鸡曲霉菌病和白色念珠菌病的流行、症状与防治

春季气温逐渐回升,湿度加大,部分鸡场卫生条件较差,管理不善,饲料残渣处理不干净等因素的存在为真菌性疾病的流行提供了条件。由于认识不足,诊断水平有限,许多养殖户或基层兽医把真菌性疾病误诊为低致病性禽流感、传染性支气管炎等,对曲霉菌病、白色念珠菌感染尤其缺乏了解。1流行特点自然界广泛存在曲霉菌、白色念珠菌等真菌,常见于腐烂植物、土壤以及谷粒饲料中。     

肉仔鸡白色念珠菌病的诊断与治疗

白色念珠菌属于真菌的一种．禽念珠菌病俗称鹅口疮，也称消化道真菌病。白色念珠菌是条件性致病菌，当饲养管理粗放时，可感染发病，使鸡的正常生长发育和免疫受到抑制，严重者可致鸡只死亡。     

奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎病原的分离与鉴定

通过研究奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎致病微生物组成,揭示该病主要病原并为临床治疗提供依据。以产后6～10 d急性化脓性卡他性子宫内膜炎患牛80头为研究对象,对子宫内容物进行细菌和真菌的分离鉴定。共分离到195株细菌及真菌,其中35.4%具有溶血性,50.8%对试验动物有致病性;大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌分离率较高,为83.75%和62.5%,其次是奇异变形杆菌(36.25%)、白色念珠菌(20%)和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(17.5%)。该病的90%为混合感染,细菌混合感染(70%)主要由大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌和奇异变形杆菌组成;真菌与细菌混合感染占20%,均有白色念珠菌存在;细菌单一感染占10%。结果表明,奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎主要致病菌是大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、奇异变形杆菌,20%受试牛存在着以白色念珠菌为主的真菌感染。     

鸡白色念珠菌病的防制

鸡白色念珠菌病是由白色念珠菌引起的一种真菌性传染病,主要侵害上消化道,主要表现为消化道黏膜有白色的假膜或溃疡,引起雏禽死亡、生长迟缓、免疫抑制,产蛋鸡引起产蛋率下降[1].现场服务过程中,很多客户对病毒病、细菌病重视度比较高,往往忽略真菌对鸡群危害,白色念珠菌作为真菌的一种,在养禽过程中时有发生,本文就从流行特点、临床症状、诊断、疾病防控方面进行阐述,让大家更好了解本病.     

维生素C对酮康唑抑制白色念珠菌的影响研究

为研究酮康唑治疗畜禽真菌感染过程中能否给与维生素C辅助治疗,体外测试了添加维生素C后白念珠菌对酮康唑的敏感性。结果发现,维生素C能显著抑制酮康唑对白色念珠菌的敏感性,为科学治疗畜禽机会性真菌临床感染提供了依据。     

禽念珠菌病

禽念珠菌病是由白色念珠菌引起的禽类上消化道的一种霉菌性传染病,各种禽均能感染,但主要发生于鸡、鸭、鹅、火鸡、鸽等。其特征为口腔、咽喉、食道、嗦囊粘膜形成白色很膜及馈疡。本病义称为鹅口疮、消化道真菌病、念珠菌口炎及酸臭嗦囊病. 病原本病病原白色念珠菌是一种真菌,形态与酵每菌相似,在病变组织及普通培养基中能产生芽生抱子和假菌丝。     

群体感应分子——法尼醇与白色念珠菌的相互作用

群体感应最早在细菌中发现,近年来也陆续发现存在于真菌中。群体感应中的关键信号分子被称为群体感应分子,是由微生物自身所分泌、感知、响应并作用于其自身,在引起反应的浓度时对其自身没有毒性的一类物质。法尼醇是白色念珠菌的群体感应分子,影响白色念珠菌的耐药性、菌丝形成、黏附力和凋亡;影响白色念珠菌宿主机体的免疫及宿主细胞的凋亡。此外,白色念珠菌对法尼醇具有高于其他真菌的耐受性,但这种机制尚不明确。目前对群体感应分子法尼醇的作用机制缺乏了解,本文就群体感应分子法尼醇与白色念珠菌之间的相互作用展开综述。     

鹧鸪念珠菌病的病原分离与鉴定

自发病鹧鸪分离到 1株带有假菌丝、酵母样病原真菌。根据培养特性、生化试验、致病力试验等试验结果 ,确定该病原真菌为白色念珠菌。对鹧鸪念珠菌病进行流行病学、病理变化研究 ,提出预防治疗措施。     

肉桂醛、柠檬醛对犬白色念珠菌黏附力及超微结构的影响

根据先前的研究,肉桂醛和柠檬醛都有较好的抗真菌活性。本研究对肉桂醛、柠檬醛在真菌黏附口腔黏膜上皮以及对犬白色念珠菌超微结构的影响进行探索。结果表明,药物处理组白色念珠菌黏附率显著下降。扫描电镜显示,经过药物处理的犬白色念珠菌细胞表面粗糙、皱缩、萎陷、外膜空洞、胞浆内容物流出。透射电镜下,细胞普遍发生细胞壁增厚,质壁分离,萎陷,胞浆内容物外流等损伤。     

