多重PCR在创伤弧菌快速检测中的应用

建立多重PCR方法检测水体及海产品中的创伤弧菌。针对创伤弧菌的gyrB基因的不同位点设计了3对引物，扩增片断的大小分别为481、702、1065bp。该方法的灵敏度为10^2cfu／ml。共对3种海产品进行了创伤弧菌的检测，结果在3种海产品中均能特异性地检测到创伤弧菌。该方法快速，灵敏度高，特异性强。为海产品及水体中的创伤弧菌的检测提供了有效的方法。     

双重PCR在创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolytious)快速检测中的应用

建立双重PCR方法检测海产品中的创伤弧菌(Vbrio vulnificus)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolytious)。针对创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的gyrB基因的不同位点设计引物,前者扩增片断的大小为968bp,后者扩增片断的大小为284bp。共对三种海产品进行了创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的检测,结果在部分海产品中能特异性地检测到目标菌株。该方法快速,灵敏度高,特异性强。为海产品的创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌的检测提供了有效的方法。     

哈氏弧菌特异性检测方法的建立和应用

针对哈氏弧菌外膜蛋白OmpK的基因序列设计了一对引物,从分离自患病长鳍真鲨体内的哈氏弧菌基因组中扩增获得一段约800 bp大小的基因片段.进行了PCR方法的特异性和敏感性以及海产品检测试验,建立了一种检测致病性弧菌的PCR检测方法.结果表明,该法只检测出致病性哈氏弧菌.同时对不同浓度的细菌悬液扩增,结果显示,此方法对哈氏弧菌菌体DNA的最低检测量为0.139 ng/μL,可以为哈氏弧菌的检测提供参考依据.     

流水式养殖动物中弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌的PCR法监测

为了解流水式养殖场养殖动物中弧菌和气单胞菌的感染状况,分别针对霍乱孤菌肠毒素A亚单位(ctxA)基因、0139和01群群特异基因、毒力协同调节菌毛A亚单位基因(tcpA)、中心调节蛋白基因(toxR)、副溶血弧菌不耐热溶血素基因(tlh)、创伤弧菌Vibrio vulnificus溶细胞素基因(vvhA)和嗜水气单胞菌的气溶素基因(aerA)设计引物,建立了聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测技术,PCR产物经电泳,根据扩增条带的大小和数目,检测和区分霍乱孤菌、嗜水气单胞菌和副溶血孤菌.对南昌沿岸霍乱流行水域及附近养殖场的养殖动物进行了18个月的连续监测,对1 440份水产品的增菌液进行PCR检测,17份检出副溶血弧菌,25份检出霍乱弧菌,创伤弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌均未检出.扩增结果与传统培养检测法的结果一致.监测结果表明,南昌附近地区霍乱弧菌和副溶血弧菌检出率分别为1.74%和1.18%,总体感染状况处于较低水平,但个别养殖品种弧菌检出率较高.     

鳗源创伤弧菌的鉴定与血清型分析

本研究对分离自发病鳗鲡的疑似创伤弧菌进行鉴定及血清型分析,经生化鉴定,从发病鳗鲡中得到7株创伤弧菌;设计了创伤弧菌溶血素基因(vlly)特异性引物,并对分离菌进行了PCR检测,创伤弧菌均可扩增出溶血素基因352 bp的目标片段,而非创伤弧菌未扩增出相应的片段;制备了创伤弧菌抗O抗原血清,凝集反应显示所得到的鳗源创伤弧菌抗O抗原血清不能与人源创伤弧菌1.1758发生凝集反应,菌株FJ03-X2抗O抗原血清可与大部分的鳗源创伤弧菌发生凝集反应。以上研究结果表明,基于溶血素基因设计的PCR引物具有良好的特异性,可用于创伤弧菌检测,鳗源创伤弧菌血清型不同于其他来源的创伤弧菌,菌株FJ03-X2的O抗原具有良好的免疫原性,可作为创伤弧菌疫苗研发的候选菌株。     

