Origin of enzootic intranasal tumor in the goat (Capra hircus): a glycohistochemical approach

Enzootic intranasal tumor (EIT) appears glandular in type and has recently been classified as an adenocarcinoma of low malignancy. The aim of this study was to characterize the secretion of surface glycoconjugates (GCs) in EIT and in normal respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the goat by means of conventional and lectin histochemistry, in order to shed light on the histogenesis of EIT. Morphologic and ultrastructural investigations showed two growth types of EIT: i.e., tubular and papillary patterns. Conventional histochemistry revealed the presence of neutral and carboxylated GCs in the olfactory glands and in the tubular part of EIT, as well neutral and sulphated GCs in the respiratory glands and in the papillary part of EIT, suggesting that the papillary pattern tumor arises from the respiratory glands, whereas the tubular portion of EIT arises from the olfactory glands. Lectin histochemistry gave further information on the expressed GCs.     

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep in Slovenia

SUMMARY Clinicopathological and electron microscopical findings of eight cases of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep, diagnosed solely in one big flock in Slovenia between years 2001 and 2003 are described. All affected sheep were female, their mean age was 4.5 +/- 1.5 years and they either belonged to the Istrian pramenka breed (five sheep) or were crossbreeds (three sheep). Tumours that arose from the ethmoid area of the nasal cavity were unilateral in six cases (75%) and bilateral in two cases (25%). All tumours were classified as adenocarcinomas by histopathological examination and they displayed either a combination of tubular and papillary growth or less often solely tubular proliferation. No metastases were detected in regional lymph nodes, brain or other organs. Electron microscopical studies performed on the reprocessed paraffin-embedded tissues revealed the presence of the virus-like particles with an average diameter between 70 and 90 nm.     

Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosal nerve fibers of horses without nasal disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosa of horses. ANIMALS: 6 horses without evidence of nasal disease. PROCEDURE: Full-thickness nasal tissue specimens were obtained from the rostral portion of the nasal septum at necropsy, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to assess mucosal distribution of nerve fibers. RESULTS: Nerve fibers with CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-Li) formed a dense subepithelial network, and a large number of fibers were found coursing between epithelial cells. Fibers with CGRP-Li were also associated with blood vessels and mucous glands. Fibers with SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-Li) had a similar distribution and density. In contrast, there were few fibers with VIP-like immunoreactivity. Fibers containing intermediate neurofilaments were prominent and appeared as large nerve fiber bundles mainly adjacent to the nasal septum but also close to mucous glands and within the lamina propria. Intermediate neurofilaments were also identified in single nerve fibers at all sites, but the density of fibers with intermediate neurofilaments did not match that of fibers with CGRP- or SP-Li. CONCLUSIONS: The density and distribution of nerve fibers containing SP- or CGRP-Li in nasal mucosa of horses was similar to that reported for other species. However, expression of VIP in nerve fibers was low. Antibodies against intermediate neurofilaments identified many nerve fibers in nasal mucosa of horses but did not appear to identify small diameter fibers expressing SP or VIP.     

Naturally occurring nasal obstructions in 11 sheep

Eleven adult sheep of various breeds were examined due to inspiratory dyspnea. Fiberoptic examinations conducted in 8 of the sheep revealed masses to be obstructing the nasal passages. Identification of the masses through histopathologic examination showed 7 to be adenocarcinomas, 1 a papillary adenoma, and 4 were cases of glandular hyperplasia with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration (nasal polyps). One ewe had both an adenocarcinoma and a polyp. Surgical removal of the masses was attempted on 6 of the sheep. Four of the 6 surgically-treated sheep have survived between 2 mo. - 2 years without recurrence of the obstruction.     

Detection of enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) in a sheep flock in southern Brazil

Enzootic nasal tumor (ENT) is a contagious neoplasm associated with enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), which may induce disease in sheep (ENTV-1) and goats (ENTV-2). This study aimed to describe the occurrence of ENT in two Texel sheep (Ovis aries) from a 75-sheep flock, located in the city of Gravataí, southern Brazil. Animals used to be purchased from different origins, and no specific tests for disease monitoring or quarantine procedure were performed. Affected animals presented respiratory distress, anorexia with severe weight loss, and mucopurulent unilateral nasal discharge. Necropsy was performed in both animals and nasal cavity masses were observed. Histopathological analysis demonstrated an epithelial neoplasm compatible with nasal adenocarcinoma. PCR using a protocol that amplifies a 591 bp sequence of 5’LTR-gag region of ENTV1 was performed followed by DNA sequencing. Both samples were positive, and the sequences obtained presented highest identity (97%) with ENTV strain TN28 (GenBank accession number MH899613) detected in a Texel sheep from Scotland. This is the first report of ENTV-1 leading to enzootic nasal tumor in sheep in Latin America, which confirms the presence of the retrovirus in sheep flocks in the Brazilian territory.

     

Rabies virus in the salivary glands and nasal mucosa of naturally infected skunks.

Several salivary glands and the nasal mucosa of rabid skunks (Mephitis mephitis) contained rabies virus. Generally titers were high in the submandibular, moderate in the parotid and low to moderate in the zygomatic, molar and sublingual salivary glands. The nasal mucosa (glands and epithelium) contained virus at low to moderate titers that occasionally were equal to titers in brain.     

