短梗霉多糖·丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物对模拟偶氮染料废水脱色性能研究

以短梗霉多糖和丙烯酰胺为原料制备了接枝共聚物Glc-cAM,并将Glc-cAM用于甲基红和酸性橙2种模拟染料废水的脱色处理,讨论了溶液初始pH值、染料初始浓度、聚合物Glc-cAM投加量和接枝率等因素对脱色率的影响.结果表明:Glc-cAM对偶氮染料废水具有良好脱色效果.最佳脱色条件为:初始pH值为3,染料浓度为100mg/L,聚合物投放剂量为6.0g/L,接枝率为60%.     

双氰胺-甲醛絮凝剂的合成及脱色效果研究

以双氰胺、甲醛为原料合成高分子絮凝剂,系统考察了絮凝剂的加入量、pH值、搅拌速度、搅拌时间和沉降时间对丽春红溶液脱色效果的影响,并研究了絮凝剂对实际印染废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明,处理150 m L丽春红(100 mg/L)染料废水的最佳工艺条件为:絮凝剂加入量为5 g,pH值为8,沉降时间为120 min,搅拌速度为120 r/min,搅拌时间为20 min;在上述工艺条件下,该絮凝剂对实际印染废水的脱色率为67.48%。     

响应曲面法优化野蔷薇根多糖脱色工艺

[目的]优化野蔷薇根多糖的过氧化氢(H2O2)法脱色工艺条件,为野蔷薇根多糖的脱色纯化提供技术支持.[方法]以野蔷薇根为试验材料,以多糖脱色率和保留率为考察指标,利用响应曲面法对H2O2法脱色野蔷薇根多糖的工艺条件进行优化.[结果]通过响应曲面法建立野蔷薇根多糖脱色的回归模型为:Y=94.84+3.08A+1.83B+0.88C+0.17AB+0.23AC-0.055BC-3.17A2-1.31B2-0.87C2(Y为多糖脱色率,A为H2O2体积分数、B为溶液pH、C为脱色时间),该模型拟合度较好.H2O2法脱色野蔷薇根多糖的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2体积分数35.0%、溶液pH 9.00、脱色时间4.5 h,在此条件下多糖脱色率和保留率分别为95.48%和75.17%,脱色率与理论值96.55%的相对误差为1.11%.H2O2体积分数、溶液pH和脱色时间3个因素对野蔷薇根多糖脱色效果均有极显著影响(P<0.01).[结论]H2O2脱色法具有操作简便、脱色效果明显、成本低等优点,可对野蔷薇根多糖进行有效脱色.     

漆酶/ABTS介质系统对蒽醌染料的脱色效果

为提高蒽醌类染料废水的脱色率,以红芝(Ganoderma lucidum)发酵所得漆酶粗酶液与ABTS组成漆酶/ABTS介质系统对蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R进行了脱色试验,分别考察不同pH、温度、ABTS加入量、酶加入量、金属离子等条件对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的影响.结果表明:最优脱色条件为pH4.0,温度30℃,ABTS...     

缺位Dawson型K10Na2H2P2W16O60光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

[目的]确定缺位Dawson型K10Na2H2P2W16O60光催化降解甲基橙的最佳条件。[方法]以二缺位杂多化合物K10Na2H2P2W16O60.18H2O（P2W16）为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下对模拟染料废水中的甲基橙进行光催化降解,研究催化剂投加量、甲基橙初始浓度、pH值等对溶液脱色效果的影响。[结果]催化剂用量为1.2g/L时溶液的脱色率最大,为96.22%;pH值为1.5时溶液的脱色率最大,为99.15%;甲基橙初始浓度为5mg/L时溶液的脱色率最大,为99.69%。P2W16光催化降解甲基橙的最佳条件为：甲基橙初始浓度5mg/L,溶液初始pH值1.5,催化剂浓度0.2g/L,此条件下反应1h后溶液的脱色率可达99.69%。同时,甲基橙的光催化降解过程符合一级动力学方程：In（A/A）=0.09391t-0.02286。[结论]PW对甲基橙降解反应具有较高的催化活性。     

