成年柿树的一次性多头换冠方法

<正> 传统的柿树高接换头更新,是以主枝、亚主枝的基部剪截进行劈接。其弊端是,恢复封原来的树冠和产量需要很长时间,嫁接部位易失水,易发生风折,管理困难等等。为弥补上述不足之处,可采用全株芽接更新。这种方法是在成年柿树的主枝、亚主枝、侧枝上多部位芽接,第二年可望达到嫁接前的产量。     

促进板栗内膛结果的修剪技术

1主枝少侧枝多的开心形树冠 板栗喜光性强，只有树冠开张，内膛才能形成结果母枝，一般一株树可培养3个主枝，每个主枝有1-2个侧枝，形成自然开心形，对主枝多的树可采用“放”“压”结合的方法，通常采用的做法有：     

柑桔高接换种管理技术

柑桔高接换种 ,是指在已定植的柑桔幼树和成年树的主枝、副主枝或大侧枝上 ,用嫁接方法接上新的优良品种 ,达到更换老品种的一项技术。柑桔高接换种后 ,由于充分利用了原有树体强大的根系和枝干 ,所以一般接后 2～ 3ａ就能恢复树冠 ,并获得理想的产量。1　戳孔露芽无论春季、秋季高接树 ,一般在 4月上中旬就能明显分辨出来接芽的萌芽和抽梢情况 (春季高接树一般在接后 2 0ｄ左右就能分辨 )。故要求在 4月中旬前及时戳破萌芽处薄膜 ,以保证接芽正常抽生。做戳孔露芽工作时 ,要注意勿伤及接芽和新梢。2　树干刷白春季高接换种后 ,尤其是去叶量…     

4种嫁接方法对皮胎果高接换优成活率及生长的影响

开展了皮胎果(Pyrus sinkjorgensis Yü)高接换优4种嫁接方法对比试验。结果表明,插皮接、劈接嫁接成活率最高,嵌芽接次之,切腹接最低。新梢长间无显著差异,新梢粗间存在显著差异,插皮接新梢粗极显著地高于嵌芽接,劈接新梢粗显著地高于嵌芽接,插皮接新梢粗显著地高于切腹接,其余两两间均无显著差异。皮胎果高接换优应以插皮接和劈接为主,嵌芽接、切腹接配合。主枝、骨干枝较粗、接穗较细时宜选插皮接、劈接;骨干枝和接穗均较粗,且接穗粗度同等或细于骨干枝宜选切腹接;较细骨干枝和侧枝嫁接时,宜选嵌芽接。     

低产劣质桃园改良技术

对品种混杂、良莠不齐的劣质低产桃园,实施改造的途径主要有以下几个方面. 一、多头高接,更新品种选择优良品种作为主栽品种,其他则全部高头改接.枝接在春分至清明期间进行,在改良树三大主枝的各个侧枝及主枝头基部选皮层光滑部位锯除,取接穗10厘米左右,顶端留2个饱满芽,采用劈接法,每一截头接2～4穗,接后绑缚塑料袋,包住接口及接穗,6月中旬解除塑料袋.     

柑桔大枝修剪技术

一、大树修剪因品种而宜柑分枝角度小 ,枝条直立性强 ,有丛生性 ,要特别注意从小树开始 ,以拉、撑枝为主 ,避免强修剪 ,大枝过多枝梢郁密时 ,适当疏删大枝 ;重构树冠时 ,主枝角 30度 ,副主枝角 80度左右。脐橙对日光不足较敏感 ,而且内膛枝能生产出高档果实 ,因此内膛必须有适度光照 ,但脐橙是特别不能过重修剪的品种 ,过重会旺发夏秋稍 ;所以 ,修剪量不能过大 ,不超过 1/6～ 1/5。柚类花多开在树冠内部 ,下部或树冠外缘向内 15厘米左右处 ,生长势稍弱的结果母枝上 ,修剪必须扩大主枝和副主枝间的距离 ,使树冠部充分受光 ,顶端生长的直立…     

油松针叶中营养元素含量与叶龄及采样部位的关系

本文通过对540个叶样的营养元素分析.研究了油松针叶中营养元素含量与叶龄及采样部位的关系。结果表明,随着叶龄的增大,针叶中N、P、K、Mg的百分含量降低,而Ca的含量增加;针叶中N、P、K、Mg含量从树冠基部向顶部有所增加,而Ca含量有所降低;树冠中部针叶中营养元素含量与全树冠针叶元素含量的平均值相接近;不同冠向针叶中营养元素含量无显著差导。此外,文中还指出了叶分析应避免采集树冠内膛侧枝的针叶以及不同林木个体间针叶中营养元素的变化范围。     

