花生mtACP3基因的克隆与表达分析

旨在探究酰基载体蛋白在植物脂肪酸合成途径中的作用机制,本研究采用传统PCR方法从花生中克隆得到了一个线粒体型基因,命名为AhmtACP3。并采用荧光定量PCR技术分析了基因的表达特性。该基因全长为859 bp,开放阅读框ORF为390 bp,开放阅读框对应的基因组序列为543 bp,由2个外显子和1个内含子组成,该基因编码129个氨基酸,理论分子量为14.5345 k D,理论等电点为5.22,可能定位于线粒体上。系统发育分析表明,花生线粒体型ACP蛋白分成2个分支:AhmtACP1和AhmtACP2有较近的亲缘关系,与AhmtACP3亲缘关系较远。荧光定量PCR结果显示,AhmtACP3基因在花中的表达量明显高于其他组织,其次是子叶和根。AhmtACP3基因在种子发育过程中的表达量呈现下降趋势。     

柚FIE同源基因的克隆及表达分析

FIE基因在受精前抑制胚乳发育并在受精后通过特异位点阻碍胚发育相关基因的转录。在拟南芥中,FIE突变最终导致种子败育。本研究从马家柚中克隆到1个FIE同源基因,开放阅读框(ORF)长为1 110 bp,编码369个氨基酸,命名为CmFIE (GenBank:IDMG680456),包含一个保守的WD40 motif结构域。推测其蛋白分子质量为41.443 3 k D,等电点为6.02,属于不稳定亲水性蛋白,并以折叠结构和环状结构为主。系统进化树分析表明,与甜橙(Citrus sinensis) CsFIE亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析显示,CmFIE基因在马家柚种子和幼苗根、茎、叶中均有表达,但在种子中的表达量相对更高。CmFIE在正常种子中的发育过程持续表达,并在授粉后4～7周(胚乳细胞化之前和开始时)表达量下降,另外胚乳退化型败育种子中CmFIE表达水平被发现从授粉2周后开始一直高于正常种子。结果表明CmFIE对种子发育起到重要的调控作用,这与模式植物拟南芥FIE基因的功能一致。通过探究柚FIE基因生物信息学特性及在种子中的表达情况,可以为FIE基因在种子发育过程中的功能研究提供理论基础。     

半定量RT-PCR方法检测FADX基因在油桐种子发育过程中的表达

桐酸合成酶基因FADX是油桐(Vernicia fordii)桐酸合成的关键基因,专一地表达于油桐正在发育的种子中。为研究其在油桐种子发育过程中的表达特点,筛选出甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因GAPDH为内参基因,并以此检测FADX在油桐种仁中的表达。结果表明FADX在油桐果实发育早期处于低表达状态,至果实发育中期开始大量表达,这与油桐桐酸含量在果实发育过程中的变化规律是一致的,从一个方面证明FADX与油桐的油脂合成紧密相关,有助于油桐油脂合成与调控的研究。     

不同关键酶基因在油菜种子发育进程中的表达

不同关键酶基因在甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中对油脂积累的影响重大。为此,本实验选取3个不同含油量的甘蓝型油菜作为模型。研究BnACC1、BnDGAT1和BnPDAT1基因在甘蓝型油菜种子发育时期的表达模式。结果表明:BnACC1在这三种甘蓝型油菜种子中的基因表达模式基本一致,在低含油量油菜的种子发育前期和高含油量油菜的种子成熟期相对表达量高,说明在油脂积累旺盛期该基因的高表达可提高含油量;而BnDGAT1和BnPDAT1在这三种甘蓝型油菜表达模式存在差异。其中,BnDGAT1基因在高含油量油菜中的相对表达量高于低含油量油菜。这说明BnDGAT1基因对油脂积累有一定的促进作用。BnPDAT1基因的相对表达量与甘蓝型油菜含油量密切相关。本研究可以为提高油菜含油量的相关分子机制提供了科学依据。     

蓖麻RcWRI1基因表达分析及生物信息学分析

WRINKLED1(WRI1)是成熟拟南芥种子中油脂积累的重要调节蛋白,是植物特异转录因子家族(AP2/EREBP)的一个成员,其靶基因主要参与脂肪酸合成和糖酵解,因而在植物脂肪酸合成和积累中起着重要的作用。通过半定量分析了蓖麻中与拟南芥WRI1同源的RcWRI1、RcWRI3和RcAIL5基因在叶片及种子不同发育时期的表达量。结果显示在叶片中RcWRI1和RcAIL5基因有少量表达,RcWRI3无表达;在种子发育过程中,RcWRI3基因仅在种子发育前期表达,RcWRI1和RcAIL5基因在发育过程中表达量先增大后减小,其中RcWRI1的表达量较高。并进一步对RcWRI1、RcWRI3、RcAIL5进行生物信息学分析。     

