四种羧酸酰胺类杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉菌三个不同发育阶段的毒力比较

室内离体条件下测定了4种羧酸酰胺类(CAAs)杀菌剂双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、丁吡吗啉和氟吗啉对辣椒疫霉3个不同生长发育阶段的抑制活性。结果表明:4种杀菌剂抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝生长的EC50值分别为1.95×10-2、1.41、1.85、2.31 μ g/mL;对病菌孢子囊形成的抑制效果最好,其EC50值分别为2.00×10-4、1.50×10-3、2.60×10-3、4.30×10-3 μ g/mL;抑制游动孢子萌发的EC50值分别为4.60×10-3、0.373、0.494、0.635 μ g/mL。4种CAAs杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉的抑制作用均高于对照药剂甲霜灵、吡唑醚菌酯及嘧菌酯。     

新型杀菌剂氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉的作用机制初探

为研究氟醚菌酰胺(N-(3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-甲基)-2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲氧基苯甲酰胺)对辣椒疫霉的作用机制,采用生物测定法系统测定了氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉菌丝生长、游动孢子释放和菌丝生长量的影响,并进一步对药剂处理后的辣椒疫霉菌丝的超微结构进行了观察;同时测定了氟醚菌酰胺对病原菌糖酵解、三羧酸循环和磷酸戊糖3种呼吸代谢途径的影响,以及其对辣椒疫霉菌丝体细胞膜通透性、可溶性蛋白和DNA含量的影响。结果表明:氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉菌丝生长、游动孢子释放和菌丝生长量的EC50值分别为7.14、16.34和5.12μg/mL;其可使辣椒疫霉菌丝分支增多变短,且出现细胞壁增厚和细胞变形现象;ATP的存在能降低氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉菌丝的抑制作用,说明氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉能量产生过程有一定的抑制作用;其对三羧酸循环途径的抑制作用最为明显。电导率法测定结果表明,氟醚菌酰胺处理均能提高辣椒疫霉的细胞膜通透性,用100μg/mL的氟醚菌酰胺处理400 min后,菌株的相对渗率达78.23%。但氟醚菌酰胺对辣椒疫霉生物大分子的影响较小。研究结果初步表明,氟醚菌酰胺有多个作用位点,但主要是通过抑制辣椒疫霉能量产生和细胞膜通透性而起到抑菌作用。     

杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉不同形态菌体的毒力差异

室内离体条件下测定了9种杀菌剂对辣椒疫霉各生长阶段的抑制作用。结果表明:烯酰吗啉和氟吗啉对所测定的菌株P1319 4个发育阶段均有显著的抑制作用,EC50值分别为0.14~0.61 μg/mL 和0.18~0.68 μg/mL,EC95值均小于3 μg/mL;甲霜灵对菌丝生长和孢子囊形成有显著的抑制作用,但对休止孢和孢子囊萌发基本无影响;嘧菌酯和百菌清强烈抑制孢子囊形成、休止孢和孢子囊萌发,EC50值分别为0.03~6.15 μg/mL和0.07~1.97 μg/mL;较高浓度的代森锰锌可以抑制辣椒疫霉的孢子囊形成、休止孢萌发和孢子囊直接萌发,但对菌丝生长无抑制作用;三乙膦酸铝、p(ο)-丁酰基苯酚和邻-烯丙基苯酚对P1319的4个发育阶段的抑制作用较弱。     

江西省辣椒疫霉生理小种构成及其对烯酰吗啉的敏感性分析

为了明确江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的抗药性风险,采用灌根法鉴定了108个江西辣椒疫霉菌株的生理小种,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性.结果表明,菌株LP20、LP38和LP48属于生理小种3,占测定菌株总数的2.8％,其余菌株属于生理小种2,占测定菌株总数的97.2％,为优势生理小种,且未发现生理小种1.烯酰吗啉抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.1149～0.2868 μg/mL,最不敏感菌株的EC50值为最敏感菌株的2.49倍.不同地区的菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性差异不大,崇义的菌株平均EC50值最低,为0.1367 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1213 ～0.1462 μg/mL;吉水的菌株平均EC50值最高,为0.2185 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1805 ～0.2835 μg/mL.     

