Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Effects of maturity genes E2 and E3 on yield formation in soybean cultivar Enrei in warm region,Fukuyama in Japan

ABSTRACT

Understanding how maturity genes affect soybean yield formation will provide important information for crop management decisions. This study aimed to reveal how maturity genes E2 and E3 in the soybean cultivar ‘Enrei’ affect yields and yield formation in warm regions of Japan. ‘Enrei’ (e2e3) and three near-isogenic lines of ‘Enrei’ (e2E3, E2e3, and E2E3) were cultivated in 2016 and 2017 in Fukuyama, Japan (34°30′N, 133°23′E). Two sowing dates were set in each year (June sowing and July sowing). E2 extended the period from emergence to R1 and also the period from R1 to R7, whereas E3 extended only the period from emergence to R1. Interaction between E2 and E3 did not affect duration of the period from emergence to R1, but did affect the period from R1 to R7. Although seed yield did not differ between genotypes in the June sowings, the effects of E2 and E3 on seed yield in July sowing were both significant and interaction between E2 and E3 also observed. The total number of nodes increased in E3 genotypes in both sowing dates, especially in E2E3. Pod-set ratio was lower in E2 and E3 genotypes than in e2 and e3 genotypes in the June sowings, but did not differ between genotypes in the July sowings. The high yield of E2E3 genotypes in the July sowings was attributed to increased number of nodes and flower production while maintaining pod-set ratio. Appropriate choice of sowing date is suggested to be essential when using E3 genotypes.Abbreviations: HI: harvest index; NIL: near-isogenic line; RUE: radiation use efficiency; TDM: total above-ground dry matter; TRI: total solar radiation intercepted     

春化及光周期基因的等位变异对小麦主要农艺性状及产量的影响

为了解春化及光周期基因对小麦生育期、农艺性状及产量的影响,以田间种植的253份国内外小麦品种（系）为材料,利用分子标记检测其春化基因（Vrn-1）和光周期基因（ Ppd-D1）的等位变异,记录其抽穗期、开花期,在灌浆中期调查其株高、成穗数等农艺性状,收获后调查其产量性状。结果表明,供试材料中包含13种春化和光周期基因等位变异组合类型,其中含有 vrn-A1+vrn-B1+vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a组合的材料最多,占59.68%; Vrn-1+Ppd-D1a 组合可显著缩短小麦播种至开花所需的时间。含有 Vrn-A1a或 Vrn-B1材料的成穗数显著多于含有 Vrn-D1 或 vrn-1的材料,但含有 Vrn-1不同等位变异的材料间产量无显著差异;含有 Vrn-A1a材料的旗叶长而窄。与含有 Ppd-D1b的小麦材料相比,含有 Ppd-D1a的材料开花期显著提前,且株高降低,同时穗下茎长、旗叶长和倒二叶长均显著缩短。综上,春化及光周期基因在影响小麦抽穗开花期的同时,对农艺性状和产量也有重要影响;含有 Vrn-D1+ Ppd-D1a组合的小麦材料在生育期稳定性、产量等性状上均表现优异,在育种中可多加利用。     

宽幅播种条件下行距对小麦产量及干物质积累和转运的影响

为了确定小麦宽幅播种的适宜行距,在高产地块以高产小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置20 cm、25 cm、30 cm三个行距处理,研究了宽幅播种条件下行距对小麦产量、群体动态、干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明,相同行距下,宽幅播种的小麦产量较常规条播提高11.0%。在宽幅播种条件下,行距过大时小麦群体数量较小,成穗不足,干物质积累减少,产量降低;缩小行距可提高群体数量和干物质积累;但行距过小时穗粒数、千粒重下降,群体边际效应减弱,产量降低;适宜行距可协调产量构成因素,提高群体在花后维持较高光合能力,提高花后干物质同化量和对籽粒的贡献度。在本试验的条件下,泰农18以宽幅播种、行距25 cm、播量120 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