植物种子发育相关NAC家族转录因子研究进展

种子的发育和营养物质积累过程依赖于大量基因的表达和调控,研究这些基因的表达调控规律有助于了解种子发育过程中各种营养物质积累的分子机制.植物特有的NAC转录因子参与种子发育过程的调控,本文综述了NAC家族转录因子的系统发育关系,并对在种子发育过程中起调控作用的NAC家族转录因子的研究进行了总结归纳.     

哈克尼西棉细胞质陆地棉雄性不育系orf160的克隆及遗传转化

以哈克尼西棉细胞质陆地棉雄性不育系及其保持系、恢复系为材料,克隆并测序线粒体功能基因的侧翼序列。通过生物信息学分析,在atp4下游发现一个哈克尼西棉细胞质不育系特有的orf160。orf160全长480 bp,N端与atp6序列部分同源,C端序列与核序列部分同源;编码的159个氨基酸序列,与膜蛋白、细胞周期蛋白具有部分同源性。以含有线粒体导肽的GFP瞬时表达载体转化后,在洋葱表皮的细胞膜上观察到绿色荧光,表明线粒体定向载体正常表达。构建酵母和植物表达载体,分别转化酵母、烟草和拟南芥;同对照相比,转基因酵母菌斑畸形且生长缓慢;转基因拟南芥和烟草种子大部分畸形,T₁和T₂代植株的结实率和种子发芽率降低,花粉着色比野生型浅。结果表明,orf160基因的表达影响受体正常发育。     

GmSbh1在大豆种子发育、响应高温高湿和激素诱导中的表达分析

GmSbh1(L13663)是大豆中被克隆的第一个同源异型盒(homeobox,HB)基因。该类基因在调控植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫和激素诱导等方面发挥重要作用。本研究采用q RT-PCR技术,分析GmSbh1基因在大豆不同组织器官、叶片与种子发育、种子萌发以及响应高温高湿胁迫和激素诱导中的表达模式。结果表明,GmSbh1基因在大豆种子中的表达量高于幼苗,子叶和胚中的表达高于种皮,幼苗下胚轴、真叶和根中的表达量很低。大豆种子发育成熟过程中GmSbh1表达量逐渐上升,生理成熟期(R7期)表达量显著增加,完熟期(R8期)表达量最高;种子萌发过程中GmSbh1表达量呈先升后降趋势,吸胀24~48 h表达量上升,随后下降;随着大豆叶片的发育和衰老,GmSbh1表达呈先升后降趋势,功能叶期表达量最高。高温高湿胁迫后大豆种子中的GmSbh1表达量上升,胁迫48 h后上升的幅度显著增大;与对照相比,不抗田间劣变品种宁镇1号显著上调表达,抗性品种湘豆3号下调表达。100μmol/L ABA、100μmol/L Me JA、100μmol/L GA3和20μmol/L IAA处理宁镇1号1 h后,GmSbh1的表达量显著升高,随着处里时间的延长,表达量降低;同样浓度的几种激素处里湘豆3号后,GmSbh1表达变化的规律不明显。以上结果表明,GmSbh1基因可能参与大豆种子与叶片的发育,响应高温高湿胁迫和激素诱导。     