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in a dairy sheep flock

In a herd of dairy sheep several losses occurred due to a respiratory syndrome in combination with progressive wasting. Clinical and pathomorphological diagnostics of 3 sheep revealed the presence of cancerous masses in the nasal cavities. These neoplasms were identified as adenocarcinomas originating from the nasal mucosa. Etiologically, they were attributed to JRSV (Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus) by detection of capsid protein 24 in western blot. The significance of the disease in Switzerland is discussed, also in the context of lung adenomatosis.     

Carbohydrate histochemistry of the alimentary canal of the shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa L

Histochemical staining techniques, which differentiate the main categories of carbohydrates, were applied to sections from different segments of the alimentary canal of the shi drum Umbrina cirrosa L. to study patterns of distribution of epithelial glycoconjugates. In the oesophagus, mucous cells contained sulphomucins, together with a small amount of sialomucins. Stomach epithelial cells secreted neutral and acidic glycoconjugates, while gastric glands only produced small quantities of sialomucins. Goblet cells showed the presence of sialo and sulphomucins in the pyloric caeca, whereas intestinal mucous cells secreted sulphated glycoconjugates. This work serves as a baseline for further studies on carbohydrate composition of the mucosa of the shi drum digestive system.     

Sequential observation of 2,6-dimethylaniline-induced nasal lesions in a rat two-stage nasal carcinogenesis model after initiation with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine

Male F344 rats received diet containing 3,000 ppm 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA) after initiation with a single subcutaneous injection of 2,400 mg/kg of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), and histological and electron microscopic examinations of the nasal cavity were performed at 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks to examine sequential changes induced by DMA. Severe atrophy of Bowman's glands and epithelial disarrangement were apparent from week 4, followed by dilatation and/or proliferation of Bowman's glands, degeneration of epithelial cells, and proliferation of undifferentiated epithelial cells from week 13. Focal glandular hyperplasias, dysplastic foci, and adenomas were observed from week 26, and carcinomas at 52 week. These nasal lesions were mostly evident in the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity, and their severity and/or incidences, other than atrophy of Bowman's glands, increased with the treatment period. Electron microscopically, carcinoma cells demonstrated desmosomes, dense secretory granules identical to those in normal Bowman's glands, a basement membrane, and microvilli. These results suggest that Bowman's glands are the target of DMA, giving rise to nasal carcinomas after DHPN-initiation.     

Lectin Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in Horse Salivary Glands

The glycoconjugate content of major horse salivary glands was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. Qualitative differences were observed in the terminal sugar residues of secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates linked to the apical surface of excretory duct epithelial cells. Mucous acinar cells in mandibular and sublingual glands contained oligosaccharides with D-galactose, α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues, whereas mandibular, sublingual and parotid serous cells contained only oligosaccharides with terminal α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. The apical portion of striated and interlobular duct lining cells of mandibular and sublingual glands stained for α- and β-N-acetylgalactosamine and for N-acetylglucosamine. In parotid gland the cytoplasm of intercalated duct cells and the apical surface of striated duct epithelial cells stained for α-N-acetylgalactosamine.     

The relationship between nasal myiasis and the prevalence of enzootic nasal tumours and the effects of treatment of Oestrus ovis and milk production in dairy ewes of Roquefort cheese area

Infection by Oestrus ovis is common in Lacaune dairy ewes of Roquefort cheese area (Aveyron, France). It is believed by local breeders that there is a close relationship between nasal myiasis and the incidence of enzootic nasal tumour. In order to check these anecdotal reports, a serological survey was done on 658 breeding ewes before turn-out and 897 breeding and primiparous (hoggets) ewes at the end of the grazing season. By the time of sampling, it was clear whether the sheep were infected at the end of the winter or had been re-infected over summer.In April and September, 40.7 and 26.3%, respectively, were free of O. ovis infection, indicating that the autumn treatment was not completely effective and that O. ovis adult flies were circulating during the summer in many flocks. There were no differences in the incidence of adenocarcinoma between the groups indicating that there is no relationship between O. ovis infection and the presence of the cancer.Differences in milk production between the three groups were not statistically significant (Anova test P>0.05). In flocks where 1-5% of the ewes were infected or in non-infected flocks, ewes produced 3.6 and 8.56%, respectively, more milk than ewes from flocks where more than 5% of animals were infected. For primiparous ewes, the differences were of 8.5 and 12.24%.     

山羊BMP15基因FecX-L突变的检测

采用PCR-SSCP方法在高繁殖力山羊品种（济宁青山羊、波尔山羊和文登奶山羊）和低繁殖力山羊品种（内蒙古绒山羊、安哥拉山羊和辽宁绒山羊）中检测骨形态发生蛋白15(bone morphogenetic protein 15,BMP15)基因的FecX-L突变,同时研究该基因突变对济宁青山羊高繁殖力的影响。结果表明这6个山羊品种都没有发生与Lacaune绵羊相同的FecX-L突变（C53Y）。可见BMP15基因中影响Lacaune 绵羊高繁殖力的突变位点对济宁青山羊的高繁殖力没有显著影响。     

Pathology of enzootic intranasal tumor in thirty-eight goats.

