配组的23个杂交组合进行了抗性和农艺性状分析. 在不同的杂合遗传背景下转基因Xa21稳定遗传和高效表达, 所有杂交组合均具有对白叶枯病的广谱抗性. 转基因恢复系配制的杂交组合与     

Breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer and herbicide

In this paper, we described the breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer (SSB) and herbicide by conventional crossing of two transgenic parental lines transformed independently with different genes. Two stable transgenic rice lines used as donor parents were developed, one was Zhongguo91 which contained cry1Ab gene (for insect resistance) and bar gene (for tolerance of herbicide), and the other was Yujing6 which contained Xa21 gene (resistance to bacterial blight). The elite restorer line Hui773 was used as recipient and crossed with the two stable transgenic rice lines. Then five successive backcrosses were made using Hui773 as recurrent parent. Two rice elite restorers, T773-1 expressing cry1Ab and bar genes and T773-2 expressing Xa21 gene, were obtained, which were confirmed by PCR analysis and testing selectable marker genes in the hybrid progenies. The cross was made between T773-1 and T773-2 to select stable restorer line carrying Xa21, cry1Ab and bar genes. Finally, we obtained transgenic restorer line T773 with good agronomic traits and obvious multiple resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and herbicide. The hybrid F₁ generation produced from the cross between transgenic restorer line T773 and a corresponding male sterile line Zaohua2A maintained obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight, rice leaffolder and striped stem borer, and showed significant heterosis. Our results indicate that it is feasible to develop transgenic hybrid rice cultivar through breeding transgenic restorer lines.     

Pyramiding of Xa7 and Xa21 for the improvement of disease resistance to bacterial blight in hybrid rice

‘Minghui 63’ is a restorer line widely used in hybrid rice production in China for the last two decades. This line and its derived hybrids, including ‘Shanyou 63’, are susceptible to bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). To improve the bacterial blight resistance of hybrid rice, two resistance genes Xa21 and Xa7, have been introgressed into ‘Minghui 63’ by marker‐assisted selection and conventional backcrossing, respectively. The single resistance gene‐introgressed lines, Minghui 63 (Xa21) and Minghui 63 (Xa7) had higher levels of resistance to bacterial blight than their derived hybrids, Shanyou 63 (Xa21) or Shanyou 63 (Xa7). Both Xa21 and Xa7 showed incomplete dominance in the heterozygous background of rice hybrids by infection with GX325 and KS‐1‐21. The improved restorer lines, with the homozygous genotypes, Xa21Xa21 or Xa7Xa7, were more resistant than their hybrids with the heterozygous genotypes Xa21xa21 or Xa7xa7. To further enhance the bacterial blight resistance of ‘Minghui 63’ and its hybrids, Xa21 and Xa7 were pyramided into the same background using molecular marker‐aided selection. The restorer lines developed with the resistance genes Xa21 and Xa7, and their derived hybrids were evaluated for resistance after inoculation with 10 isolates of pathogens from China, Japan and the Philippines, and showed a higher level of resistance to BB than the restorer lines and derived hybrids having only one of the resistance genes. The pyramided double resistance lines and their derived hybrids have the same high level of resistance to BB. These results clearly indicate that pyramiding of dominant genes is a useful approach for improving BB resistance in hybrid rice.     