N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

研究了新型环烷基磺酰胺类化合物N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺(简称化合物108)对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发以及菌核产生等不同生育阶段的抑制作用及其对菌丝致病力和形态结构的影响。结果表明:化合物108对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和孢子形成及孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为6.90、4.70和4.11μg/mL;菌核形成受到明显抑制,当药剂质量浓度达20μg/mL时,无菌核产生。经化合物108处理后的灰葡萄孢菌丝致病力下降,40μg/mL处理的菌丝致病力显著低于对照。超微结构观察结果表明,化合物108能导致灰葡萄孢菌丝萎缩、塌陷和变形,菌体细胞壁增厚、皱缩及分层。     

三种羧酸酰胺类杀菌剂对黄瓜疫霉菌不同发育阶段的影响及其敏感性测定

离体条件下测定了3种羧酸酰胺类(Carboxylic acid amides,CAAs)杀菌剂氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺对黄瓜疫霉菌不同生长发育阶段的抑制作用。结果表明,3种杀菌剂抑制黄瓜疫霉菌休止孢萌发的EC50值分别为0.54,0.46和 0.34 μg/mL;抑制菌丝生长的EC50值分别为0.92,0.70和0.67 μg/mL;抑制孢子囊形成的EC50值分别为0.48,0.31和0.26 μg/mL。但对游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢的形成均没有抑制作用。氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺抑制田间采集的供试菌株菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为1.09(±0.24),0.29(±0.04)和0.32 (±0.07) μg/mL,供试菌株对3种杀菌剂的敏感性均呈正态分布,未检测到抗药性菌株的存在。     

甲霜灵·霜霉威复配剂对棉疫病菌的联合毒力

在实验室条件下,测定了甲霜灵和霜霉威复配剂对棉疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae)的联合毒力。结果表明,复配剂MPA、MPB、MPC对棉疫病菌的EC50分别为0.055 5、0.104 4μg/mL和0.084 5μg/mL,对照单剂甲霜灵和霜霉威对棉疫病菌的EC50分别为0.039 1μg/mL和10.618 3μg/mL;联合毒力分析表明,甲霜灵和霜霉威按1∶1.5复配有增效作用,按1∶1和1.5∶1复配有相减作用。     

2-吡啶酰氨基环己烷基磺酰胺的合成与杀菌活性

为了进一步研究环烷基磺酰胺类化合物的杀菌活性与构效关系,在前期工作基础上,对先导化合物进一步展开研究,合成了15个未见文献报道的2-吡啶酰氨基环己烷基磺酰胺类化合物。首先以2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺为原料,经过还原胺化后得到2-氨基环己烷基磺酰胺;再与取代吡啶甲酰氯反应,得到目标化合物。分别通过菌丝生长速率法与黄瓜活体叶片法测定了目标化合物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea及其他5种植物病原菌的杀菌活性。结果表明:目标化合物对番茄灰霉病菌表现出较好的抑制活性,其中化合物V-8在离体条件下对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50值为1.41 mg/L,在500 mg/L下的活体防效为79.17%;此外,部分目标化合物在50 mg/L下,对水稻纹枯病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、大豆根腐病菌、黄瓜绵腐病菌和辣椒疫霉的抑制率高于60%,其中,化合物V-7对黄瓜绵腐病菌的EC50值为2.7 mg/L,其活性高于对照药剂多菌灵（EC50值为4.4 mg/L）,有进一步研究的价值。     

烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病菌生物活性的比较

为了分析烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病原菌不同发育阶段的敏感性,分别采用离体和活体试验方法比较了供试药剂对病原菌的生物活性。结果表明,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长、孢子囊产生以及游动孢子释放具有强烈的抑制作用,EC50分别为0.68、0.21和4.92μg/mL,其活性分别是嘧菌酯的34.7、30.4和4.6倍。烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯在浓度为12.5μg/mL时对菌丝体细胞膜的电导率无影响,但当烯酰吗啉和嘧菌酯的浓度分别为25μg/mL和50μg/mL时其电导率值明显上升。采用液相氧电极法,测定了三种典型抑制剂与供试药剂对菌丝体呼吸代谢的影响,结果显示,嘧菌酯作用于三羧酸循环(TCA)途径,而烯酰吗啉对三羧酸循环(TCA)途径和磷酸戊糖(HMP)途径有一定的影响。室内盆栽试验结果表明:在相同浓度下,烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫病均具有较好的保护效果,两者无显著差异;在辣椒植株接菌后24h采用800μg/mL的药液喷雾处理时,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫病的防治效果为66%,优于嘧菌酯。     

新型杀菌剂丁吡吗啉的生物活性及作用方式初探

丁吡吗啉是一种结构新颖的杀菌剂,化学名(E)-3-(2-氯吡啶-4-基)-3-(4-叔丁基苯基)-丙烯酰吗啉。室内生物测定结果表明,在离体条件下,丁吡吗啉对致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans、辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、古巴假霜霉Pseudoperonospora cubensis等重要植物病原菌均有很好的抑制活性,其对致病疫霉、辣椒疫霉、立枯丝核菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为1.38±0.06、0.72±0.05和4.44±0.03 μg/mL,对古巴假霜霉菌孢子囊萌发的抑制中浓度为5.33±0.05 μg/mL;但其对尖镰孢萎蔫专化型菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum、轮纹大茎点菌Macrophthoma kawatsukai、玉蜀黍赤霉Gibeberlla zeae的菌丝生长无抑制效果。用400 μg/mL的丁吡吗啉药液喷雾处理番茄幼苗,分别在施药后1、3和8 d接种致病疫霉的游动孢子,其对番茄晚疫病的防效分别为94.2%、90.8%和78.1%,说明丁吡吗啉在防治番茄晚疫病中具有较好的保护作用和一定的持效期。     