沟播对耐盐小麦品种青麦6号干物质积累及籽粒灌浆的影响

为探讨沟播对盐碱地小麦的增产机理,明确适合盐碱地小麦的沟播方式,以小麦耐盐品种青麦6号为试验材料,设置平播(CK)、沟播两行(T1)、沟播三行(T2)三种处理,研究了沟播对盐碱地小麦干物质积累与分配及灌浆速率的影响。研究表明,沟播较平播可显著提高盐碱地小麦旗叶的可溶性糖含量及籽粒的灌浆速率,其中,T2处理的效果最明显。T2处理与其余处理相比显著降低了花前营养器官贮藏同化物的转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,但显著提高花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率。T2处理提高了干物质在茎鞘+叶片、穗轴+颖壳及籽粒中的积累量。沟播处理较平播均能显著提高穗数和产量,其中T2处理的产量达到了7 988.35kg·hm-2。因此认为,沟内三行播种可作为盐碱地小麦较为合理的播种方式。     

宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累量的影响

为明确宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累的调节作用,于2019-2020年在内蒙古乌兰察布市农牧业科学研究院试验基地,以蒙农大燕1号为试验材料,设宽幅条播(K)和常规条播(C)两种播种方式以及300万株·hm_-2(D1)、450万株·hm_-2(D2)、600万株·hm_-2（D3）三个种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和密度下燕麦光合能力、干物质积累量和产量的差异。结果表明,随着密度的增加,燕麦叶片光合参数和SPAD值及单株干物质积累量均呈下降趋势。各密度下宽幅条播燕麦的叶片光合参数及干物质积累量均高于常规条播。其中,宽幅条播燕麦的净光合速率较常规条播增加了7.2%~24.8%,且在D3下增幅最大;蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度和SPAD值分别增加1.8%~24.1%、1.7%~25.5%和2.2%~11.5%;单株干物质积累量增加4.9%~56.2%。宽幅条播显著提高了燕麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,其中在D1、D2和D3下分别增产8.6%、9.3%和14.5%,差异均达到0.05显著水平。由此可见,宽幅条播可有效促进燕麦光合作用、干物质积累及产量构成因素协调增长,最终实现增产,尤其是可有效缓解高密度下燕麦群体光合、干物质生产及产量形成的影响。     

黄淮北片主栽小麦品种冬春性与主要春化基因组成的关系

为探明我国黄淮北片麦区冬小麦的冬春性与春化基因分布的关系,以该麦区的48个主导小麦品种为材料,依据不同小麦品种的低温春化需求来分析品种的冬春特性,同时分析了主要的春化基因分子标记在上述品种中的组成。结果表明,黄淮北片麦区以半冬性品种为主,占75.0%,春性品种和冬性品种各占10.4%,弱春性品种占4.2%。春化基因检测结果显示,黄淮北片麦区的主栽小麦品种的主要基因型为vrnA1/vrn-B1/vrn-D1/vrn-B3,占77.1%,其余品种含有Vrn-D1基因(22.9%,11个),未发现携带显性基因VrnA1、Vrn-B1及Vrn-B3的品种。黄淮北片主栽品种调查结果显示,根据vrn-A1/vrn-B1/vrn-B3/vrn-D1全隐性基因型推测的品种的冬性和表现型的一致性高达97.3%,根据显性基因Vrn-D1推测的春性与表现型的一致性为54.5%。总的来说通过春化基因组成推测的冬春性与根据低温需求鉴定的冬春性的一致性为87.5%,表明可以通过检测春化基因分子标记来对品种的冬春性进行快速推测,实际工作中若能利用春化基因分子检测与田间观察相结合,可以更准确地反映品种的冬春性。     

种植密度对匀播冬小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响

为探究匀播冬小麦对种植密度的响应,以不同穗型品种新冬22(A_1)和新冬50(A_2)为材料,匀播(株行距相等)条件下设置了123万、156万、204万、278万、400万株·hm~(-2)(分别记为M_1、M_2、M_3、M_4、M_5)5个种植密度,研究了不同种植密度下匀播小麦干物质积累、运转、产量及其构成因素的差异。结果表明,匀播条件下,冬小麦抽穗前干物质积累量随种植密度的增加而增加,抽穗后干物质积累量随种植密度增加先增加后降低;新冬22号花后干物质积累量、花后干物质对籽粒产量贡献率、籽粒产量均表现为M_2处理最高,新冬50号花后干物质积累量、花后干物质对籽粒产量贡献率、籽粒产量均表现为M_4处理最高。随着种植密度的增加,两个品种的有效穗数呈增加趋势,穗粒数、千粒重呈下降趋势,籽粒产量呈先升后降趋势。匀播条件下,多穗型品种新冬22号适宜种植密度为156万株·hm~(-2),大穗型品种新冬50号适宜种植密度为278万株·hm~(-2)。     

