SfaMNPV-D克隆株感染小菜蛾的生物测定

芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒-D克隆株感染2龄和3龄小菜蛾幼虫,测得LC50分别为2.01×105和2.82×107PIBs/lml,相同浓度的病毒感染小菜蛾,致死率与幼虫虫龄呈负相关。     

棉铃虫核型多角体和质型多角体在宿主昆虫继代后的毒力分析与比较

以３龄健康棉铃虫幼虫为供试昆虫，测定棉铃虫核型多角体和质型多角体在幼虫体内分别连续继代后的毒力变化。就质型多角体而言，不论是病毒的致死剂量（ＬＤ）还是致死时间（ＬＴ）均随着继代次数的增加而升高，继代１０次后的病毒致死活性平均丧失５９．３％，与未经继代的病毒相比．ＬＤ＿（５０）增加１０３倍，ＬＴ＿（５０）平均延长４．４３５ｄ；而核型多角体在继代过程中的毒力未见显著变化，提示核型多角体与质型多角体在宿主昆虫内连续继代的遗传学行为有可能不同。     

豆天蛾核型多角体病毒病的研究

从豆天蛾的幼虫中分离到一株核型多体病毒，其多角体的平面图象多为六边形和近圆形，直径０．６－２．０μｍ，病毒粒子杆状，两端圆滑，大小约５０ｎｍ×３２０ｎｍ．室内和田间试验表明，该株病毒对豆天蛾幼虫有比较强的致病力，对三龄幼虫的致死中浓度（ＬＣ５０）为１．４×１０＾４．８个多角体／ｍｌ，ｙ＝３．２４＋０．５４ｘ。田间防效效果可达７０％左右，与苏云金杆菌制剂或其他害虫病毒制剂混用，防治效果达９０×以上，     

落叶松尺蠖核型多角体病毒毒力的生物测定

落叶松尺蠖核型多角体病毒感染落叶松尺蠖幼虫死亡的回归直线方程为Y=1.9621+0.5056x,LD_(50)=10~(6.01);在一定时间内幼虫死亡率随感染日期的增加而提高;LT_(50)随感染浓度的增加而减少;EaNPV的毒力随着保存时间延长而逐渐降低,存放24个月的病毒较保存11月的病毒毒力降低36.5—58.5%;日光照射病毒被灭活的程度随阳光照射时间的增加而增加;存留在松树干上一年的EaNPV仍保留有一定的活性,与保存于冰箱中的病毒比较,其毒力降低63.2%;EaNPV致病死亡的2、3、4、5龄的落叶松尺蠖幼虫及蛹的多角体含量平均分别为每头虫0.966亿,2.675亿,5.335亿,6—15亿及1.766亿;用EaNPV1×10~7PIB/ml与1×10~8PIB/ml感染菜青虫、粘虫、玉米螟、棉大卷叶螟、杨枯叶蛾和柳毒蛾幼虫,均不引起幼虫发病.     

秋季蔬菜田科学治虫

<正>秋季是蔬菜多种害虫集中发生危害的时期,生产上应根据蔬菜布局和害虫发生情况科学开展防治,减少农药残留。当前在田蔬菜主要有花椰菜、甘蓝、大白菜、小白菜、萝卜、番茄、黄瓜、辣椒、豇豆、莴苣等,田间发生的害虫主要是斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜青虫、小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲、美洲斑潜蝇、     

三峡库区不同退耕地对多年生混播草地 种群稳定性的影响

选择3种不同的退耕地，即前茬为水稻地、黄豆地和草皮地，进行混播人工草地建设。分析测定了6个组合、2个混播比例（3:7和5:5）在不同退耕地中的生长速度、总产量、组分产量及各组分比例。结果发现不同退耕地显著影响人工草地产量及组分变化。黄豆地产量显著高于水稻地和草皮地（p<0.01）。而草皮地豆科牧草产量又显著高于黄豆地和水稻地（p<0.01）。同时，不同组合的产草量及组分比例随着刈割时间的不同而不同。草皮地中各牧草第2次刈割产量平均较第1次提高430%。3种土壤中，除F组合3:7混播比例外，2个组合不同混播比例苇状羊茅与鸭茅的比值都是第2次小于第1次。     