分子标记辅助选择Xa23基因培育杂交稻抗白叶枯病恢复系

水稻抗白叶枯病新基因Xa23抗谱广、抗性强,被定位在第11染色体上。以携带抗白叶枯病基因Xa23的抗病品系CBB23为抗源,以优良杂交稻亲本9311和1826为受体材料,采用杂交和复交,在分离群体中利用与Xa23紧密连锁的EST标记C189进行分子标记辅助选择,通过苗期分子标记检测和成株期农艺性状选择,获得160份目标基因纯合且农艺性状稳定的株系。使用鉴别菌系P6,采用人工剪叶接种法,在苗期和孕穗期对21份重点株系进行了抗性鉴定,所有株系在苗期和孕穗期都表现抗病。同时对3个不育系与其中5个株系配制的15个杂交组合进行了抗性鉴定,所有组合在苗期表现抗或中抗,在孕穗期表现抗。对其中6个杂交组合进行了品比试验,2个组合产量略低于对照两优培九,其余4个组合的产量均高于两优培九,用于测配的3个株系C6201、C6271和C6351有望作为杂交稻恢复系在生产中应用。研究表明在育种进程中利用与Xa23基因紧密连锁的分子标记C189开展抗白叶枯病分子标记辅助育种是一种有效的途径。     

Introgression of bacterial blight resistance genes Xa7, Xa21, Xa22 and Xa23 into hybrid rice restorer lines by molecular marker-assisted selection

Four bacterial blight (BB) resistance genes, Xa7, Xa21, Xa22 and Xa23, were introgressed into an elite hybrid rice restorer line Huahui 1035, by marker-assisted selection (MAS). Ten promising BB resistant lines identified by MAS approach in Huahui 1035 restorer background and their respective F₁ hybrids with a cytoplasmic male sterile line i.e. Jinke 1A, three BB resistant gene donors and their recurrent parent were evaluated for BB resistance by inoculating them with eleven representative races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in China. Further, the ten marker assisted selection of BB (MAS-BB) resistant restorer lines and their F₁ hybrids were also characterized for agro-morphological traits and grain yield. Results revealed that restorer lines with Xa23 introgression i.e. HBQ809 and HBQ810 were found to be resistant to all eleven Chinese representative Xoo races, showing broad spectrum resistance to BB. However, the lines possessing Xa7 or Xa7+Xa21 were resistant to ten out of eleven Xoo races. While restorer lines with Xa21 were resistant to nine out of eleven Xoo races. Interestingly, the F₁ hybrids with Xa23, Xa7 or Xa7+Xa21 were resistant to two severe epidemic Xoo races of China. Restorer lines i.e. HBQ807 and HBQ808 possessing Xa22 were only resistant to six or five out of inoculated eleven Xoo races. Lesion length comparisons between restorer lines and their F₁ hybrids for the above four BB resistance genes showed them to be dominant in heterozygote genotype. Three promising high yielding F₁ hybrids with BB resistance were identified for immediate exploitation for hybrid rice production in China.     

三个中籼稻骨干恢复系对白叶枯病和褐飞虱抗性改良效果的评价

利用分子标记辅助选择和田间鉴定选择相结合的方法,将抗白叶枯病基因Xa23和抗褐飞虱基因Bph18(t)导入明恢86、蜀恢527和浙恢7954等3个骨干中籼恢复系,获得带有Xa23抗性基因纯合的改良恢复系明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和携有抗褐飞虱Bph18(t)基因的蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t),并从蜀恢527/IRBB23 F₁和浙恢7954/IR65482 F₁复交后代中选育出的带有Xa23和Bph18(t)的双基因聚合系浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)。明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对中国和菲律宾的17个白叶枯病菌均表现高抗,蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t)和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的抗性也达到中抗以上水平。抗性改良恢复系及其与不育系II-32A、沪旱11A的测交种在不接种白叶枯病菌条件下的产量和结实率与原来的恢复系及相应杂交种相仿,但在接种条件下带有Xa23基因的恢复系及测交种的结实率和产量明显优于原来的恢复系及相应杂交种。研究表明,抗性基因Xa23在不同恢复系背景下的抗性表达完全,对恢复系白叶枯病改良的效果明显,而抗性基因Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的改良效果与遗传背景有关。对分子标记回交和复交改良恢复系的抗病虫性进行了讨论。     