牡蛎中副溶血弧菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

以副溶血弧菌毒素调控基因(toxin regulations,toxR)作为靶标基因,设计特异性引物及TaqMan探针,以含toxR基因的质粒为模板,建立质粒拷贝数与CT值的标准曲线,分别采用含toxR基因质粒、纯培养的副溶血弧菌和添加副溶血弧菌的牡蛎(Ostrea)模拟样品进行灵敏度试验,结果表明,其灵敏度分别为15拷贝、18 CFU/mL和180CFU/mL.同一个样品的30次重复性试验表明,试验内及试验间的变异系数分别为0.95%和1.5%.结果显示,本研究建立的副溶血弧菌荧光定量PcR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于牡蛎等水产品中副溶血弧菌的定量检测.     

基于牡蛎疱疹病毒DNA聚合酶基因的巢式PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立适用于Os HV-1不同变异株的检测方法,在牡蛎疱疹病毒(Os HV-1)3个变异株全基因组序列比对的基础上,筛选到牡蛎疱疹病毒基因组中高度保守的DNA聚合酶(DNA polymerase)基因,据此设计巢式PCR引物,优化PCR反应体系和条件,建立了基于Os HV-1 DNA聚合酶基因的巢氏PCR检测方法(P-n PCR检测方法),利用P-n PCR与Cn PCR检测方法对不同年份和宿主来源的Os HV-1疑似感染样本进行检测。结果显示,Pn PCR检测方法能稳定地检出100拷贝/μL的病毒DNA;P-n PCR较C-n PCR检测方法具有更强的特异性和更高的检出率。研究表明,本研究建立的P-n PCR检测方法适用于Os HV-1不同变异株的检测,可为该病毒的检测和流行病学调查提供可靠的技术支持。     

弧菌属PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据弧菌属细菌(Vibrio spp.)共有的rpo A基因序列,比对和设计了一对PCR引物,建立了能够快速而准确地检测弧菌属细菌的通用PCR检测方法,该方法对靶标DNA的检测灵敏度为58 fg/μL,对菌液的检测灵敏度为2.7×102cfu/m L,能够区分该属细菌与其它属的细菌,具有极高的特异性。使用建立的方法对分离自南美白对虾的病原菌进行了检验,并结合16S r DNA序列分析,结果显示待检测病原均为弧菌属的细菌,与测序结果一致,说明该检测方法可用于弧菌属细菌的检测和诊断。     

基于一种新基因的溶藻弧菌毒力菌株检测方法的建立

根据溶藻弧菌毒力菌株HN08155的1个新的特异性基因序列设计了1对特异性引物SDRHf和SDRHr,扩增产物大小为217 bp;以此引物对为基础成功建立了与HN08155具有相似遗传型的溶藻弧菌毒力菌株PCR快速分子检测试剂盒.该试剂盒具有快速、灵敏度高、特异性强等优点,为海产品及水体中致病性溶藻弧菌的检测提供了一种有效方法.     

虾夷扇贝脓胞病病原查氏弧菌的PCR快速检测

应用PCR技术,建立一种能够快速有效检测出虾夷扇贝脓胞病致病病原查氏弧菌的方法。根据查氏弧菌的GyrB基因的高保守区序列,设计1对扩增片段为144 bp的引物,并利用PCR技术对其进行了特异性和敏感性检测。试验结果表明,该方法对查氏弧菌DNA的检测呈特异性,每个PCR反应检测的敏感度为0．43 pg的DNA和3．9 cuf的细菌。由人工感染和海区取样的虾夷扇贝的病灶组织中可以检测出相应的病原菌,说明本方法有效可行。     

Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Seafood by Multiplex PCR

ABSTRACT

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human pathogen frequently found in seafood. Once the seafood is contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus, it can become a vehicle for foodborne illness. The conventional culture methods for detection of V. parahaemolyticus are time-consuming and cannot differentiate pathogenic strains from nonpathogenic ones. In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was investigated for detecting tdh, chiA, and toxR of V. parahaemolyticus. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was determined by testing 28 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 15 non-V. parahaemolyticus strains, and fresh seafood spiked with cells of V. parahaemolyticus. All the strains were analyzed for production of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and chitinase. This study showed that both the chiA and toxR are excellent markers for detecting V. parahaemolyticus strains, and a multiplex PCR targeting chiA and tdh genes can be applied to simultaneously detect environmental and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus.     