不同鸭品种在“稻鸭共作”系统中的行为学差异及对水稻产量的影响

为探究鸭在稻田间的运动规律,揭示不同鸭品种在田间的行为学差异以及对水稻产量的影响。本研究选取稻鸭共作试验田9块（766 m2/块）,按225只/hm2分别放入役用鸭（绿头野鸭♂?金定鸭♀）、金定鸭、白改鸭等3个鸭品种,通过视频监控系统,采用连续观察法记录鸭在每天的5:00—20:00时间段内在田间的游动、休息、采食等行为的发生时间和持续时间,连续观察5天。经观察发现,鸭田间活动高峰一般是在早上5:00—7:00,8:00—11:00以及15:00—18:00等时间段,役用鸭和金定鸭每天的活动时间分别为324.50 min(36.06%),315.75 min(35.08%),极显著高于白改鸭264.50 min (29.39%) (P＜0.01)。采用役用鸭、金定鸭、白改鸭进行稻鸭共作后,水稻产量分别比对照组提高了22.75%,20.14%和10.89%。水稻产量构成因素与鸭游动时间相关性分析发现,结实率、理论产量与游动时间呈极显著正相关(r=0.959,P＜0.01;r=0.858,P＜0.01),千粒重、实际产量与游动时间呈显著正相关(r=0.627,P＜0.05;r=0.767,P＜0.05)。研究结果表明：役用鸭对水稻的增产效果最好,且发现游动时间可作为影响稻鸭共作水稻产量的重要评价指标。该研究结果为稻鸭共作鸭品种的筛选以及稻鸭共作系统水稻产量的提升提供了重要的参考数据。     

江西新龙新型病毒杀虫剂获肯定

<正>本刊讯由江西省新龙生物科技有限公司承办的"河北省甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒防治小菜蛾暨绿色防控技术研讨会"在张家口张北县召开。参会者现场观摩了该新型病毒杀虫剂"康邦"在甘蓝和西兰花上小菜蛾的防治效果。农业部全国农业技术推广服务中心高级农艺师李永平表示,通过多年多点试验示范,证明甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒对小菜蛾具有良好的效果,性能突出,应用价值较高,已经达到大面积推广应用的标准,将来会成为防治小菜蛾、小菜蛾绿色防控、无公害蔬菜生产的主要药剂之一。希望其能     

蛋用鹌鹑体温变化规律新发现

摘 要：为了证实蛋用鹌鹑的正常体温,掌握其生理变化的一般规律,设计并实施了本试验。试验采用双因变量多因素,2个处理6个复的设计方案,选被试鹌鹑12只,依据性别不同分成2个处理,在不同的测定时间内,对环境温度、相对湿度、鹌鹑的翼下体温和呼吸频率进行了测定、记录、统计分析。结果显示：鹌鹑（♀,♂）平均体温为：41.93℃±0.53℃ ,其中雄鹌鹑（♂）的平均体温：41.81℃±0.58℃,雌鹌鹑（♀）平均体温：42.04℃±0.44℃ 。在昼夜之间, 群体平均体温最高的时间是上午9:10,最低的时间是晚18:00,与其它畜禽的体温变化规律区别明显;研究证实了蛋用鹌鹑的正常体温,首次发现了鹌鹑特有的体温变化规律。     