菌株Bacillus sp.CLb芽孢漆酶对染料、模拟染料废水脱色的研究

[目的]研究芽孢杆菌菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶在介体的互作下对不同类型的染料及模拟染料废水的脱色效果。[方法]制备芽孢粗酶液,在介体的互作下,测定具有漆酶活性的粗酶液对活性亮蓝、活性黑、靛红和结晶紫的脱色效果,筛选出对染料脱色有促进作用的漆酶介体,并且研究芽孢漆酶在不同pH条件下对染料和模拟染料废水脱色的影响。[结果]菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶在无介体参与下只能使活性亮蓝和结晶紫脱色。在介体乙酰丁香酮（ACE）的作用下,芽孢漆酶对4种染料的脱色率均超过70%。在pH 7.0条件下,芽孢漆酶浓度为44.74 U/L和介体ACE浓度为1 mmol/L时对模拟染料废水的脱色效果最好,6 h脱色率超过80%。在介体乙酰丁香酮存在,pH 7.0的条件下,菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶对合成染料脱色效率高于pH 9.0时的脱色率。[结论]在介体乙酰丁香酮的存在下,芽孢漆酶对染料和模拟染料废水均具有较好的脱色效果。     

固定化漆酶对刚果红染料脱色降解的研究

[目的]探讨固定化漆酶脱色降解刚果红染料的最佳反应条件。[方法]以海藻酸钠为载体、戊二醛为交联剂,进行漆酶的固定化,并研究了固定化漆酶用量、染料浓度、反应温度和pH对染料脱色率的影响。[结果]固定化漆酶脱色降解刚果红染料的最佳条件为酶用量1 g,染料浓度40 mg/L,反应温度65℃,pH=4.5。在该条件下降解3 h,固定化漆酶对刚果红染料的脱色率达92.6%,重复利用5次后,脱色率仍能保持在50%左右。[结论]该研究为染料废水的有效处理提供了理论依据。     

双孢菇漆酶对弱酸艳蓝-RAWL的脱色和降解

采用双孢菇粗漆酶对弱酸艳蓝-RAWL进行脱色,探索了双孢菇粗漆酶的酶活力、反应时间、染料浓度、温度、pH值对其脱色效果的影响。结果表明,双孢菇粗漆酶降解弱酸艳蓝-RAWL的适宜条件为:粗漆酶酶活力62.68U/mL,染料浓度100mg/L,温度20℃,pH值5.0条件下脱色60min,脱色率可达79.5%。双孢菇粗漆酶在低温下可以降解一定浓度的弱酸艳蓝-RAWL染料,具一定的应用价值。     

灵芝漆酶催化活性艳色蓝X-BR脱色条件的研究

[目的]研究灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）固体发酵所得漆酶粗酶液对蒽醌染料进行脱色的条件.[方法]分别研究不同的pH、染料浓度、温度、酶用量、反应时间等条件对活性艳色蓝X-BR染料脱色的影响.[结果]脱色的适宜条件为：在pH 3.5、40℃、60 U/ml灵芝漆酶、200 mg/L染料浓度的条件下反应5h,活性艳色蓝X-BR染料脱色率可达49％.[结论]灵芝固体发酵的漆酶粗酶液在一定条件下对蒽醌染料活性艳色蓝X-BR具有较好的脱色效果.     

菌群EK对孔雀石绿的脱色研究初探

从南京江宁开发区污水处理厂的污泥中分离筛选出一组孔雀石绿脱色菌群EK,研究了该脱色菌群在不同染料质量浓度、培养时间、pH值、温度等培养条件下对孔雀石绿染料的脱色情况。试验结果表明,脱色菌群EK对外界条件无严格要求,适应范围广。但在pH为8.0、温度为35℃、培养时间为48 h条件下对染料有较好的脱色效果;孔雀石绿的最适脱色质量浓度为1400 mg/L。此外,通过对脱色前后体系分光光度的测定比对结果表明,该菌株对孔雀石绿的脱色率可高达99.3%。     

H_2O_2对丙草胺在水体中光解的影响

以高压汞灯和自然光为光源,研究了酰胺类除草剂丙草胺在水体中的光解动态,并以PNDA为探针,初步研究了双氧水对丙草胺光解的影响机理。由于H2O2能通过光解产生羟基自由基,从而对丙草胺表现出显著的光敏化降解作用。在高压汞灯下,H2O2使丙草胺的光解速率提高了1.74~4.55倍,但光敏率随H2O2浓度添加至一定量后而减弱;在太阳光下,H2O2使丙草胺的降解速率提高了33.6~81.58倍,敏化作用却随H2O2添加浓度的升高而增强。     