Effect of in vitro exposure to Vibrio vulnificus on hydroelectrolytic transport and structural changes of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) intestine

The everted gut sac technique has been used to investigate the effect of Vibrio vulnificus on water and electrolyte (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃ ⁻) transport on the intestine of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Both the anterior and the posterior intestine were incubated in a medium containing 10⁸ V. vulnificus cells ml⁻¹ at 25°C for 2 h. The presence of V. vulnificus resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of water absorption in the anterior intestine, while sodium absorption in the anterior (P < 0.01) and posterior (P < 0.05) intestine was elevated. Chloride absorption was increased, but the changed was not significant, while potassium absorption decreased significantly (P < 0.05), but only in the posterior intestine. Incubation the sea bream intestine with V. vulnificus did not affect carbonate secretion in the anterior segment, whereas high secretion was stimulated in the posterior segment (P < 0.01). Histological evaluations demonstrated damage in the anterior intestine of sea bream that was characterized by the detachment of degenerative enterocytes, alterations in the microvilli, and the presence of a heterogenous cell population, indicating inflammation. Based on our results, we conclude that V. vulnificus caused cell damage to the intestine of sea bream and that the anterior intestine is more susceptible than the posterior part of the intestine. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain our observations, such as the presence of higher numbers of villosities in the anterior intestine than in the posterior one and/or the presence of endogenous bacteria in the posterior intestine which may have a protector role.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio harveyi by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick targeted to vhhP2 gene

Vibrio harveyi is a causative agent of the Vibriosis or luminescent bacterial disease in worldwide aquaculture industry. A reliable assay for identification of V. harveyi infection is important to prevent the bacterial spread. In this study, biotinylated loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplicons were produced by a set of four designed primers that recognized specifically the V. harveyi vhhP2 gene, encoding a putative outer membrane protein with unknown function, followed by hybridization with an fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled probe and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) detection. A novel set of PCR primer was also designed specifically to vhhP2 gene and appear to be a species‐specific tool for V. harveyi detection. The optimized time and temperature conditions for the LAMP assay were 90 min at 65°C. The LAMP‐LFD and PCR methods accurately identified 22 isolates of V. harveyi but did not detect 16 non‐harveyi Vibrio isolates, and 34 non‐Vibrio bacterial isolates. The sensitivity of LAMP‐LFD for V. harveyi detection in pure culture was 1.1 × 10² CFU mL^?1 or equivalent to 0.6 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 6 CFU per reaction. For spiked shrimp sample, the sensitivity of LAMP was 1.8 × 10³ CFU g^?1 or equivalent to 5 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 50 CFU per reaction. In conclusion, the established LAMP‐LFD methods provided a valuable tool for rapid identification of V. harveyi and can be used to distinguish V. harveyi from V. campbellii.     

IncK plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from diseased freshwater catfish in Vietnam

Eight tetracycline resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates obtained from diseased freshwater catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Vietnam, and showing different resistance phenotypes to other antimicrobial agents, were studied. The tet genes were determined using PCR. Conjugation experiments were performed to assess transferability of the tetracycline resistance determinant and the size and incompatibility group (Inc) of each tet-carrying plasmid were determined. PCR and sequencing were used for characterization of the co-transferred resistance genes. A tetA gene was demonstrated in the E. ictaluri isolates and for all of them, Escherichia coli transconjugants were obtained. All transconjugants contained high-molecular weight tetA-carrying plasmids (~ 140 kb) belonging to the incK group, as was shown with the PCR-based replicon typing method. The strA–strB, dhfr1 and sul 2 genes were detected on the tetA-carrying plasmids of the transconjugants showing resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim and sulfonamides, respectively. The dhfr1 gene was found to be located in a class 1 integron as determined by PCR and sequencing. Interestingly, the 3′ CS region of class 1 integrons was not detected by PCR. This study shows the presence of incK plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance among E. ictaluri isolates from diseased freshwater catfish in Vietnam.     