春化和光周期基因在陕西小麦品种中的分布

为了解陕西小麦品种中春化基因和光周期基因的分布特点,采用STS标记检测了陕西境内173份小麦品种春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1、Vrn-B3和光周期基因Ppd-D1位点的显性等位变异组成.结果表明,4个春化基因位点显性等位变异在陕西小麦中的平均分布频率不同,顺序为Vrn-D1(38.2%)＞Vrn-B1(16.2%)＞Vrn-A1(1.2%)＞Vrn-B3(0%).春化显性等位变异在陕西境内各麦区的分布频率也不同:归属于北部冬麦区的小麦品种4个春化位点均处于隐性状态;归属于黄淮冬麦区的小麦品种显性等位变异分布比例顺序为Vrn-D1(41.7%)＞Vrn-B1(19.1%)＞Vrn-A1(0%)=Vrn-B3(0%);归属长江中下游麦区的为Vrn-D1( 40.3%)＞Vrn-B1(16.1%)＞Vrn-A1(0%)=Vrn-B3(0%),归属西南冬麦区的为Vrn-D1(54.6%)＞Vrn-A1(18.2%)=Vrn-B1(18.2%)＞Vrn-B3(0%).在光周期Ppd-D1位点,99.4%的品种携带对光周期反应不敏感的显性等位变异Ppd-D1a.陕西境内推广的小麦品种中存在7种春化和光周期基因显性等位变异组合,即Vrn-D1、Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、 Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a 和Vrn-B1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a,平均分布频率为0.6%、49.7%、11.6%、32.3%、0.6%、0.6%和4.6%.5个位点显性等位变异组合在陕西境内不同麦区分布也不同:归属于北部冬麦区的检测小麦品种中,均携带单一显性等位变异Ppd-D1a;归属于黄淮冬麦区的小麦品种中,显性等位变异组合出现5种类型,即Vrn-D1、Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、 Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a和Vrn-B1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a,比例分别为1.2%、45.2%、13.1%、34.5%和6.0%;归属于长江中下游冬麦区的小麦品种中存在4种显性等位变异组合类型,即Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、 Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a和Vrn-B1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a,分别占45.2%、14.5%、37.1%和3.2%;归属于西南冬麦区的小麦品种中存在5种类型,分布比例次序为Ppd-D1a(36.3%)=Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a(36.3%)＞Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a(9.1%)=Vrn-A1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a(9.1%)=Vrn-B1/Vrn-D1/Ppd-D1a(9.1%).这些信息为陕西选育广适性小麦品种提供了依据.     

立体匀播和密度对冬小麦光合、干物质积累分配及产量的影响

为给小麦立体匀播栽培推广提供理论依据,选用小麦品种新冬22号和新冬46号为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区种植方式设立体匀播和常规条播2个处理,副区种植密度设150万株·hm~(-2)(D_(150))、225万株·hm~(-2)(D_(225))、300万株·hm~(-2)(D_(300))和375万株·hm~(-2)(D_(375))4个处理,研究了种植方式和密度对冬小麦光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与常规条播比较,立体匀播方式下小麦群体生育后期中、下部叶的LAI、SPAD值和净光合速率显著提高;植株重、干物质转运量、干物质转运效率和干物质转运对籽粒产量贡献率增大,而植株成熟期营养器官干物质分配率降低;随着种植密度增大,茎鞘干物质分配率上升,叶片干物质分配率减小,而颖壳及穗轴、籽粒干物质分配率则无显著变化。与常规条播相比,立体匀播方式下新冬22号和新冬46号主茎穗粒重平均降低7.95%和4.43%,而分蘖穗粒重平均提高11.54%和5.06%,穗数显著提高(17.31%和17.68%),产量提高6.40%和9.84%,以D_(225)处理产量最高;穗粒数分别降低2.23%和1.71%,千粒重分别降低4.38%和4.54%。由此可知,立体匀播方式提高了小麦群体生育后期中、下部叶片叶面积指数和净光合速率,增大了植株干物质积累量,促进了营养器官干物质向分蘖穗籽粒中转运,并主要通过增加群体穗数和分蘖穗穗粒重提高产量;最佳的种植密度为225万株·hm~(-2)。     