利用分子标记辅助选择改良93-11对白叶枯病和螟虫抗性

93-11是我国生产上应用面积较大的两系恢复系,同时又是红莲型三系杂交水稻恢复系之一,其组配的超级杂交稻两优培九和三系杂交稻红莲优6号,具有优质高产等特性。为了进一步提高其对白叶枯病的抗性、同时增加其对水稻鳞翅目害虫(如稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟和三化螟等)抗性,利用常规回交育种方法和结合分子标记辅助选择将Xa21基因和Bt基因同时导入93-11中,在BC3F,家系中筛选到8个家系含纯合的Xa21基因和Bt基因,其中有两个家系与93-11比较其遗传背景的回复率很高,达到90．59％。在正常的田间条件下,改良的93-11(Bt)、93-11(Xa21)和93-11(Bt／Xa21)与原始的93-11表现出相似的农艺性状,且带有Xa21基因的株系及其杂交种均对白叶枯病显示出很高的抗性。在自然诱发螟虫条件下,带有Bt基因的株系及其杂交种没有受到螟虫危害。这一结果表明,通过分子标记辅助选择将多个基因同时导入某一改良亲本,结合常规育种方法选择,具有快速、良好遗传改良效果。这一遗传改良材料在农艺性状和配合力等方面基本保持了93-11及其杂交组合的主要特征特性,拓宽和增强了其对白叶枯病的抗谱和抗病能力,增加了93-11作为恢复系所配杂交水稻的抗螟虫特性,具有较好的应用前景。     

转Xa23基因水稻的白叶枯病抗性及其遗传分析

在分离克隆抗白叶枯病基因Xa23研究中获得大量转基因水稻材料。为了系统研究转Xa23基因水稻的抗病稳定性和遗传模式, 本文通过逐株进行抗白叶枯病接种鉴定、PCR和Southern blot分子检测, 对一批转Xa23基因水稻植株进行了T₀代到T₂代的跟踪分析。结果表明, Xa23基因的整合和表达, 使感病受体品种牡丹江8号获得抗病性。由于Xa23基因插入受体基因组的位点不同, 同是单拷贝插入的转基因T₀代抗病植株, 其抗病程度有明显差异。T₀代植株的抗病程度, 可以准确、稳定地遗传到T₁代和T₂代。单拷贝转基因植株分离群体的抗感植株分离比接近3∶1, 表明转Xa23基因遵循孟德尔单基因遗传模式。已获得2个纯合的单拷贝转基因抗病株系, 它们的抗病程度稍有差别, 将用于外源基因插入位置效应分析和杂交稻抗病育种。     

Marker‐assisted introgression of bacterial blight and blast resistance into IR 58025B,an elite maintainer line of rice

IR 58025A is a very popular wild‐abortive cytoplasmic male sterile (WA‐CMS) line of rice and is extensively used for hybrid rice breeding. However, IR 58025A and many hybrids derived from it possess mild aroma (undesirable in some parts of India) and are highly susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) and blast diseases. To improve IR 58025A for BB and blast resistance, we have introgressed a major dominant gene conferring resistance against BB (i.e. Xa21) and blast (i.e. Pi54) into IR 58025B, the maintainer line of IR 58025A. An introgression line of Samba Mahsuri (i.e. SM2154) possessing Xa21 and Pi54 genes in homozygous condition and fine‐grain type was used as donor parent, and backcross breeding strategy was adopted for targeted introgression of the resistance genes. PCR‐based molecular markers tightly linked to Xa21 and Pi54 were used for selection of BB‐ and blast‐resistant lines, while closely linked markers were used for identification of backcross‐derived plants devoid of Rf4 and aroma. At BC₂F₅, four backcross‐derived lines possessing resistance against BB and blast, devoid of aroma, high yield, short plant stature, long‐slender grain type and with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 88.8% to 98.6% were selected and advanced for further evaluation. The improved versions of IR 58025B, viz. SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐5, SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐98, SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐111 and SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐171, behaved as perfect maintainers when test‐crossed with WA‐CMS lines. Agronomically superior lines of improved IR 58025B are being converted to CMS line through backcrossing for developing high‐yielding and biotic stress‐resistant rice hybrids.