广西卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌基因分型、耐药谱型以及毒力基因检测

为了解近年来广西卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌流行菌株的基因型信息以及菌株间的差异,对2015—2016年从广西地区7个养殖场的患病卵形鲳鲹体内分离得到的17株海豚链球菌菌株分别进行了基因型分析、耐药谱测定以及毒力基因检测。采用随机扩增多态性DNA标记技术(RAPD)和基因组重复序列PCR(rep-PCR)分析其基因型。结果显示,RAPD和rep-PCR指纹图谱结果一致,17株海豚链球菌可分为2种基因型。对海豚链球菌7种主要的毒力相关基因特异PCR检测,所有菌株均为sim A+scp I+pdi+sag A+cps D+pgm A+cfi+毒力基因型,表明这2种基因型的海豚链球菌似乎均为毒力较强的菌株。采用K-B法进行了20种抗生素敏感实验分析其耐药谱,结果表明归于基因1型的菌株耐药谱为AZT,基因2型菌株则出现3种相似的耐药谱,分别为SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/PB、SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/CRO和SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/PB/RIF,证实基因型相同的菌株耐药谱型也相似,2种基因型的菌株耐药谱型差异显著,因此基因型和耐药谱型存在相关性。此结果为卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌病流行病学研究、疫苗研制以及疫病监测提供理论依据。     

Infection of Tilapia Oreochromis sp. by Vibrio vulnificus in Freshwater and Low-salinity Environments

The first isolation of Vibrio vulnificus in southern Taiwan from hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. raised in freshwater and brackish water environments is documented in this report. The infection was only found in fish in ponds where the salinity was less than 10 ppt. Tilapia raised in water of higher salinities in the same region were not affected. Grossly visible signs of infection included dark coloration, lethargy, and external hemorrhage and ulceration of the skin. The most prominent internal signs of infection included splenomegaly and severe hemorrhagic lesions in the liver. Septicemia was documented in moribund fish. All bacterial isolates from moribund fish were tested by polymerase chain reaction, using V. vulnificus hemolysin/cytolysin gene‐specific primers. Sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA gene suggest that these isolates were V. vulnificus. The isolates were indole and mannitol positive, characteristics shared by human clinical isolates and isolates from freshwater European eel, Anguilla anguilla. The isolates from tilapia were unique in that they were negative for ornithine decarboxylase and citrate.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of vibrios of human health significance in inland saline aquaculture areas

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, potential pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio isolates from 65 soil/water/fish samples collected from inland saline aquaculture areas. Depending on the sample type, presumptive Vibrio counts ranged from 2.50 to 6.16 log₁₀ CFU/ml (or/g). Among the 119 confirmed Vibrio isolates, Vibrio cholerae was found to most dominant (91.6%) and it was detected in all the samples from inland saline areas. Seven other Vibrio spp. including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were also detected. Except one O139 serotype, rest of the V. cholerae isolates were found belonging to non‐O1/non‐O139 serogroups. None of the V. cholerae isolate was found positive for ctx gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 7 commonly used antibiotics revealed highest resistance (50.4%) against ampicillin. Very high intermediate resistance (87.4%) was also observed against erythromycin. Contrary to previous studies, high susceptibility (>70%) to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and trimethoprim was observed in Vibrio isolates obtained in present study. Almost 20% of Vibrio isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotic classes with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of ≥0.28. Presence of V. cholerae isolates with very high MAR index value of 0.85 also suggested that these multidrug‐resistant environment isolates could serve as reservoir of antibiotic‐resistant genes in aquatic systems. The presence of multiple drug resistance vibrios in emerging inland saline aquaculture systems emphasizes the need for their routine monitoring for developing the risk assessment and mitigation strategies.     