Winter cereals grown for grain and for the dual purpose of forage plus grain I. Production

In many rainfed regions of Euro-Mediterranean countries, current political and socio-economic developments demand research in alternative production systems to the common cereal grain monoculture. We studied the option of producing forage in winter by growing cereals for dual purpose (forage plus grain) in a Mediterranean environment. The effect of clipping on forage and grain production was assessed between 1987 and 1990 at Granada, southern Spain, in four cereal cultivars, and in one barley cultivar under three sowing systems.Winter forage yield of cereals, all clipped once at the stage of lemma primordia, was highly variable (25 to 311 g m⁻² of herbage dry matter), with considerable differences among cultivars, sowing systems and seasons. Treatments that had higher forage production were those of either longer crop duration before clipping date (with higher leaf numbers on the main stem and tiller numbers per plant) or higher plant density. Forage production was not related to grain yield reductions due to winter clipping.Averaged over cultivars, sowing systems and seasons, clipping reduced grain yield by 1%, but yielded some 127 g m⁻² of dry matter per season in a period of pasture shortage. Nevertheless, the responses to winter clipping differed among seasons. In 1987/88, clipped cereals produced more dry matter and grain than the control. In contrast, in the last two seasons, clipping reduced dry matter and grain production. Early sowing modified the response to clipping in these last two seasons. Grain yield of early sown barley was not reduced by clipping in 1988/89 and was even increased in 1989/90.The dual-purpose target for cereals could be an alternative to traditional grain monoculture in some Mediterranean environments, provided that adaptations of the traditional crop management to dual purpose, such as the optimization of sowing date and cultivar, are undertaken.     

播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号干物质积累及产量的调控效应

为确定江苏淮南麦区红皮强筋小麦高产栽培的适宜播期、种植密度和氮肥施用量,选用红皮强筋小麦新品种镇麦10号作为试验材料,在基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm^-2和尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,分析了播期和密氮组合对小麦群体干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号产量及干物质积累量有极显著的影响。随着播期的延迟,镇麦10号产量先升后降,穗数和千粒重下降,穗粒数略有增加。11月5日播种较10月20日和11月20日播种分别增产2.26%和10.59%;种植密度对籽粒产量的影响因播期不同而有所差异;种植密度增加有利于提高有效穗数,但降低穗粒数和千粒重。10月20日播种时,提高种植密度不利于产量的增加,在基本苗225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2下平均产量最高,较基本苗300×10⁴ 和375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2分别增产3.52%和9.21%;11月5日和11月20日播种时,籽粒产量随着密度的提高而增加,以基本苗375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2的产量最高,较基本苗225×10⁴ 和300×104株·hm^-2分别增产6.32%、4.89%和4.58%、3.25%。增加追氮量有利于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的增加,但过量追氮时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重降低;追施纯氮120 kg·hm^-2可显著提高籽粒产量,追氮量过多过少均不利于产量的增加。早播、增加种植密度、增施氮肥均能促进镇麦10号干物质积累,但不利于产量的提高。在本试验条件下,镇麦10号高产最适播期为11月5日,最优密度为375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,适宜追氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。     

Effects of Soil Moisture Depletion for One Month before Flowering on Dry Matter Production and Ecophysiological Characteristics of Wheat Plants in Wet Soil during Grain Filling

Abstract

The period from mid-March to April in the wheat-growing season in Japan corresponds to a wet period known as “Natanezuyu”. After this wet period, the weather remains rather dry until June. Fluctuations in soil moisture conditions during the growing season might be expected to affect the growth of wheat. Therefore, we compared the grain yield, dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics of wheat grown with adequate moisture during the ripening stage after it had been grown under adequate (W-plot) or deficient (D-plot) soil moisture conditions for about one month before heading. The grain yield in the D-plot was higher by about 15 to 40% than that in the W-plot, with greater dry matter production. The larger dry weight in the D-plot resulted from a higher rate of crop growth before and after heading, which was due to a larger leaf area and higher net assimilation rate. During the ripening stage, leaf senescence of plants was delayed and the rate of photosynthesis fell more slowly in the D-plot than in the W-plot. Root systems developed better, resistance to water transport from root to leaves was lower, the exudation rate of roots was higher, and the cytokinin activity in xylem exudates from roots was higher in the D-plot. These characteristics of roots might have caused the significant difference in the growth and physiology of the aboveground parts of the plants. Our results indicate that encouragement of the development of the root systems, for example, by drainage during the wet period might be important for improving the grain yield of wheat in Japan.     