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase exhibits hydrogen peroxide related defense response

Oxalic acid(OA) is considered as an important pathogenetic factor of some destructive diseases caused by some fungal pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Oxalate degradation is important for plant health, and plants that contain oxalate oxidase(OXO) enzymes could breakdown oxalate into CO_2 and H_2O_2, which subsequently evokes defense responses. However, some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, have no oxalate oxidase activity identified to date. The present study aims to develop transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase, to test for the response to OA exposure and fungal infection by S. sclerotiorum. The results showed that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines that expressed the wheat OXO exhibited enhanced resistance to OA exposure and S. sclerotiorum infection in the tolerance assays. In the same manner, it could convert OA to CO_2 and H_2O_2 to a higher extent than the wild-type. Intensive osmotic adjustments were also detected in the transgenic Arabidopsis lines. The higher level of produced H_2O_2 subsequently induced an elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The present study indicated that the expression of a gene encoding wheat OXO could induce intensive osmotic adjustments and hydrogen peroxide related defense response, and subsequently increased tolerance to S. sclerotiorum in transgenic A. thaliana.     

H2O2对葡萄离体叶片白藜芦醇的诱导作用

[目的]葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量较虎杖根含量低,难以作为药用提取用途,研究采用诱导剂升高葡萄离体叶片中白藜芦醇的含量.[方法]实验采用H2O2对离体红地球葡萄叶片进行诱导,采用薄层及高效液相色谱法分析白藜芦醇的含量变化,并使用RT - PCR方法分析茋合酶基因(STS)的表达量变化.[结果]H2O2对离体叶片茋类物质具有显著的诱导作用,诱导白藜芦醇的积累呈现显著的量时依赖性;5;H2O2处理48 h后叶片白藜芦醇含量可提高15倍以上,鲜重达到263 μg/g.[结论]H2O2可以作为葡萄离体叶片白藜芦醇的有效诱导剂.     

NaHSO_3影响下的蓝藻(Anabaena)7120的固氮作用

在蓝藻(Anabaena)7120固氮反应系统中添加NaHSO_3后,其光下吸氧量减少,固氮活性增强。受NaHSO_3影响的蓝藻固氮活性有如下几个特点:(1)在氮饥饿条件下供给CO_2时的增高幅度加大;(2)对氧的敏感度减小;(3)得到氢的支持和其受氧伤害时的保护作用增大;(4)忍受氮抑制的浓度增高;(5)光强增高时的固氮活性增大,光强减弱时则有些下降。不同生理条件下受NaHSO_3影响的蓝藻光下吸氧量与其固氮活性大小变化呈现负相关的趋势。     

Foliar application of sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS),a hydrogen sulfide(H_2S) donor,can protect seedlings against heat stress in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Temperature extremes represent an important limiting factor to plant growth and productivity. Low concentration of hydrogen sulfide(H_2S) has been proven to function in physiological responses to various stresses. The present study evaluated the effect of foliar application of wheat seedlings with a H_2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS), on the response to acute heat stress. The results showed that pretreatment with NaHS could promote heat tolerance of wheat seedlings in a dose-dependent manner. Again, it was verified that H_2S, rather than other sulfur-containing components or sodion derived from NaHS solution, should contribute to the positive role in promoting wheat seedlings against heat stress. To further study antioxidant mechanisms of NaHS-induced heat tolerance, superoxide dismutase(SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase(CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities, and H_2S, hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), malonaldehyde(MDA), and soluble sugar contents in wheat seedlings were determined. The results showed that, under heat stress, the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX, H_2S, H_2O_2, MDA, and soluble sugar contents in NaHS-pretreated seedlings and its control all increased. Meanwhile, NaHS-pretreated seedlings showed higher antioxidant enzymes activities and gene expression levels as well as the H_2S and soluble sugar levels, and lower H_2O_2, MDA contents induced by heat stress. While little effect was detected in antioxidant enzymes activities and soluble substances contents in pretreated wheat seedlings compared with its control under normal culture conditions(data not shown). All of our results suggested that exogenous NaHS could alleviate oxidative damage and improve heat tolerance by regulating the antioxidant system in wheat seedlings under heat stress.     