南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立快速、稳定的南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性检测方法,对已报道的镰孢属reductase-like基因部分序列进行比对分析,寻找特异性SNP位点,设计出特异性检测引物F-Fm/R-Fm3。利用该引物对包括南方镰孢在内的30株镰孢的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果显示仅在7株南方镰孢中均扩增出400 bp左右的特异性条带。PCR灵敏度试验结果表明该方法的检测灵敏度达到500 pg基因组DNA。     

Soybean sudden death syndrome: Fungal pathogenesis and plant response

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a fungal disease caused by members of clade 2 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). These fungi are soilborne pathogens that infect soybean plants through the roots and produce toxins that translocate to aerial parts of the plant, inducing foliar chlorosis and necrosis followed by premature defoliation. Here, we first give the current state of knowledge of early pathogen detection and infection establishment for the SDS pathosystem. Subsequently, we discuss the nature and activity of secreted toxins, followed by an overview of changes in plant metabolism and factors that influence fungus–soybean interaction. Finally, we summarize the advances in plant disease resistance, symptom evaluation, and treatment.     

Diversity of pathogenic Fusarium populations associated with asparagus roots in decline soils in Spain and the UK

Asparagus decline is a disease associated with several species of Fusarium . In order to assess the relative significance of causative species, single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the ITS2 (internal transcribed sequence) region of the ribosomal DNA was used to rapidly and objectively identify the fusarial populations associated with the roots of two intensively sampled asparagus crops, one in the UK and the other in Spain. Over 360 fusarial isolates were obtained from fields showing symptoms of asparagus decline, and most were easily differentiated by SSCP into four principal species, F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi , F. proliferatum , F. redolens and F. solani . Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) was most frequently isolated from the UK site (69%), whilst Foa and F. proliferatum were found in similar proportions overall (40 and 39%, respectively) from the Spanish site, although individual fields showed considerable intraregional variation. Other minor populations, such as F. culmorum , were also found. Most isolates were highly pathogenic to asparagus in vitro , although F. solani isolates comprised both pathogenic and nonpathogenic populations. Two populations of Foa were distinguished by a single ITS2 base transition, and the dominance of these two populations differed between Europe and the USA. Fusarium proliferatum was more abundant in Spain than in the UK. Phylogenetic analysis using EF1α sequences indicated that isolates of F. oxysporum pathogenic to asparagus are spread across a number of clades within the species complex, supporting the hypothesis that pathogenicity to asparagus in this species is a relatively unspecialized trait.     

Comparison of genetic diversity and pathogenicity of fusarium head blight pathogens from China and Europe by SSCP and seedling assays on wheat

The genetic diversity and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolated from wheat heads in China were examined and compared with those of isolates of F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale from Europe, USA and Nepal. Genetic diversity was assessed by SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis and by molecular chemotyping. SSCP analysis of the Fg16F/Fg16R PCR amplicon differentiated F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale and revealed three haplotypes among sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) type 1 F. graminearum isolates. AFLP analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity and clustered the majority of Chinese isolates in one group along with other isolates of Asian origin. The second cluster contained F. graminearum isolates from China, Europe and the USA. Of the Chinese isolates, 79% were F. asiaticum and 81% of these were of the 3-AcDON chemotype, with only 9·5% of either chemotype 15-AcDON or NIV. All the Chinese and USA isolates of F. graminearum were 15-AcDON, whereas among the isolates from Europe, 21% were NIV and 8% were 3-AcDON chemotype. No evidence was found for possible differences in aggressiveness between F. graminearum and F. asiaticum . Highly aggressive isolates were present in each region and no evidence was found for any association between aggressiveness and geographical origin or chemotype among the isolates examined. No difference was observed in pathogenicity towards wheat seedlings between Chinese isolates and those from Europe, the USA or Nepal.     