甘蓝型油菜种子发育灌浆后期的转录组分析

油菜种子发育是产量和品质形成的关键发育阶段,包含了复杂的发育过程和调控网络,有效地解析种子发育的转录调控机制具有重要的意义。以甘蓝型春油菜品种青杂5号为研究材料,利用RNA-seq技术对种子发育的后期(30-DAF,40-DAF)2个发育时间进行转录组测序,筛选差异基因,并利用GO数据库和KEGG数据库注释差异基因功能和可能参与的调控途径。结果表明,从油菜种子灌浆后期的2个时间点的转录组中分别检测到70 850和65 193个表达基因,筛选得到2 654个差异表达基因,其中1 941个基因下调表达,713个基因上调表达,29个基因表达差异倍数|log2Ratio|≥10。GO基因功能分析显示,生物学途径中富集最显著的条目是染色质组装相关的等生物学过程,分子功能方面富集最显著的条目依次是蛋白质代谢、营养库活性等功能类别,而在细胞组件方面富集最显著的条目是染色体相关的等细胞组件。Pathway显著性富集分析显示注释基因最多的途径是次生代谢途径,其次是淀粉、蔗糖代谢途径、苯丙素生物合成途径中的、碳代谢途径和氨基酸生物合成途径。甘蓝型油菜种子发育后期的转录组分析表明,种子发育30-DAF时期次生代谢物、脂质代谢等表达活跃,40-DAF时期逐渐转变为蛋白质、氨基酸生物合成、光合碳代谢、碳代谢等表达活跃,提示油菜种子灌浆后期仍处于复杂的物质与能量代谢调控过程。     

红果醋栗RrFAD2基因的克隆与表达分析

本研究克隆到红果醋栗(Ribes rubrum L.)脂肪酸脱氢酶2(co-3 fatty acid desaturase,FAD2)基因cDNA全长序列,命名为RrFAD2,GenBank登录号为MT795718。RrFAD2全长1470 bp,开放阅读框序列全长1152bp,编码383个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,RrFAD2蛋白具有6个跨膜结构域,分子量为43.92 kD,等电点为8.93。利用荧光定量PCR分析RrFAD2基因在红果醋栗不同组织和种子发育中的表达。结果表明该基因在根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子中都表达,在种子中表达量最高,花和根中最低,具有组织特异性。在种子发育过程中,RrFAD2基因的表达先上升后下降,而种子成熟的晚期(花后80 d左右)表达量达到最高。该研究为解析红果醋栗RrFAD2基因功能和研究醋栗不饱和脂肪酸合成提供理论参考。     

哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育相关线粒体基因多态性分析

【目的】研究棉花细胞质雄性不育的相关线粒体基因。【方法】利用线粒体基因atp A、atp6、atp9、cob、coxⅠ、coxⅡ、coxⅢ、nad3、nad6、nad9探针,对哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系S、保持系F、杂种一代H进行限制性片段长度多态性分析。【结果】atp A、coxⅢ、nad3、nad6在3个材料间具有多态性。atp A、nad6基因探针与所有酶的杂交结果均显示出多态性,且在不育系与杂种一代中表现一致,而在保持系中差异明显。atp A/Eco RⅠ在3个材料中的杂交结果均显示2条带,其中1条2.2 kb的杂交带在3个材料中相同,另一条在不育系和杂种一代中大小为3.2 kb,而在保持系中为4.8 kb;atp A/PstⅠ杂交结果中,在不育系和杂种一代中的条带大小为17.0kb,而在保持系中为10.2 kb。nad6探针与4个酶的杂交结果均为不育系和杂种一代比保持系多1~2条杂交带。coxⅢ/Eco RⅠ在3个材料中均有1条2.5 kb的杂交带,但在保持系与杂种一代中比不育系多1条1.7 kb的弱带。nad3/Bam HⅠ的杂交结果在不育系与保持系中表现一致,而在杂种一代中缺少1条9.5 kb的杂交带。【结论】推测atp A、nad6基因参与调控不育系的形成,而coxⅢ、nad3可能受到恢复系核基因的调控,在不育系育性恢复过程中发挥较为重要的作用。     

Molecular characterization of cytoplasmic male sterility conditioned by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium harknessii</Emphasis> cytoplasm (CMS-D2) in upland cotton

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that fails to produce functional pollen grains. The CMS system is widely employed to facilitate the utilization of heterosis in major crops. However, little is known about the CMS associated genes in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The objective of this study was to compare CMS cotton (CMS-D2) with the cytoplasm from G. harknessii and its isogenic maintainer line with the normal fertile Upland cotton cytoplasm to identify CMS-D2 specific gene(s) and to develop CMS-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. Based on Southern blot analysis using 10 mitochondrial gene-specific probes (cob, cox2, atp6, atp9, nad3, cox3, atpA, cox1, nad6 and nad9), three probes (cox3, atpA, and nad6) revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) between the CMS-D2 and its isogenic maintainer line. RT-PCR confirmed that the three genes were differentially expressed between the two lines. These results indicated that there existed structural and expression variations in the three genes when the mitochondrial D2 genome was transferred into Upland cotton. Genome walking and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were further performed to analyze the sequences of these genes and their flanking regions. For cox3 and nad6, there was only one different nucleotide each in the gene regions between the two lines. Also some nucleotides upstream of the ATG codon were different. For atpA, the sequences downstream the atpA were significantly different between the two cytoplasmic lines. Furthermore, two nucleotides at the -4 and -5 position from ATG codon were also changed between the two cytoplasms (i.e., CG→AA), and this mutation also exists in RNA sequences. Interestingly, nine nucleotides (ATGCAACTA) were also inserted at the location of 899 bp upstream of ATG codon in the CMS line. The results suggest that the abnormal sequence and expression of atpA gene is associated with CMS expression in Upland cotton. According to the significant different sequences downstream the atpA gene, a CMS-D2 specific SCAR marker was developed. The CMS-specific PCR bands were verified for 10 cultivars containing either normal- or CMS-D2cytoplasm. This will allow quick and reliable identification of the cytoplasmic types of individual plants at the seedling stage, and assessment of the purity of F₁ seed lots.     