不同播期下优质稻桂华占、八桂香花后碳氮物质流转与籽粒生长相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,不同播期调控下,研究不同播期下优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性.结果表明:(1)花后茎鞘、叶片干物质运转速度和运转率都与籽粒起始灌浆势呈正相关.籽粒活跃灌浆期、持续灌浆时间与花后茎鞘、叶片干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著正相关.(2)播种期推迟不利于茎鞘碳同化物向穗部流转,茎鞘碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率表现为淀粉＞可溶性糖＞蔗糖,茎鞘碳同化物对籽粒产量及淀粉产量的贡献率远高于叶片.可溶性糖转运对籽粒产量和淀粉产量贡献率表现为SD1＞SD2＞SD3;蔗糖、淀粉对籽粒的产量贡献率表现为SD1＞SD2＞SD3.茎叶可溶性糖积累量的减少与籽粒直链淀粉含量和积累量增加是同步的,并且,茎叶可溶性糖积累量快速递减期(花后3～12 d)与直链淀粉含量和积累量快速递增期(花后6～12d)同步.(3)播种期推迟减少茎鞘和叶片总氮的积累,籽粒氮收获指数降低,但是播种期的推迟却增加茎鞘和叶片器官蛋白氮积累,有利于籽粒蛋白质含量提高.     

Effects of supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture levels on photosynthesis,dry matter accumulation,and remobilization in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, namely Jimai22 (JM22) and Zhouyuan9369 (ZY9369), were used to study the effects of a new irrigation policy, supplemental irrigation (SI) based on soil moisture levels, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, and remobilization from 2009 to 2011 in Northern China. Two SI treatments were designed based on relative soil moisture contents in the 0–140 cm soil layer: (1) the target soil relative water contents were 75% of field capacity (FC) at jointing and 65% of FC at anthesis (W1), 75% and 70% (W2) in 2009–2010, and (2) the target soil relative water contents were 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W1′), 75% and 80% (W2′) in 2010–2011. Rain-fed treatment (W0) was used as control. Results showed that SI significantly improved the biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of both wheat cultivars. The biomass and grain yield of W1 and W1’ treatments were higher than those of others. The net photosynthetic rate, the actual photochemical efficiency of flag leaf, the accumulation of dry matter, and its remobilization from the vegetative parts to the grains after anthesis in W1 and W1’ treatments were significantly higher than in the other treatments. By contrast, the WUE and irrigation efficiency of W2 and W2’ were significantly lower than those of W1 and W1’. Under the experimental conditions, ‘JM22’ showed higher photosynthetic rate in the last stage of grain filling, more spike number per ha, more kernels per spike, higher 1000-kernels weight and eventually higher WUE than ‘ZY9369’.     

播期推迟对冬小麦产量形成和籽粒品质的调控效应

为了明确推迟播期对小麦产量形成和品质的影响,选用2个冬小麦品种(轮选987和京冬8号),在大田条件下研究了播期推迟对小麦群体动态、物质积累、产量构成和籽粒品质的调控效应.结果表明,播期推迟能显著降低小麦冬前分蘖数,促进春季分蘖的发生和成穗,提高分蘖成穗率.播期对小麦植株干物质积累的影响存在基因型差异.播期推迟引起小麦产量构成因素的变化,进而导致籽粒产量下降,且京冬8号出现显著下降时对应的播期早于轮选987.播期推迟后小麦籽粒中的淀粉含量呈下降趋势,蛋白质含量呈上升趋势,同时二者的主要组成成份也随之改变.因此,冀东地区选用轮选987且适当早播(10月5日播种)可以获得高产;推迟播期至10月10日则籽粒品质提高,但要注意加强小麦生育后期的田间管理,防止粒重明显降低.     

