滴灌和微润灌条件下桂西北山区典型土壤水分运移规律分析

为了研究滴灌和微润灌在广西山区主要土壤的水分运移规律,在广西山区选择砂土、壤土和黏土等三种典型土壤,在室内建立并开展土壤水分运移规律试验。试验结果表明:1在地埋黏土、壤土和砂土以及0.10 MPa工作压力条件下,微润管的单米流量分别为0.24、0.31和0.43L/h,为地表出流量的67.6%~98.8%,滴灌管的单米流量为4.17、5.92和6.10L/h,为地表出流量的38.1%~68.2%;2在3种土壤中,滴灌和微润灌的水分运移形状初期为圆形,后期为椭圆形,但砂土的湿润范围最大、壤土次之、黏土最小;3在土箱相同位置,黏土的土壤含水率最大,壤土次之,砂土最小;4根据滴灌和微润灌的土壤水分运移规律,提出滴灌管和微润管在砂土、壤土的适宜埋深为20cm,在黏土的适宜埋深为10cm。     

微润灌条件下广西山区主要土壤水分运移规律研究

微润灌是广西山区近年来得到较大推广的灌溉技术。在广西山区选择砂土、壤土和黏土等3种典型土壤,并开展微润灌在这三种土壤条件下的土壤水分运移规律研究。试验结果表明:1在地埋黏土、壤土和砂土以及0.10 MPa工作压力条件下,微润管的单米流量分别为0.24、0.31和0.43 L/h,分别为地表自由出流的38.10%、49.21%和68.25%;2微润管在黏土的水分运移形状基本为圆形,砂土和壤土的湿润形状为上小下大的椭圆形;3同等条件下,水分在砂土的水平和垂直向下运移速率最大,壤土次之,黏土最小;4在土箱相同位置,黏土的土壤含水率最大,壤土次之,砂土最小;5根据微润管的土壤水分运移规律,提出微润管在砂土、壤土和黏土的适宜埋深分别为10、15和20 cm。     

毛细节水灌溉条件下蔗区土壤水分运移规律研究

毛细节水灌溉作为一种类似滴灌的新型灌溉技术逐渐得到关注。在室内模拟了毛细管水分在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土中的运移情况。通过室内试验和HYDRUS-3D建模分析表明:土壤类型对土壤各方向入渗有明显的影响,水分运移速度和土壤各方向湿润范围顺序为:沙土壤土黏土;3种土壤含水率等值线变化规律基本一致,同样湿润位置土壤含水率顺序为:黏土壤土沙土。根据毛细管的水分在沙土、壤土和黏土运移规律,提出毛细管在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土的合理埋深应为40、30和20cm。     

重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律的模拟研究

基于非饱和土壤水运动理论,建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动数学模型,用Galerkin有限元法推导了重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动有限元方程,并通过试验进行了验证,在此基础上模拟分析了中壤土条件下的滴灌管道埋深、出水孔孔径、供水压力对简易重力式地下滴灌土壤湿润特征和滴孔出水量的影响。结果表明所建模型可以分析地下滴灌土壤水分入渗规律,在中壤土条件下,不同供水压力、滴孔孔径虽对重力式地下滴灌的滴孔出流量有较大影响,但对土壤湿润特征影响微弱,地下滴灌管道埋深对土壤水分湿润特征影响较大,这些结论可为重力式地下滴灌合理的设计及运行提供理论依据。     

滴灌条件下层状土壤滞盐作用的试验研究

为了探讨滴灌条件下黏土夹层在层状土壤中的滞盐作用,针对不同构型的层状土壤进行土柱滴灌入渗试验,试验中,均质土壤为松沙土和轻壤土;层状土构型为松沙土夹轻黏土和轻壤土夹轻黏土;其中,均质土柱灌水量分别为88.5、106.2、135.7mm;而层状土柱灌水量为170.7mm。结果表明,均质土壤湿润锋附近的积盐现象是由于土壤含水率较低、水分运移速度慢,对盐分的携带能力低而导致的;盐分将随着灌水量的增大而向土壤深层运移并被排除。层状土中的黏土夹层对盐分运移具有明显的阻滞作用,使盐分在黏土层中大幅增加。土层之间的渗透性差异越大,黏土夹层的滞盐作用越强。除此以外,黏土夹层具有拟半透膜作用,使水分比盐分更容易穿过黏土夹层,增加夹层下部土壤含水率。     