柑桔高接换种技术要领

1高接时现一般在春季萌芽前半个月左右高接为宜，最佳时期是3月上旬。采用芽腹接的则在秋季8月下旬～9月下旬进行。2高接方式采用双芽切接或单芽切接，前者成活率高于后者，考虑树冠的层次结构，结合运用盾片芽接，即上部枝条采用切接，中下部枝干用芽腹接。3接相果靠从品种纯正、生长健壮、结果性能良好的母树外围中上部采集芽眼饱满、无病虫害的梢作接穗。采穗宜在清晨进行，当天剪取当天使用。4高按留位与接芽苗量为迅速形成树冠，采用多头高接的方法，按树冠大小、权条粗细分层嫁接。上层双芽切接在枝干径粗2～3cm左右处，下层芽接在主…     

枝系构型中的化感塑造作用

同一种树木，长在密林中和长在林外，树形非常不同。通过理论分析提出树冠枝系构型的化感塑造作用，认为枝叶释放挥发性化感物质，抑制叶芽萌发，压弯树干和冠底层侧枝，从而清理树冠内膛、自然修剪侧枝，改善树冠形态，适应林内林外生境，对树冠所在光照空间的利用达到最大化。     

高接换冠——柑橘品种优化的捷径

高接换冠是实现柑橘高产、优质的重要手段。丽水林场经两年试验表明,树冠恢复迅速,植株结果累累。现将该项技术要点介绍如下 1.首先选择好高接的对象。 2.春季2月下旬至3月下旬进行切接。     

柿子高接换种技术研究

采用不同嫁接时间、不同嫁接部位及嫁接时不同的护理方法等对成年柿子树进行高接换种试验，结果表明，不同嫁接时间对柿子大树高接的成活率和新梢粗生长具有极显著的影响；在不同部位嫁接和嫁接时采用不同护理方法对柿子大树高接的成活率有极显著的影响，但对新梢生长影响不显著。应选择在2月下旬至3月中旬，在柿子主枝或副主枝上进行1树多桩的大树高接换种方法，同时嫁接包扎后宜采用套袋 袋下方留出水孔方法对嫁接处进行护理。     

山核桃嫁接育苗技术研究与造林试验

连续3a对影响山核桃嫁接成活不同因素的试验表明，不同嫁接方法，其成活率影响极为显著，以挖骨接最好，达83％，贴睃接其次，为79％，切接和劈接最差。只有65％和42％；接穗类型不同，嫁接成活率也不同。其中生长枝成活率最高，达65．2％，其次是徒长枝，为45．2％，最差为结果枝，成活率只有12．1％；砧木不同，其成活率表现也不同，以本砧、化香为好，成活率分别是77％和79％；以4月上旬至5月中旬茎干基部生长活跃，树皮极易剥开且嫩叶有0．8—1．2cm长时留床或提早移植嫁接为好。生长枝与结果枝嫁接苗造林能使树体矮化，但以生长枝嫁接苗造林成活率和保存率较高。     

Plagiotropism and auxin in Abies nordmanniana

Main branches of Abies nordmanniana Spach. were examined through their first growth season from subapical buds around the leader bud to fully expanded shoots. Plagiotropism was evident in branch orientation, which was almost horizontal, as well as in the orientation of buds developing on the branches. Auxin transport capacity was predominantly basipetal (> 90%) and consistently higher in the middle part of the branch than in the distal and proximal ends. Auxin transport capacity was higher on the dorsal side of the branch during the short initial hyponastic growth phase, but the difference disappeared when the branch became horizontal. No dorsal-ventral differences could be detected in young horizontal branches in concentrations of indole acetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellins or abscisic acid. Branch orientation was unaffected by decapitation of the leader apex or by decapitation and replacement with exogenous auxin. However, decapitation resulted in a less plagiotropic bud arrangement on the branches, and auxin application to the leader bud scar counteracted this effect. Thus, a signal originating in the stem seems to be involved in regulating branch bud positioning, whereas the horizontal branch orientation must rely on a different mechanism, presumably autonomic within the branch.     

Side-effects of Formulations of Permethrin and Fenvalerate Insecticides on Frost Resistance and Field Performance of Picea Abies Seedlings

Side - effects of the permethrin formulations Gori 920 and Gori 920 L, the fenvalerate formulation Sumicidin 10 FW and the emulsifier of the Gori formulations were studied in seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Whole plant treatment with the Gori formulations in early autumn resulted in a 5-10°C poorer frost tolerance (TDI) later in the autumn. Moreover, this treatment increased mortality by 30% within 2 yrs of testing in field trials. In contrast, a basal part treatment with the Gori formulations and whole plant treatment with Sumicidin 10 FW containing 10% fenvalerate had no negative effects during 2 yrs of field testing. Late autumn treatment with Gori 920 and Gori 920 L, followed by cold storage for 6 months, revealed poorer frost tolerance (3-4°C) in the spring than that in the control. These treatments also reduced leader shoot growth in the first year and increased the frequency of seedlings lacking a dominant leader after 2 yrs by 20-40%. The detrimental agent in Gori 920 L was found to be the emulsifier, ethoxylated nonylphenol, alone and in combination with the dispersal agent, linseed oil. The linseed oil had no significant additional negative effect on frost resistance and growth after the cold storage during the winter. The investigation demonstrates the necessity of testing for possible side - effects before practical use of any commercial pesticide formulation.     