p38MAPK信号通路选择性调节FSH对甾体生成 的诱导作用研究

利用乙烯雌酚（DES）处理23日龄SD大鼠，分离卵巢颗粒细胞(GC)进行无血清培养。结果表明，FSH (50ng/m1) 处理GC，可迅速激活有丝分裂原蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK），FSH处理5min便可观察到磷酸化的p38 MAPK；FSH处理30min，磷酸化的p38 MAPK水平达到最高;向培养液中加入H89(蛋白激酶A抑制剂，10μM)，则显著抑制了FSH对p38 MAPK的激活作用，提示这种激活作用依赖于蛋白激酶A(PKA)。用 SB203580(p38MAPK抑制剂，20μM)抑制p38 MAPK激活，则进一步提高了FSH对孕酮和甾体生成快速调节蛋白（StAR）的诱导作用，同时降低了FSH对雌激素生成的促进作用(p<0.01)。RT-PCR结果显示：抑制p38 MAPK活性后，FSH对StAR mRNA刺激作用明显增强，但对细胞色素P450芳香化酶（P450arom）mRNA的诱导作用却减弱了(p<0.05)。激光共聚焦和蛋白印迹结果显示：在GC中，StAR蛋白主要分布在线粒体中；与对照组相比，FSH显著提高了StAR的荧光强度和蛋白水平；抑制p38MAPK活性则增强了FSH对StAR蛋白表达的诱导作用。     

Low Temperature Effects during Seed Filling on Chickpea Genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.): Probing Mechanisms affecting Seed Reserves and Yield

Chickpea is sensitive to cold conditions (<15 °C), particularly at its reproductive phase and consequently it experiences significant decrease in the seed yield. The information about the effects of cold stress on chickpea during the seed filling phase is lacking. Moreover, the underlying metabolic reasons associated with the low temperature injury are largely unknown in the crop. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the objectives: (i) to find out the possible mechanisms leading to low temperature damage during the seed filling and (ii) to investigate the relative response of the microcarpa (Desi) and the macrocarpa (Kabuli) chickpea types along with elucidation of the possible mechanisms governing the differential cold sensitivity at this stage. At the time of initiation of the seed filling (pod size ∼1 cm), a set of plants growing under warm conditions of the glasshouse (temperature: 17/28 ± 2 °C as average night and day temperature) was subjected to cold conditions of the field (2.3/11.7 ± 2 °C as average night and day temperature), while another set was maintained under warm conditions (control). The chilling conditions resulted in the increase in electrolyte leakage, the loss of chlorophyll, the decrease in sucrose content and the reduction in water status in leaves, which occurred to a greater extent in the macrocarpa type than in the microcarpa type. The total plant weight decreased to the same level in both the chickpea types, whereas the rate and duration of the seed filling, seed size, seed weight, pods per plant and harvest index decreased greatly in the macrocarpa type. The stressed seeds of both the chickpea types experienced marked reduction in the accumulation of starch, proteins, fats, crude fibre, protein fractions (albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins) with a larger decrease in the macrocarpa type. The accumulation of sucrose and the activity levels of the enzymes like starch synthase, sucrose synthase and invertase decreased significantly in the seeds because of the chilling, indicating impairment in sucrose import. Minerals such as calcium, phosphorous and iron as well as several amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and histidine) were lowered significantly in the stressed seeds. These components were limited to a higher extent in the macrocarpa type indicating higher cold sensitivity of this type.     

Increased Night Temperatures During Cotton's Early Reproductive Stage Affect Leaf Physiology and Flower Bud Carbohydrate Content Decreasing Flower Bud Retention

Higher than optimum temperatures during cotton's (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing season is a common occurrence in cotton‐growing areas around the world with negative consequences on productivity. According to climate projections, night temperatures are expected to increase more than day temperatures. The objective of this study was to monitor and record the effects of higher than optimum night temperatures during cotton's early reproductive stage on physiological (photosynthesis, respiration and membrane damage) and biochemical (leaf adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, as well as glutathione reductase (GR) content and soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the leaf subtending the flower buds. Number, dry weight, carbohydrate concentrations and GR levels of flower buds were also measured at the end of the experiment. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using cotton cultivar ST 5288 B2RF and treatments consisted of normal day/night temperatures (32/24 °C) and high night temperatures (32/30 °C) for 7 days at squaring (approximately 4 weeks after planting). The results indicated that high night temperatures had an immediate effect on leaf respiration rates and membrane damage by significantly increasing them compared to the control and a similar pattern was observed on leaf photosynthesis and ATP levels that were markedly decreased. Leaf GR levels were also substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, in contrast to flower bud GR content which remained unaffected. High night temperatures had a significant effect on leaf carbohydrate concentrations resulting in significant decreases in hexose, sucrose and starch levels. Nevertheless, flower bud sucrose content was substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, while hexose content was decreased and starch concentrations remained unaffected. A detrimental effect of elevated night temperatures on the number of flower buds per plant and on the dry weight of flower buds was observed, and it was concluded that high night temperatures had a negative effect on cotton flower bud production due to disruptions on flower bud carbohydrate metabolism as a result of the insufficient GR response.     