寄生隐丛赤壳菌ITS分子检测技术研究

寄生隐丛赤壳菌是引起板栗疫病的致病菌。为建立该菌的分子检测技术,本研究首先采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对分离自四川雅安、泸州及重庆的寄生隐丛赤壳菌及其他参试菌株的ITS区进行PCR扩增和测序比对。根据该片段与GenBank中隐丛赤壳属其他种的ITS序列差异,设计了寄生隐丛赤壳菌的特异性引物ITSP1/ITSP2,片段扩增大小为462bp。利用该引物对菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,可以将寄生隐丛赤壳菌与其他参试菌区分开,检测灵敏度达30pg。而以引物ITS1/ITS4和ITSP1/ITSP2进行的巢氏PCR,可检测到30fg基因组DNA,其灵敏度较常规PCR提高了1 000倍。利用巢氏PCR检测体系对发病程度不同的组织和携菌组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出寄生隐丛赤壳菌。     

我国小麦茎基腐病菌致病力比较分析

为明确我国不同种、地理来源和毒素化学型小麦茎基腐病菌的致病力分化情况,采用纸塔法对来自全国9个省市80个采样点分离的224株小麦茎基腐病菌进行致病力分析。结果表明,不同种镰刀菌的致病力不同,黄色镰刀菌Fusarium culmorum,禾谷镰刀菌F.graminearum,假禾谷镰刀菌F.pseudograminearum及亚洲镰刀菌F.asiaticum致病力强于其他种。F.culmorum致病力显著高于F.pseudograminearum和F.asiaticum,而F.pseudograminearum,F.graminearum及F.asiaticum三者之间无显著性差异。中华镰刀菌F.sinensis,木贼镰刀菌F.equiseti,锐顶镰刀菌F.acuminatum致病力较弱,三者间苗期致病力无显著性差异;多数省份F.pseudograminearum群体间致病力无显著差异,仅山东F.pseudograminearum群体的致病性显著低于河南群体;此外,产毒类型为3ADON的F.pseudograminearum群体致病力显著高于15ADON群体。     

美国大豆中镰刀菌的分离鉴定

为加强对美国输华大豆真菌病害的监测力度,降低外来生物入侵风险,本文通过对美国进境大豆病菌分离,共得到32个菌株,并对其中3株镰刀菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认了它们分别是尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和拟枝孢镰刀菌(F.sporotrichioides)。本研究从32个分离菌株中得到的3株镰刀菌分属于不同种,不仅证实了美国大豆中镰刀菌的多样性,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

陕西省大葱叶部镰刀菌枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

<正>0引言大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino)为石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱属(Allium)植物，是常见的调味品，具有杀菌祛痰、强心降压等多种功效。已报道的大葱叶枯病病原菌包括匍柄霉属(Stemphylium)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)^[1-3]等。调查发现陕西乾县漠西大葱种植基地一种大葱叶部枯萎病发病率较高，成为影响当地大葱生产的主要病害之一。     

Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum and related species pathogenic on tomato in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries

In order to characterize the pathogen(s) responsible for the outbreak of fusarium diseases in Algeria, 48 Fusarium spp. isolates were collected from diseased tomato in Algeria and compared with 58 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum originating from seven other Mediterranean countries and 24 reference strains. Partial sequences of the translation elongation factor EF‐1α gene enabled identification of 27 isolates as F. oxysporum, 18 as F. commune and three as F. redolens among the Algerian isolates. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic on tomato, with disease incidence greater at 28°C than at 24°C. All isolates were characterized using intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA typing, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and PCR detection of the SIX1 (secreted in xylem 1) gene specific to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). No DNA polymorphisms were detected in the isolates of F. redolens or F. commune. In contrast, the 27 Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum were shown to comprise nine IGS types and 13 VCGs, including several potentially new VCGs. As none of the isolates was scored as SIX1+, the 27 isolates could be assigned to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL). Isolates from Tunisia were also highly diverse but genetically distinct from the Algerian isolates. Several Tunisian isolates were identified as FOL by a PCR that detected the presence of SIX1. The results show that isolates from European countries were less diverse than those from Tunisia. Given the difference between Algerian populations and populations in other Mediterranean countries, newly emergent pathogenic forms could have evolved from local non‐pathogenic populations in Algeria.     

一种新的豇豆根腐病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

本文对四川成都发生的豇豆根腐病病原菌进行鉴定,为豇豆根腐病的药剂防治提供依据。采集了成都市豇豆种植区豇豆根腐病病株,经常规组织分离并纯化获得116株分离菌株,对分离菌株进行致病性测定、形态学鉴定及rDNA-ITS序列分析。结果表明,分离到的镰孢菌中有10株为Fusarium commune,分离频率为8.62%。对该10株菌进行致病性测定,均为致病菌株;其中MW4-11菌株致病性最强。该致病菌株的最适生长温度为25~30℃,菌丝致死温度为70℃。选用7种杀菌剂通过平皿培养法对MW4-11菌株进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对该致病菌株的毒性最强,EC50为0.030μg/mL。