Identification and Detection of the Pathogenic Bacteria Responsible for Swollen Abdomen Disease in Cultured Turbot,Scophthalmus maximus,and Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Swollen abdomen disease (SAD) seriously threatens the aquaculture of turbots and flounders. Two dominant bacterial strains, FS1 and FS2, were isolated from the livers and kidneys of fish with diagnosed SAD. Applications of biochemical analyses, sequence analyses of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and heat shock protein 60 gene revealed two distinct pathogenic bacterial species, Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio alginolyticus. These two hypothesized SAD‐causing pathogens were validated by challenge trials on flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Challenges with E. tarda and V. alginolyticus demonstrated lethal dose 50 (LD₅₀) values at 1.51 × 10⁵ colony‐forming units (CFU) and 1.05 × 10⁵ CFU, respectively. To develop a rapid SAD diagnosis method in flounders and turbots, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay method was developed to simultaneously detect E. tarda and V. alginolyticus. Our multiplex PCR assay successfully detected as low as 10⁵ CFU/mL E. tarda and V. alginolyticus in flounders and turbots. No other common fish pathogens were detected with the multiplex PCR, suggesting a high specificity of this assay. The multiplex PCR assay developed in this study showed a great reliability in detecting SAD‐causing bacterial pathogens. Further optimization of this assay may contribute to the development of a novel SAD diagnosis tool in aquaculture.     

Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in southern Thailand

Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from shrimp of five farms located in the Pattani and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand. Using a PCR method targeted to the unique DNA sequences derived from the plasmid (AP2 primers) and the toxin gene (AP3 primers) of V. parahaemolyticus that caused acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a total of 33 of 108 isolates were positive. In contrast, all 63 and 66 isolates of clinical and environmental V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, obtained previously from 2008 to 2014 from the same area were negative. This implied that these strains were likely to be the cause of the outbreak of AHPND in this area. Intestinal samples proved to be a better source for the isolation of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND than the hepatopancreas. All isolates were investigated for haemolytic activity, virulence genes, serotypes, genotypes and antibiotic susceptibility. All the AHPND isolates had a unique O antigen, but small variations of the K antigens were detected from different farms. In addition, the DNA profiles of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND isolates were similar, but distinct from those clinical and environmental isolates. It is postulated that the causative agent of AHPND might have originated from one clone and then slightly different serotypes subsequently developed.     

Evaluation of three phytoplankton species as food for the pearl oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada fucata</Emphasis>

In the pearl cultivation farms of the Ehime Prefecture, Japan, mass mortalities of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata have occurred since 1994. The occurrences of mass mortality roughly coincided with a shift of the dominant phytoplankton from Skeletonema and Chaetoceros to Chaetoceros and Nitzschia all of which belong to Bacillariophyceae. Hence, we evaluated Nitzschia, together with Chaetoceros and Isocrysis, as food for the oyster. Wet weights, lengths, widths, glycogen contents, and growth rates in terms of wet weight of the oysters in all the feeding treatments were significantly higher than those in the non-feeding treatment. The highest glycogen content (2.34%) and growth rate (2.21 g month⁻¹) were found in the Chaetoceros treatment. Growth rate in the Isocrysis treatment (1.63 g month⁻¹) was also high, although glycogen content in this treatment (0.41%) was low. In the Nitzschia treatment, growth rate of the oyster (0.94 g month⁻¹) was the lowest and glycogen content (0.83%) was also low relative to that in the Chaetoceros treatment. Chlorophyll a concentration in fecal pellets was lowest in the Nitzschia treatment (<2.7 μg mg⁻¹), suggesting more complete digestion of Nitzschia by the oyster. Thus, Nitzschia was edible and digestible but not assimilated by P. fucata. We propose the following scenario for the relationship between Nitzschia dominance and mass mortality. When Nitzschia dominates in a culture area, the physiological condition of P. fucata deteriorates due to low assimilation of Nitzschia by the oyster, followed by susceptibility of the oyster to infection by agents lethal to the oyster.