覆膜深度对滴灌土壤湿润区运移的影响

地膜覆盖对于滴灌土壤湿润区的形状和大小有很大的影响,灌水结束后,测得无膜和覆膜以及不同的覆膜深度的土壤湿润体是不同的。通过灌水试验,研究沙土和中壤土在相同的单滴头流量和灌水量,不同的地膜膜边的埋深条件下,膜边的埋深对于滴灌土壤湿润区的影响机理。试验过程中观测了土壤水平和垂直湿润锋随时间的运移和地膜覆盖以后,土壤水分的运动规律,同时和无膜的土壤湿润体进行对比。     

干旱区膜下滴灌农田不同类型土壤盐分变化分析

为探究干旱区长期膜下滴灌对不同类型土壤农田盐分变化的影响,选取了石河子垦区滴灌农田,于2008-2014年,分别对沙土、壤土和黏土不同类型地块膜下滴灌0~100 cm深度进行土壤盐分监测,探究农田土壤盐分在剖面上的分布特征及其动态变化规律。研究结果表明:膜下滴灌土壤盐分在0~30 cm均有所下降,黏土和壤土30~60 cm、60~100 cm盐分有些年份增加,但至2014年,总体上均呈下降趋势。沙土30~60 cm、60~100 cm盐分至2012年各地块有增有减,30~60或60~100 cm仍存在盐分累积现象。     

地下滴灌水分运移规律及滴灌带适用性初步研究

通过室内试验,对目前国内常用的3种类型滴灌带(管)(单翼迷宫式滴灌带、内镶片式滴灌带及内镶圆柱状滴灌管),分别在内蒙古自治区典型土壤黏壤土、壤土及砂壤土中开展地下滴灌试验研究,分析了水分运移与滴灌带流量及土壤特性的关系,得出了不同土壤内水分运移基本规律,并初步得出了不同流量滴灌带(管)在不同土壤内的适用性,为用户初选滴灌带奠定了基础。     

膜调控润灌在不同土壤类型下的技术参数确定

【目的】探究膜调控润灌在不同土壤类型和滴头流量下的土壤水分运移规律,确定不同土壤类型下的技术参数。【方法】基于室内试验数据建立HYDRUS-2D模型,设置4种土壤类型（砂土、壤土、砂质黏壤土、粉土）和3个滴头流量（0.9、2.1、3.2L/h）,探究膜调控润灌在不同土壤类型和滴头流量下的技术参数。【结果】HDYDRUS-2D模型可以准确模拟膜调控润灌条件下的土壤水分运移及分布,相对误差在5%以内,决定系数（R2）和均方根偏差（RMSE）分别为0.97和0.007;砂土因其饱和导水率大易造成渗漏,在膜调控润灌系统下需要进一步调整滴灌管埋深和流量,膜调控润灌能较好地适应其余3种土壤,灌水结束时膜上水量占总灌水量的比例高于70%,大大减少了灌溉水渗漏量;随着滴头流量的增加,壤土膜上水量的占比逐渐减小。【结论】砂土条件下,需要调整滴灌管埋深以减少水分深层渗漏;推荐在砂质黏壤土和壤土条件下采用2 L/h的滴头流量进行灌溉;随着流量的增加,粉土膜上水量占比不会降低,推荐采用3 L/h的滴头流量进行灌溉。     

干旱区膜下滴灌棉田灌溉制度及土壤水盐运移规律研究

以棉花各生育期适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值为灌水控制指标,设置3水平灌水处理,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,分析研究适宜试验区棉花生长、水分利用效率高的灌溉制度及膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明:适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值形成的灌溉制度,决定了土壤水盐运移规律、盐分分布和积累特征。总体表现为:空间上土壤水分分布与滴灌带间距呈负相关系,盐分分布则相反,0~40 cm深度土壤水分在灌后重分布,盐分在滴灌水分的淋洗作用下定向运移,至湿润体边缘积聚。综合分析关键点与主根层的土壤水盐时间序列变化,T2处理(385 mm/18次)主根层0~40 cm深度水分处于棉花生长的适宜含水率范围,并形成淡化脱盐区,对盐分的调控最佳。T2处理棉田产量最高,为6 083 kg/hm~2,水分利用效率为1.05 kg/(mm·hm~2),为适宜的灌溉制度。     