Effects of sowing methods and seeding rates on growth and yield characteristics of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing methods (broadcast or row sowing) and seeding rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g/m²) on growth, yield characteristics, and forage quality of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) cv. “Murray”). Experiments were carried out in 2002 and 2003. Sowing method affected dry‐matter yield (DMY): broadcast sowing resulted in higher DMY than row sowing in 2002, and during the first harvest in 2003. Dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) and crude protein (CP) concentration were not influenced by the sowing method, except when DMD and CP of the broadcast sowing treatment increased as the plant weight increased. Contrary to expectation, seeding rate did not affect leaf area index, DMY, DMD, CP, digestible dry‐matter yield or CP yield. Even the lowest seeding rate did not influence the yield and forage quality of phasey bean, compared with the recommended higher seeding rate.     

播期和播量对冬小麦尧麦16群体性状和产量的影响

为确定高产小麦尧麦16的适宜播期和播量,采用田间裂区设计,研究不同播期和播量对该品种群体性状、产量结构及产量的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,小麦营养生长期缩短,成熟期却不推迟。同一播期下,播量对小麦生育进程无影响;早播增加冬前至拔节期总茎数,而对生育后期总茎数无影响。增加播量可显著增加各生育时期总茎数;随着播期推迟,同一播量水平的干物质积累量明显降低。相同播期下,干物质积累量、叶面积指数随播量的增加而递增;相同播量下,随着播期的推迟叶面积指数降低。小麦叶面积指数随生育时期的推进先升高后下降,在抽穗期达到最大。随着播量增加,产量和有效穗数逐渐增加,穗粒数和千粒重呈下降趋势;与播量相比,播期对尧麦16产量及产量结构的影响较大。尧麦16的最佳播期为10月7日,播量为300×10~4粒·hm~(-2);9月27日至10月2日播种,播量为225×10~4粒·hm~(-2),10月12日至10月17日播种,播量为375×10~4粒·hm~(-2),也可以获得较高的产量。     

耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响

为探讨耕作方式和氮肥对旱地小麦的互作效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田试验条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式为主区,75、150、225、300kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮量(分别用N1～N4表示)为副区,分析了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合处理下旱地冬小麦花后干物质转运、糖含量及产量的差异。结果表明,4种耕作方式中,PM的株高最高,叶面积最大,籽粒产量最高,较CT增产14.50%。PM增产主要是通过增加穗长和穗粒数来实现,也归因于花前营养器官干物质的积累量及其在花后向籽粒中转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT显著增加,特别是增加了叶片和颖壳的干物质转运量、转运效率。CTI的千粒重和有效穗数虽然最高,但产量与CT无显著差异;NTS的株高、千粒重、有效穗数、干物质积累量和花后向籽粒中转运量均处于较低水平,产量较CT降低16.74%。施氮显著增加了旱地冬小麦的籽粒产量,平均产量表现为N4N2N3N1。CT、CTI、NTS下,施氮的增产作用显著,但PM下不显著。在所有处理中,PMN2的籽粒产量最高,比最低的NTSN1增加70.55%。施氮增产的原因主要是促进了不同器官干物质积累和开花后干物质转运。NTS提高了各器官的可溶性糖含量,但其效应在不同生育时期存在差异,茎秆主要表现在开花后20～30d,叶片和颖壳在开花后10～40d,叶鞘在开花后20～40d,籽粒在开花后10～30d。施氮显著降低了开花后0～30d茎秆和叶片的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,但显著增加了开花后20d籽粒的可溶性糖含量。以上结果说明,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,常规耕作、秸秆还田、全膜覆土穴播下冬小麦高产的氮肥施用量以中等水平(150kg·hm~(-2))最佳,免耕秸秆覆盖下需增加氮肥施用量(300kg·hm~(-2))。     

氮胁迫和非胁迫对春玉米产量和品质的影响

以农大108、四单19、龙单26、丰禾10和东农250为材料,在施氮(N⁺)和不施氮(N0)两种条件下对参试品种的干物质、产量和品质性状变化进行了分析。结果表明:与氮胁迫相比,施氮能明显提高玉米干物质生产量、子粒产量、子粒粗蛋白含量和淀粉含量,但品种间存在明显的差异。农大108和四单19干物质积累能力强,但农大108没有表现出产量优势。