Intranasal tumors were studied in 38 goats ranging from 7 months to 8 years of age of both Murciana-Granadina and crossed breeds. Tumors were diagnosed in eight herds. Clinically, the affected goats showed a copious seromucous nasal discharge, ocular protrusion, and skull deformations. The tumors originated from the ethmoid region. They involved one or both nasal cavities, although most were bilateral (26/38). The tumors were generally accompanied by inflammatory polyps. The histologic patterns were very similar in all cases, and the tumors were classified as low grade adenocarcinomas of the nasal glands. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies suggested that the serous glands of nasal mucosa were the probable origin of the neoplastic cells. Budding and extracellular retrovirus-like particles were observed ultrastructurally in 6/8 tumors. The similarities between these caprine tumors and nasal tumors in sheep and the etiologic role of the retrovirus are discussed.     

Complex carbohydrate histochemistry and ultracytochemistry of the sheep lacrimal gland

The chemical content of the secretion of the sheep lacrimal gland was analysed at the light and electron microscope levels by applying histochemical techniques and an ultrastructural histochemical method (periodic acid, thiocarbohydrazide and silver proteinate). Mucosubstance histochemistry demonstrated acidic glycoconjugates, mainly sulphated, in the mucous and seromucous glandular cells and in the apical portion of the cells lining the terminal ducts. Moreover, secretory granules, stained with PA-TCH-SP, showed a different localization of the reaction product. The presence of lysozyme was also found in the glandular serous cells. These histochemical studies demonstrate that the secretion of sheep lacrimal glands is mixed, having serous, mucous and seromucous components, and that an excellent correlation exists between the secretory granule substructure and glycoprotein localization.     

Lectin binding pattern of gastric mucosa of pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens

The stomach of the Pacific white-sided dolphin is divided into three parts: forestomach, proper gastric gland portion, and pyloric chamber. The histological features of the dolphin stomach are similar to those of terrestrial mammal stomachs, although the distribution of glycoconjugates in mucosal cells of the dolphin stomach is unknown. To learn about glycoconjugates in cetacean gastric mucosa, the glycoconjugate distribution in the mucous epithelium of the Pacific white-sided dolphin was studied using 21 lectins. Among the lectins tested, GSL-I and DBA specifically labelled the superficial layer of the forestomach epithelium. GSL-I, SBA, RCA-I, VVA, GSL-II, DSL, LEL, STL, s-WGA, WGA, PNA, and Jacalin labelled the luminal surface of the chief cells in the proper gastric gland. GSL-I, SBA, RCA-I, DSL, LEL, STL, s-WGA, PNA, and LCA labelled tubular structures in the cytoplasm of parietal cells. The surface portion of the pits in the pyloric chamber strongly reacted with RCA-I, GSL-II, WGA, PNA, LCA, PHA-L, and UEA-I, whereas the neck portion reacted weakly. Although lining one tubular portion, individual secretory cells in the pyloric gland displayed a heterogeneous reaction. This is the first report on the lectin histochemistry of a cetacean stomach and reveals GSL-I and DBA as specific marker lectins for the cornified stratified squamous epithelium cells of the Pacific white-sided dolphin. The stomachs of cetaceans and terrestrial mammals have similar histological features and mucous glycoconjugate content.     

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep in Canada

A survey of veterinary diagnostic laboratories revealed that intranasal tumors occur in sheep in most provinces of Canada. Tumors were diagnosed in 44 sheep of several breeds including Polled Dorset, Suffolk, Cheviot, Rambouillet and various crossbreeds. Twenty-seven percent of tumors occurred in sheep that were less than two years old. Most tumors were sporadic but 33% of cases occurred in six related flocks, indicating that this disease can be an enzootic problem. The clinical signs were persistent serous, mucous or mucopurulent nasal discharge and stridor. Affected sheep progressively developed anorexia, dyspnea and mouth breathing and most died from effects of asphyxia and inanition within 90 days of the onset of clinical signs. Tumors originated unilaterally or occasionally bilaterally in the olfactory mucosa of the ethmoid turbinates. They were expansive and sometimes locally invasive but metastases were not found. Histologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas or, more frequently, adenocarcinomas. The etiology was not established but retrovirus like particles were observed in tumor tissue from one affected sheep.     

山羊鼻内腺瘤和腺癌的病理学研究

发生于内蒙古自治区某地的山羊鼻内肿瘤呈地方性流行，临床上病羊初期流出大量浆液性鼻液，随后逐渐出现呼吸困难和鼻塞音，肿瘤可侵犯周围组织引起眼球突出和头颅变形，最后死于窒息。１４例山羊鼻内肿瘤的病理学研究表明，肿瘤起源于筛骨迷路粘膜的腺体（包括浆液腺和粘液腺），组织学上为腺瘤，以后可转变为腺癌，并向周围组织作浸润性生长，未见转移。２例作透射电镜检查见瘤组织有异型性，瘤组织和瘤组织内未见病毒样颗粒。发生