极端干旱区滴灌葡萄适时控制灌溉试验研究

以常规滴灌为对照,研究了适时滴灌条件下监测点土壤含水率、葡萄生长过程及产量的特征。结果表明,粘壤土条件下,与40cm和60cm监测点土壤含水率相比,20cm深度监测点土壤含水率具有代表性好、灵敏性高、达到设计土壤含水率下限的时间间隔比较合理的优点,可作为该地区葡萄适时控制灌溉的理想深度;适时滴灌条件下,葡萄的叶面积指数、地上净生物量、叶片生理指标和产量均略低于常规滴灌,但水分利用效率高于常规滴灌。     

Estimating in situ soil–water retention and field water capacity in two contrasting soil textures

A priori knowledge of the in situ soil field water capacity (FWC) and the soil-water retention curve for soils is important for the effective irrigation management and scheduling of many crops. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the in situ FWC using the soil-water retention curve developed from volumetric water content (θ), and water potential (ψ) data collected in the field by means of soil moisture sensors in two contrasting-textured soils. The two study soils were Lihen sandy loam and Savage clay loam. Six metal frames 117 cm × 117 cm × 30 cm high were inserted into the soil to a depth of 5–10 cm at approximately 40 m intervals on a 200 m transect. Two Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR) sensors were installed in the center of the frame and two Watermark (WM) sensors were installed in the SW corner at 15 and 30 cm depths to continuously monitor soil θ and ψ, respectively. A neutron probe (NP) access tube was installed in the NE corner of each frame to measure soil θ used for TDR calibration. The upper 50–60 cm of soil inside each frame was saturated with intermittent application of approximately 18–20 cm of water. Frames were then covered with plastic tarps. The Campbell and Gardner equations best fit the soil–water retention curves for sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Based on the relationship between soil ψ and elapsed time following cessation of infiltration, we calculated that the field capacity time (t _FWC) were reached at approximately 50 and 450 h, respectively, for sandy loam and clay loam soils. Soil-water retention curves showed that θ values at FWC (θ _FWC) were approximately 0.228 and 0.344 m³ m⁻³, respectively, for sandy loam and clay loam soils. The estimated θ _FWC values were within the range of the measured θ _FWC values from the NP and gravimetric methods. The TDR and WM sensors provided accurate in situ soil–water retention data from simultaneous soil θ and ψ measurements that can be used in soil-water processes, irrigation scheduling, modeling and chemical transport.     

小滴头流量下灌水频率对膜下土壤湿润区的影响

为了探明灌水频率对小滴头滴灌土壤湿润区的影响,在实验室对沙土和中壤土进行了膜下间歇滴灌试验,滴头流量分别为0．3、0．5、0．7L／h;灌水频率分别为1、2、3、4次灌完。在灌水量相同的情况下观测了土壤的湿润区运移过程和含水率分布。结果表明,小滴头流量下改变滴水频率对土壤湿润体的大小影响很小;随着灌水频率的增加,土壤湿...     

直插式地下滴灌土壤湿润体特征值变化规律及灌溉效果分析

【目的】了解2种典型干旱区土壤(砂土、砂黏土)中直插式地下滴灌的灌水效果。【方法】以实测的土壤湿润锋在垂直向上、向下和水平3个方向的运移距离为基础,建立了土壤湿润锋运移距离与直插式地下滴灌滴头流速和灌水时间之间的函数关系,依据此量化关系结合土壤含水率求得了直插式地下滴灌的微灌技术参数,并评价了直插式地下滴灌在干旱区砂土、砂黏土中的灌水效果。【结果】在2种土质条件下,湿润锋不同方向上的运移距离与滴头流速和灌水时间之间的量化关系式R2>0.95,验证方程R2>0.95,表明模型可行;在砂土中,灌溉水储存系数、灌水均匀系数及土壤湿润比均小于0.6,而在砂黏土中均高于0.8,表明直插式地下滴灌在砂土中灌水效果比砂黏土差。【结论】幂函数可准确描述砂土、砂黏土中直插式地下滴灌湿润峰运移距离、滴头出流速度和灌水时间之间的关系;垂直向上湿润距离与滴头流速负相关,与灌水时间正相关,水平与向下湿润距离与流速、灌水时间均正相关;在本试验条件下,流速为1.25 L/h灌水效果最好。     