Fenton试剂降解含有机磷农药废水的研究

[目的]寻求一种有效降解含有机磷农药废水的方法。[方法]研究了Fenton反应的反应时间、pH值、H2O：与Fe2＋浓度对降解率的影响,同时考察了光和超声波对反应的促进作用。[结果]对于125mg／L的乐果溶液,在温度60℃,溶液pH值为3,H2O2加入量为5mmol／L,FeSO4·7H2O加入量为0．3g条件下,30min内降解率可达100％,延长反应时间为8h,COD去除率可达100％。光与超声波对Fenton试剂有很强的协同催化作用,3h内COD去除率可达90％。[结论]Fenton试剂可使有机磷农药有效降解。     

无机肥对生物复混肥活菌数的影响

采用平板计数法,研究不同氮、磷、钾无机肥类型、不同无机肥用量及无机肥不同配比对生物复混肥活菌数的影响.结果表明,硫酸铵、磷酸二氢铵和硫酸钾较适合作为生物复混肥的无机肥源;单加硫酸铵可显著降低肥料中的活菌数,添加w=2%的纯氮时对活菌数的影响相对较小;单加磷酸二氢铵对活菌数的影响较复杂,以添加w分别2%、4%的P2O5为宜;单加硫酸钾可显著增加肥料中的活菌数,以添加w=6%的K2O为宜;同时添加无机氮、磷、钾肥可显著降低生物复混肥中的活菌数,无机氮、磷、钾较适宜的添加配比(w)为4%N 4%P2O5 4%K2O.     

掺镍TiO2的微波合成及催化降解有机废水

以氯化镍和硫酸钛为原料,以十二烷基硫酸钠为表面活性剂,通过直接投料微波合成了掺镍二氧化钛(Ni2+TiO2).以催化降解甲基橙为模型来考察其可见光光催化活性,研究了Ni的掺杂量、热处理温度、双氧水投加量、溶液酸度及掺Ni2+TiO2光催化剂用量等因素对光催化性能的影响.结果表明,当Ni2+/TiO2复合物的直接投料摩尔比为0.8％,在500℃的温度下热处理2h,催化剂用量为1.0 g/L,H2O2投加量为3 mL/L,溶液pH 5的条件下,可见光催化效果最好,此时2 mg/L的甲基橙溶液经光催化降解40min后,降解率达到94.5％.     

Cytochemical localization of H_2O_2 in pigment glands of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Programmed cell death(PCD) plays a critical role in the development of plant pigment glands, while H_2O_2, which is a kind of reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced by the aerobic metabolism of cells, acts as an important signal in this process. Here, we investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of accumulated H_2O_2 in pigment glands of Gossypium hirsutum L. with 3,3-diaminobenzidine(DAB) staining, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH2)-DA fluorescent labeling and Ce Cl3 cytochemical localization techniques. The results showed that the pigment glands of G. hirsutum could generate H_2O_2, and the amount and localization of H_2O_2 varied at different developmental stages. At the early developmental stage, a small amount of H_2O_2 accumulated in the vacuole membrane of pigment gland cells. At the intermediate stage, a large number of H_2O_2 appeared in the vacuole membrane, while cell walls started to accumulate a small amount of H_2O_2. When pigment gland cell degraded, H_2O_2 mainly accumulated on the chloroplast envelope membrane of inner sheath cells. With the degradation of the sheath cells, H_2O_2 was detected in cell wall and the membrane of secretory vesicles which contains the preliminary contents of pigment gland. With the pigment glands completely maturation, H_2O_2 would disappeared. The accumulation sites of H_2O_2 are consistent with the process of PCD of individual gland cells, which started from the degradation of intracellular membrane and ended with the degradation of cell walls. Thus H_2O_2 probably plays an important role in the development of pigment glands. In addition, the development of pigment glands and the generation of H_2O_2 are not associated with the light, and no H_2O_2 was detected in the secretions of pigment glands.     

4种抗凝剂对刺参体腔细胞的抗凝效果

研究了不同浓度的柠檬酸钠、肝素钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na2)和草酸钠对刺参Stichopus japonicus体腔细胞的抗凝效果。结果表明,3.8 mg/mL的柠檬酸钠、1.0~1.5 mg/mL的ED-TA-Na2、0.2~0.6 mg/mL的肝素钠、1.0~1.5 mg/mL的草酸钠均能较好地保持体腔细胞的形态活性,适合用作刺参体腔细胞的抗凝剂。4种抗凝剂中EDTA-Na2的效果最好。