Development of two new molecular markers specific to cytoplasmic male sterility in tuber mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tumida</Emphasis> Tsen et Lee)

A novel and stable cytoplasmic male sterility CMS line of tuber mustard has been bred by subsequent backcrosses for 10 years. Two specific markers atpA and orf220 were cloned and partially characterized in our previous study (Zhang et al. 2003). In this study, two new molecular markers, orf256 and orf305/orf324, have been isolated and identified. The orf256 gene size was found to be 825 bp in CMS line and a 1,357 bp in its maintainer line. Sequence analysis indicated that the orf256 gene was an entire coding sequence and downstream of the cox1 gene. Interestingly, the 906 bp fragment, which contains part of the sequence of orf222, nad5 and orf139 genes, was found to be inserted from the 451st bp of 5′-flank of the 1,357 bp fragment. In the same way, the orf324 gene was isolated from CMS line and orf305 gene from its maintainer line. Both of them are entire coding sequences, upstream from nad3 and rps12 gene, and co-transcribed with the nad3 and rps12 genes. In addition, two molecular markers, orf256 and orf324/orf305, have been successfully converted into the SCAR markers. Subsequently, ORF256, ORF324, ORF305 protein and ORF256-M-431 fragment are predicated to contain signal peptide sequences, and ORF220 was predicated to contain signal anchor sequence. RFLP analysis results revealed that all of the molecular markers exhibited polymorphisms. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression level of these genes in CMS line is higher than that of the maintainer line. In the mass, all of these genes are expressed lower in the leaf than that of floral organs between the CMS line and its maintainer line. The difference in expression pattern of different mitochondrial specific marker genes suggests that the abundance of mitochondrial proteins is differentially regulated in the organ/tissue development in tuber mustard. Results of this study also provide some novel and useful clues to explore the biological function of these specific marker genes in the tuber mustard.     

瓣化型胡萝卜胞质雄性不育相关片段的分离及序列分析

以128对引物组合对瓣化型胡萝卜胞质雄性不育系和保持系进行cDNA-AFLP分析，筛选与不育性相关的特异片段，对其中两个表达丰度较高的cDNA差异片段进行克隆测序。序列分析表明BY1949与拟南芥质子依赖性的类肽转运蛋白在核苷酸水平有87%的同源性，蛋白质水平有58%的同源性。BY2562与瓣化型胞质雄性不育（CMS）胡萝卜线粒体ATP8、ATP9、NAD6和cob-sp基因在核苷酸水平有99%的同源性，期望值为0.0；在蛋白质水平与CMS向日葵线粒体ORFB基因，COXIII 5'端未知蛋白YMF19以及CMS胡萝卜ATP-8，orfB-F1有97%的同源性；另外与胡萝卜orfB-CMS、orfB-F2、烟草orfB、油菜orf224、拟南芥线粒体orfB、萝卜orf158以及芥菜线粒体膜蛋白、甘蓝型油菜orf474也有90%以上的同源性。     

Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals cytoplasmic variation within a single cultivar of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Summary The extent of mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms among individual plant samples of perennial ryegrass was determined. A total of 72 plants from three cultivars Yorktown II, S23 and Riikka were surveyed using three restriction enzymes (BamHI,EcoRI andHindIII) and three mitochondrial gene probes (coxI, coxIII andnad9). Polymorphisms were noted within each of the two cultivars Yorktown II and S23, whereas in Riikka no variation was detected. It seems most likely that the mitochondrial genome diversity within the same cultivar has resulted from non-homogeneous ancestor cytoplasms. The hybridization-based assay employed is simple to perform, gives unambiguous results, and may thus be used in mass screening of perennial ryegrass populations for breeding purpose.     

