鹿结核病诊断与免疫方法的研究

从５１头临床病鹿中分离出３９株分枝杆菌（Ｍｙｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ），其中牛分枝杆菌（Ｍ．ｂｏｖｉｓ）与鸟－胞内分枝杆菌（Ｍ，ａｖｉｕｍ－ｉｎｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｅ）的分离率最高，分别为２５．０％和２０．５％。建立了以牛型ＰＰＤ为抗原的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ和变态反应ＯＴ点眼法两种诊断方法。两种诊断方法比较，结果有交叉，总符合率为８７．３８％。鹿对ＢＣＧ皮下接种有良好的免疫应答，最佳免疫程序为：仔鹿出生２４ｈ内第１次皮下免疫接种冻干ＢＣＧ０．７５ｍｇ；第２次免疫接种为１２月龄，方法同前；第３次免疫接种为２４月龄，方法同前。应用此免疫程序在５个结核污染场的３８０８头阴性鹿免疫试验证明，对仔鹿保护率为９９．７％，成鹿保护率为９９．９％。     

从牛尿分离钩端螺旋体的研究

从４７８份现场牛尿样中分离钩端螺旋体，结果表明，稀释法接种优于过滤后接种。第１、２、３稀释管污染率分别为４１．１％、２４．４％和１７．４％；培养阳性率分别为１．２％。３．３％和０％。可见第２管结果最佳。来自江西、湖南和浙江的４７８份牛尿样中分离出１５株钩端螺旋体，阳性率为３．１％。其中江西上高县牛尿培养阳率最高，达６．２％。１３株钩体鉴定了血清群。５Ｊｃ００４，５Ｊｃ０９８，５Ｊｃ１４８，５Ｊｃ１     

从亚临床症状奶牛的乳中分离副结核分枝杆菌

从亚临床症状奶牛的乳中分离副结核分枝杆菌宁定桥摘译１摘要在一个受副结核分支杆菌感染的牛群中，对１２６头临床正常的奶牛的初乳、常乳和粪便进行分枝杆菌培养。在３６头（２８．６％）奶牛的粪便中检测到排泄的分枝杆菌。这３６头粪样培养阳性中，８头（２２．２％）...     

陕西省鸡致病性大肠杆菌的分离及血清型鉴定和药敏试验

从陕西几个主要养鸡地区送检的２８０只病、死鸡中分离出１３２株大肠杆菌，平均分离率为４７．１％。以小鸡致病力试验筛选出６０株具有致病力的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ，占分离菌的４５．５％（６０／１３２）。     

猪抗酸菌病

1904年Webef和Bofinger首次从猪分离出分枝杆菌。此后,世界各国先后从猪淋巴结的结核样病变中分离出多种抗酸性分枝杆菌。因它可引起猪慢性传染病,故称为猪抗酸菌病,也叫猪分枚杆菌病。近年来,据国外报道,由人、牛结核菌所引起的猪结核病在逐渐减少,而由非典型分枝杆菌所引起的猪抗酸菌病则明显地增加。     

对秸秆饲料微贮技术的探讨

通过探索，对秸秆饲料微贮技术加以改进，秸秆微贮饲料的利用率有较大提高，秸秆微贮料表层霉变从７２．２％－９９％降低到２．７％，表层微贮料牛的喜吃率从０提高到９４．６％，腐烂率从１３％－２１．２％降低到０；开池后３天微贮料霉变率为９３．６％－９６．２％降低开池后５天的２．２％，开池后２０天腐烂率由７０．２％－７６．９％降低到２５天后的１．６％。     

鸡大肠杆菌病病原分离与鉴定

通过在甘肃及西北部分地区进行鸡大肠杆菌病流行病学调查,采集病料１２０份,分出大肠杆菌１０５株,分离率为８５％。对２６株大肠杆菌进行了血清型鉴定出血清型１０个,其中血清型Ｏ７８、Ｏ１、Ｏ２、Ｏ１１４占受检菌株的７６．９２％。     

牛非结核分枝杆菌分离与鉴定

本试验对从吉林省不同区域的7个城市采集的503份牛颌下淋巴结样品和497份牛肠系膜淋巴结样品进行非结核分枝杆菌的流行情况的调查,样品均采自结核(副结核)变态反应阴性牛只,调查中得到阳性样品25份,阳性率2.5%,其中颌下淋巴结阳性率1.59%,肠系膜淋巴结阳性率3.42%,成功分离扩增培养出14株非结核分枝杆菌,并进行了分类鉴别,得到母牛分枝杆菌1株,龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种2株,苏加分枝杆菌2株,偶发分枝杆菌1株,蟾蜍分枝杆菌6株,胞内分枝杆菌2株.调查结果表明:非结核分枝杆菌单独感染的情况不容乐观,应加强对非结核分枝杆菌的检验检疫工作.     

某规模化奶牛场牛肺外结核的病理学诊断

验证牛结核菌素阳性反应牛的结核病变及其病变的组织分布及病变特征,追踪感染源及传播途径,为奶牛场结核检疫净化提供技术支持。在新疆某规模化奶牛场应用牛结核菌素皮内变态反应(SIT)、IFN-γ试验、PPD点眼反应、ELISA抗体检测4种方法联合检疫,综合判定感染牛23头,全部扑杀并进行系统剖检,采集病料,进行病理组织学和细菌学诊断。剖检结果表明,23头牛中14头牛在肝、脾、淋巴结等肺外组织器官发现眼观结核病变而未见肺脏结核病变,仅有2头发现肺脏及肺门淋巴结病变,7头牛在全身组织器官未能发现眼观结核病变;病理组织学检查结果表明,剖检的23头牛均呈现早、中、后期典型结核结节病变,11头牛的病料分离培养到牛分枝杆菌。该奶牛场结核主要表现为肺外结核,经典肺结核较少,这可能是该奶牛场在以往扑杀的阳性牛中很少发现肺脏结核病变的原因。     

辽宁省鸡大肠杆菌病病原分离与鉴定

从辽宁省１３个市收集的４１４份鸡大肠杆菌病料中，分离出３７０株大肠埃希氏菌，并对其进行了生化试验，致病性试验及血清型的鉴定。在已定型的３０６株中，Ｏ７８型有１２９株，占定型菌株的４２％、Ｏ１型有９６株占３１％，Ｏ２型有３０株，占９．８％，Ｏ５５型有１８株，占５．９％。定型的其它血清型还有Ｏ３５，Ｏ１３８，Ｏ８８，Ｏ６８，Ｏ５，Ｏ１４１，Ｏ８６，Ｏ９９，Ｏ７，Ｏ８，Ｏ７４，Ｏ１１４，Ｏ１６０。未定型     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.