玉米地下滴灌适宜出苗灌水定额试验研究

为探索解决地下滴灌玉米出苗难的问题,通过土箱试验,对内蒙古自治区具有典型代表性的3种土壤,开展了毛管铺设参数(滴头流量、埋深)和灌水定额对地下滴灌湿润半径的影响规律试验,结合玉米播种深度、水分向上及向下运移的距离及种子周围土壤含水量,研究了玉米适宜出苗灌水定额,以提高出苗率,指导实际生产.结果表明:按显著性水平0.05检验,土壤类型和灌水定额均对土壤湿润半径影响具有统计学意义,而滴头流量和埋深对湿润半径影响不具有统计学意义.在黏壤土中,玉米出苗灌水定额37.5~52.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深25~35 cm的出苗要求;在壤土中,玉米出苗灌水定额37.5 mm左右基本可满足毛管埋深25~30 cm的出苗要求,灌水定额52.5 mm左右基本可满足埋深30~35 cm的出苗要求;在砂壤土中,灌水定额22.5~37.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深约25 cm的玉米出苗要求,灌水定额52.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深25~35 cm的玉米出苗要求.     

不同灌水条件下地下渗灌试验研究

地下渗灌是一种理想滴灌方式,由于关键技术没有很好解决,至今发展面积很小。针对这一问题,提出本试验研究。该试验是在实验室内的一个50cm×30cm×60cm的有机玻璃槽中进行,所用的土都是黏壤土。试验采用地下节点渗灌的方法。对试验所得的数据进行分析,得出地下渗灌的湿润锋运移基本规律、土壤含水率的分布规律,并在不同灌水量条件下对湿润锋的影响等进行了初步探讨。     

Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Yield and water productivity

Yield and water productivity of potatoes grown in 4.32 m² lysimeters were measured in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and imposed to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI after tuber bulking and lasted for 6 weeks until final harvest. Analysis across the soil textures showed that fresh yields were not significant between the irrigation treatments. However, the same analysis across the irrigation treatments revealed that the effect of soil texture was significant on the fresh yield and loamy sand produced significantly higher fresh yield than the other two soils, probably because of higher leaf area index, higher photosynthesis rates, and “stay-green” effect late in the growing season. More analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the irrigation treatments and soil textures that the highest fresh yield was obtained under FI in loamy sand. Furthermore, analysis across the soil textures showed that water productivities, WP (kg ha⁻¹ fresh tuber yield mm⁻¹ ET) were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments. However, across the irrigation treatments, the soil textures were significantly different. This showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and soil textures was significant that the highest significant WP was obtained under DI in sandy loam. While PRD and DI treatments increased WP by, respectively, 11 and 5% in coarse sand and 28 and 36% in sandy loam relative to FI, they decreased WP in loamy sand by 15 and 13%. The reduced WP in loamy sand was due to nearly 28% fresh tuber yield loss in PRD and DI relative to FI even though ET was reduced by 9 and 11% in these irrigation treatments. This study showed that different soils will affect water-saving irrigation strategies that are worth knowing for suitable agricultural water management. So, under non-limited water resources conditions, loamy sand produces the highest yield under full irrigation but water-saving irrigations (PRD and DI) are not recommended due to considerable loss (28%) in yield. However, under restricted water resources, it is recommended to apply water-saving irrigations in sandy loam and coarse sand to achieve the highest water productivity.     

线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的影响因素试验研究

线源滴灌设计中,滴灌管出流均匀性与土壤湿润均匀性有本质不同,前者仅仅是后者必要的基础,但是要保证线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性,还需要考虑滴头间距、滴头流量、滴水量和土壤质地的差别。对影响线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的主要因素进行了试验研究。试验中所用土壤为沙土和沙壤土;滴头间距为30 cm和50 cm;滴头流量为0.3~4 L/h;滴水量为10~25 L不等。试验表明,沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度取决于湿润区的交汇程度,而湿润区的交汇程度又取决于土壤湿润区水平运移宽度和滴头间距。沙土沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度随滴水量的增大而显著增大,沙壤土的相应指标则随滴头流量的增大而增大。土壤湿润均匀度随滴头间距的增大而减小。线源滴灌设计时,粘粒含量较少的土壤应该有一定的设计湿润深度和较小的滴头间距才能保证其湿润均匀度满足设计要求。研究结论对完善滴灌技术设计理论有帮助。