外源激素对银杏高位嫁接及其枝梢生长的影响

用正交试验方法L9(34)研究了3种植物生长调节物质(IAA、GA3、NAA)以及3种浓度(50、100、200 mg/L)和3种处理时间(浸沾1 s、浸泡1 min、10 min)对银杏高位嫁接成活率与枝梢生长的影响.结果表明:采用IAA和NAA能够提高银杏嫁接成活率,最好组合是A3C2D1,成活率达99.3%,枝梢生长达128.3 cm,而GA3则对嫁接成活率有一定的抑制作用;在银杏嫁接时,IAA对银杏嫁接成活率和枝梢生长影响较大;不同时间的处理,激素对嫁接的效果也不同.     

牡丹嫁接繁殖技术

采用芍药为砧木,牡丹1年生枝条上的芽为接穗,利用其亲和性嫁接繁殖牡丹,通过试验嫁接成活率达86.9%,经t检验法检验,在95%的可靠性下,不同牡丹品种间嫁接成活率无显著性差异,并在试验的基础上介绍了牡丹嫁接繁殖技术和具体的操作方法.     

银杏高位嫁接技术研究

以银杏核用品种最优单株"宁银1号"为接穗,对宁化县定植12年的银杏核用低产劣质品种的盛果期幼树进行高位嫁接试验,结果表明:嫁接季节、嫁接方法和接穗的年龄、粗度、性别以及接芽部位与砧木接口粗度对嫁接成活率、当年抽梢长度具有极显著影响,但对抽梢率没有影响。嫁接成活率、当年抽梢长度以春季采用粗度为0.8 cm以上接穗的1年生顶芽、接口粗度1.0 cm砧木、嫁接方法采用截干切接或截干舌接进行高位嫁接效果最好;雌株嫁接成活率达98%以上,当年抽梢率达100%,抽梢长度达50 cm以上;雄株成活率达80%以上,当年抽梢率达100%,抽梢长度达40 cm以上。     

库-源关系对枣树14C-光合产物分配的影响

运用^14C示踪技术对赞皇大枣果实发育期库—源比例和相对位置对^14C—光合产物在不同器官中的分配进行了研究。结果表明：果实缓慢生长期间，与单果枣吊相比，双果枣吊果实的放射比活性下降，但是果实获得的^14C—光合产物量增加了6．68％；枣吊去叶处理(均匀去掉一半叶片)后，剩余叶片的光合产物输出率增加了17．06％，果实获得的标记光合产物增加了15．26％；当果实一侧叶片去除时，其异侧叶片也能提供一定量的光合产物供果实生长发育所需；并且，同一枣股不同枣吊之间也存在着光合产物的相互交换。本文从营养学角度对枣树低坐果率的原因进行了探讨。     

植物燃料油原料树种光皮树繁殖技术的研究

通过对光皮树嫁接繁殖技术的研究,首次提出了光皮树嫁接繁殖育苗方法。试验分别对光皮树嫁接方法、嫁接时间及留砧对嫁接成活率的影响进行了试验,解决了光皮树嫁接繁殖的技术问题。试验结果表明,光皮树秋季三刀法露芽腹接成活率高达95．7％;光皮树春季三刀法腹接成活率也可达86％,采用三刀法腹接及留砧10cm为春接最佳技术组合;春接宜在2月底至3月中旬。     

Vegetative propagation of Vitellaria paradoxa by grafting

Vitellaria paradoxa or karité is a wild fruit-bearing tree species of sudano-sahelian parklands that plays an important socio-economic role in Sub-Saharan Africa due to the commercial and domestic value of the fruits. Principal constraints of karité fruit production are: long juvenile phase, slow growth, genetic variability and lack of knowledge regarding the cultivation of the species. To address these constraints and to enhance productivity and quality, five methods of grafting (side cleft, top cleft, tongue, chip budding and side veneer), two methods of pre-treatment of scions and rootstocks (washing with 10% sodium hypochlorite to wash off latex and sterilise and a control without washing), and two methods of protection of grafts against desiccation (covering with white plastic sheet and aluminium foil) were tested. The results showed decreasing success of survival of grafts 16 weeks after grafting for the five grafting techniques: side cleft (86.1%), tongue (80.9%), top cleft (78.1%), chip budding (38.1%) and side veneer (20.7%) grafting methods. The results also showed May to be the optimum time for grafting, with high rates of shoot growth and survival of grafts. The average annual growth rate of grafts was 12.6 cm. The pre-treatment of scions with 10% sodium hypochlorite, however, had no significant effect on survival of scions. There was also no significant difference in survival of scions between the two methods of protection of grafts against desiccation (aluminium foil and plastic sheet). Two grafts produced fruits two years after grafting using side veneer grafting.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.