不同生态区梨树传粉昆虫调查及其优势传粉昆虫访花行为研究

为探究梨优势传粉昆虫,在对山西省平川区和近山区的梨树野生传粉昆虫调查的基础上,分析野生传粉昆虫的种类、数量及其访花行为。结果表明,2个调查样地访花昆虫共有4目15科22种。近山区传粉昆虫的种类和数量较平川区丰富。近山区优势传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂、毛附黑条蜂、黄胸地蜂。3个蜂种均喜欢访问树干中上部花朵;中华蜜蜂访问上部花、中部花、下部花的比例分别为36.9%、51.1%、12.0%;毛附黑条蜂访问上部花、中部花、下部花的比例分别为46.5%、38.0%、15.5%;黄胸地蜂访问上部花、中部花、下部花的比例分别为41.2%、37.6%、21.2%。中华蜜蜂[(11.95±0.87)朵/min]和毛附黑条蜂[(12.52±2.16)朵/min]的传粉频率显著高于黄胸地蜂[(6.64±0.56)朵/min],中华蜜蜂是梨传粉的理想昆虫。研究可为明确山西省梨树野生传粉昆虫现状、建立野生传粉昆虫数据库及梨授粉用蜂提供理论依据。     

Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

Electrolyte Leakage, ATP Content in Leaves and Intensity of Net Photosynthesis in Maize Seedlings at Permanent or Different Daily Exposure to Low Temperatures

Changes were determined in electrolyte leakage (EL), ATP content in leaves and intensity of net photosynthesis (FJ in maize seedlings as a result of continued exposure to low temperatures for several days or, after a cold night (5 °C, 9 h), alternating application of 5 °C and 20 °C temperatures during the lit phase of the day (h of chilling during day/night: 0/9, 5/9, 10/9, 15/9).
At continuous exposure to low temperatures, permanent reduction of ATP content occurred between days 7 and 10, while EL increased significantly between days 4 to 7 (depending on experimental conditions). Of three leaves differing in age, most injuries were found in the oldest leaf. An increased intensity of irradiation from 150 to 500 μE. m⁻².s⁻¹ caused an earlier decrease in the ATP content and a further increase in electrolyte leakage. ATP content showed a 24 h rhythm, it increased at the end of the night and decreased at the end of the day. The rhythm was particularly noticeable in the control plants (20 °C), as well as, however to a lesser extent, in plants exposed to daily fluctuating chilling temperatures. It has also been observed that higher temperatures occurring in day time may diminish electrolyte leakage induced by previous low temperatures
The intensity of F_n determined at 20 °C, 4 h after withdrawal of chilling, decreased with the prolongation of the chilling period during the day.
Thus, it may be assumed that the EL and F_n values as indicators of the plants' sensitivity are in better agreement with the induced chill doses than the ATP content in leaves, which to a greater extent depends on the interaction between chilling and other experimental factors, such as irradiation intensity or the sequence of light and darkness.     