PCR-based markers to differentiate the mitochondrial genomes of petaloid and male fertile carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is essential for the development of highly adapted and uniform hybrid varieties of carrot and other crops. The most widely used type of CMS in carrot is petaloidy, in which the stamens are replaced by petals or bract-like structures. We have developed a series of mitochondria-specific PCR markers to distinguish cytoplasms inducing petaloidy (Sp) and male-fertility (N). The markers target the atp1,atp6, atp9, orfB (atp8), nad6 and cob loci from the mitochondrial genomes of a diverse collection of male fertile and petaloid carrots. We report 14 primer pairs that amplify marker fragments from either Sp or N cytoplasms and three primer pairs that amplify fragments with length polymorphism. The amplification products span sites of insertions, deletions or recombinations adjacent to or within the coding regions of the targeted genes. The markers reported here are useful tools to identify the type of cytoplasm in cultivated carrot and to evaluate variation in the mitochondrial genomes within the genus Daucus. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multiple changes in tobacco mitochondrial DNA populations during tissue culture

Changes in the composition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in tobacco during the processes of long-term tissue culture and regeneration were detected by DNA gel blot analyses using several mtDNA fragments as probes. The changes in mtDNA were identified by differential accumulations of mtDNA fragments in cultured cells that were hybridized with probes atp6, cob, and nad3-rpsl2. The changes detected by each probe did not appear to be linked, since they were different with each probe and in different subcultures of calli. Based on the current results and previous detailed analyses of the changes detected by atp6, a possible model that explains the alterations in mtDNA during tissue culture is presented. In this model, the changes are attributed to multiple shifts in the equilibrium that was maintained between different subgenomic mtDNA molecules.     

胡萝卜atp8基因的克隆表达及细胞质雄性不育的相关性研究

摘 要：线粒体基因重组而形成的异常开放阅读框的表达导致了植物的细胞质雄性不育现象,在这种现象的研究中具有重要的意义。本研究分离克隆了胡萝卜细胞质雄性不育相关的线粒体基因片段,并利用半定量RT-PCR和Real-time PCR技术研究了该基因在不育系和相应保持系中的表达情况。结果表明,与不育系相比,胡萝卜保持系atp8基因序列在30 bp-170 bp之间核苷酸突变很多,且在154 bp-162 bp发生了缺失。Blast分析发现保持系atp8基因与胡萝卜nad6基因的同源性高达100%。表达分析表明,atp8基因在不育系花蕾的前五个时期表达量都明显低于相应的保持系,而在盛花期的表达量与保持系趋于一致。推测atp8基因的异常表达与胡萝卜细胞质雄性不育有着密切关系。     

苎麻雄性不育相关atp6和atp9基因RNA干扰载体的构建

植物线粒体基因缺陷是细胞质雄性不育的主要原因。为了获得苎麻atp6和atp9基因RNA干扰(RNAi)表达载体,根据已报道的苎麻atp6和atp9基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR克隆了atp6和atp9基因的部分cDNA片段,将目的基因正反向片段连接入RNAi载体pHANNIBAL,再将其表达框连入表达载体pCAMBIA 1300。结果表明,所克隆的cDNA片段经序列比对后确认为目的基因片段,经酶切和测序验证确认完成了atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体pCAM-6SR和pCAM-9SR的构建。atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体是验证苎麻雄性不育的基础,也为苎麻遗传工程改良奠定了技术基础。     

旱稻OsEXP3与OsEXP5基因的mRNA表达差异分析

OsEXP3基因和OsEXP5基因是GenBank上登录的从水稻中克隆的扩张蛋白基因。本研究根据其报道的mRNA序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术从4种旱稻根系中克隆了这2个基因的部分编码框序列,证明OsEXP3与OsEXP5基因在旱稻的根系中表达;通过Northern-blot技术对该表达特性进行了研究。结果表明,OsEXP3与OsEXP5基因在旱稻IRAT109根中的表达受到生长发育阶段的调控;受到激素ABA、干旱胁迫的正调控;且受干旱胁迫诱导表达的生长阶段不同。以上实验结果推测在干旱胁迫条件下很可能OsEXP3与OsEXP5基因在不同的生长阶段发挥各自的主要生理功能。