载板蓝根多糖MPEG-PLA聚合物微球对小鼠免疫力的影响

为研究载板蓝根多糖微球的免疫增强作用。利用实验室制备的载板蓝根多糖MPEG-PLA聚合物微球免疫小鼠,并测定小鼠血液的常规指标,即白细胞和淋巴细胞总数以及总IgG水平和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力等免疫指标。结果表明：在给药后第7天和第14天,载板蓝根多糖微球40、20、10 mg组和板蓝根多糖组小鼠的各项免疫指标均高于空白微球组和生理盐水组,并且载板蓝根多糖微球各组在第14天时的免疫效果与第7天时的免疫效果相比较差异不显著,其中,微球组中以载板蓝根多糖微球20 mg组的免疫效果为最好,在第7天和第14天时小鼠的白细胞和淋巴细胞总数分别为(0.96±0.46)和(11.03±0.35)以及(8.73±0.51)和(9.44±0.42),总IgG水平为(33.541±0.458)和(32.713±0.481),巨噬细胞吞噬指数和吞噬百分率则分别达到(56.00±2.16)和(1.61±0.04)。载板蓝根多糖微球具有一定的免疫增强作用,虽然微球的短期免疫效果均低于纯板蓝根多糖,但是可达到长效免疫。     

Methods for evaluation of soybean chilling tolerance at the reproductive stage under artificial climatic conditions

Several evaluation methods for soybean chilling tolerance at the reproductive stage were examined under artificial climatic conditions. Comparisons were made on plants in control and treated plots using three cultivars differing in the level of chilling tolerance. In all methods, plants were grown at 22/17°C (day/night) until first flowering, and then transferred to growth chambers at 24/17°C for control and 15/15°C for chilling treatment, respectively. A method, in which plants were grown at 20/16°C after 4 weeks of the different temperature treatments, proved comparable to the conventional one, in which chilling tolerance at the flowering stage is evaluated using natural and artificial conditions. Another method, in which the plants in chilling treatment plots were grown at 15°C until maturity, also proved usable to evaluate genotypic differences in chilling tolerance independently of maturity time.     

微生态制剂及其使用策略对刺参生长与养殖水质的影响

为研究微生态制剂及其使用策略对刺参生长和水质的影响,实验组添加以芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌等为主的微生态制剂和饲料分别混合放置0、6、9、12、15 h后投喂体质量为(7.81±0.25) g的刺参,实验共持续进行30天,期间10天换1次水。结果显示,添加微生态制剂组刺参特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中,与饲料混合放置12 h后投喂实验组刺参SGR最高,为0.618%/d,是对照组的1.52倍,但与混合放置9 h实验组无显著差异(P>0.05);对照组氨氮、亚硝酸盐、COD随时间的延长逐渐升高,而实验组各项水质指标随着与饲料混合放置时间的增加而增加,与饲料混合放置0 h组各项水质指标最低,但各实验组间无显著差异(P>0.05),至实验结束时显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,将微生态制剂与饲料混合放置9~12 h后投喂刺参,对刺参的生长和养殖水质均可达到理想效果。     

Intake characteristics of perennial ryegrass varieties when grazed by sheep under continuous stocking management

Fifteen intermediate-heading varieties of perennial rye grass were continuously-stocked with sheep during two years and sward surface height was maintained in the range of 4 to 5 cm. Large differences in daily dry matter intake ewe^-1 were observed between the varieties suggesting that there is considerable scope for breeding improved varieties for grazing. Compared with the mean in each year, the ranges in values were proportionately 0.81 to 1.24 in 1998and 0.80 to 1.19 in 1999. Highest intakes were measured for sheep grazing 2 tetraploid hybrid varieties which also had markedly higher live weight gains ewe^-1 and ha^-1 compared with those grazing the 9 diploid and 4 tetraploid varieties examined. Daily intakes were not correlated with eating time but were correlated with intake rate min^-1eating (r = 0.73 and 0.88 in 1998 and 1999,respectively). Animals appeared unable to compensate fully for low intake rate by increasing eating time. Intake rates were not correlated with green leaf mass, the number of grass tillers m^-2 or water soluble carbohydrate concentrations in grass snips from the grazed horizon. High intake rates were achieved not only by sheep grazing highly-tillered diploid varieties but also by those grazing tetraploid hybrids with fewer tillers m^-2. Other plant morphological and chemical attributes need to be explored to determine what factors might influence the intake characteristics of varieties destined for grazing so that new target traits can be identified and improved methods can be developed to screen rapidly for these traits during breeding programmes and during variety evaluation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.