真菌性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

本研究针对天津地区使用多种常规药物治疗均无效的乳房炎患牛,无菌采集奶样进行真菌病原分离鉴定及致病性试验, 经鉴定其病原菌为白色念珠菌和新型隐球菌,其对试验动物具有较强的致病力。本研究结果为更好地了解天津市及周边地区奶牛感染真菌的情况,进而采取有效的防治措施提供了一定的理论依据。     

Studies on Some Aspects of Neutrophil Functions and Uterine Defenses in Cows during the Estrous Cycle

Some aspects of the bovine uterine defense mechanisms were evaluated over two successive estrous cycles in five adult nonpregnant Friesian cows. Uterine flushings and blood samples were taken from each cow during the estrus and diestrus phases of each estrous cycle. A significant higher percentage of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were phagocytosed (P < 0.01) and killed (P < 0.05) by blood neutrophils during estrus than during diestrus. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity of uterine flushings, blood neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity scores, and serum progesterone concentrations during diestrus increased significantly (P < 0.01) compared to those at estrus. Mean total blood leucocyte and monocyte counts increased significantly (P < 0.05) during estrus compared to diestrus .
It is concluded, that the different hormonal status has at each stage of the estrous cycle a definite effect on uterine resistance against bacterial infection and a fall in serum progesterone concentrations is associated with an increased ability of blood neutrophils to phagocytose and kill C. albicans .     

卵黄抗体对鸽毛滴虫与白色念珠菌感染的治疗效果

旨在研究鸽毛滴虫与白色念珠菌二联卵黄抗体制备方法和评价其临床效果。利用临床分离的白色念珠菌与毛滴虫制备二联灭活疫苗,免疫产蛋母鸡获得高水平抗体,采取低温冻干技术制备成卵黄抗体粉。建立ELISA抗体检测法测定卵黄抗体水平,确保质量可控;以分离的肉鸽毛滴虫、白色念珠菌制备发病模型,评价卵黄抗体的保护效果。结果表明：二次免疫后,卵黄中毛滴虫抗体和白色念珠菌抗体OD值达到高峰,分别为0.90和0.66,抗体维持时间达到2个月。卵黄抗体按1 g·只^-1口服饲喂5 d后,肉鸽口腔和嗉囊病变评分与感染对照组相比显著降低（P<0.05）,与甲硝唑、制霉菌素无差异;此外,毛滴虫、白色念珠菌病原载量极显著降低（P<0.01）。研制的鸽毛滴虫与白色念珠菌二联卵黄抗体可以替代甲硝唑和制霉菌素,为肉鸽的健康养殖提供一种新的抗菌素替代产品。     

Reduced microbicidal activity of peripheral mononuclear phagocytic cells infected with Pasteurella multocida

Pasteurella multocida inhibits the uptake and killing of Candida albicans and P. multocida by avian mononuclear phagocytic cells. The toxic outer membrane protein of P. multocida, which has been previously described, also inhibited the uptake and killing of C. albicans. Antibody specific for the toxic outer membrane protein reversed this effect resulting not only in an increase in uptake of C. albicans and P. multocida, but also in intracellular killing of P. multocida. This antibody, however, only partially restored killing of C. albicans. These data support the hypothesis that P. multocida is capable of intracellular survival in avian mononuclear phagocytic cells and that the toxic outer membrane protein is totally or partly responsible for this occurrence.     

Susceptibility to fungal infections of nails in patients with primary antibody deficiency

Primary antibody deficiencies are rare diseases, which require early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins to prevent fatal infections. The cell mediated immunity in patients with those immunodeficiencies remains unimpaired and usually they do not develop fungal infections. The aim of the study was to determine the susceptibility to fungal infections of nails in children with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Nail plate fragments collected from five patients with XLA and five with CVID were experimentally infected with a Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains. The same procedures were carried out with the nails from a control group of 10 healthy volunteers. The intensity of the infection was evaluated on the basis of hyphae ingrown into the nail fragments. The main finding of the study was the increased susceptibility of antibody deficient patients to experimental nail infection with C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes.     

细胞培养过程中白色念珠菌污染的防控

为探讨大扶康防控细胞培养过程中白色念球菌污染的可行性,采用不同浓度的大扶康共同培养,观察其抑制白色念珠菌的效果,及对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12生长情况的影响。结果：采用300 μg/ml大扶康防控效果最佳,毒性作用小,对C2C12细胞的生存率无明显影响。采用30 μg/ml大扶康与20 μg/ml硫酸阿米卡星＋50 μg/ml头孢他啶配伍的方法可有效预防细胞培养过程中的真菌污染。结论：采用大扶康可有效控制细胞培养中白色念珠菌的污染。采用大扶康与硫酸阿米卡星＋头孢他啶配伍的方法可有效预防细胞培养过程中的真菌污染。     

Multiplex-PCR-based differentiation and characterization of Candida-isolates derived from tortoises (Testudinidae)

Candida isolates (n=23) derived from Testudinidae were investigated by multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates comprised 13 Candida (C.) tropicalis, nine C. albicans and one C. parapsilosis. In addition, five reference strains C. albicans (ATCC 10231), C. tropicalis (DSM 4238), C. parapsilosis (DSM 4237), C. glabrata (ATCC 70614) and C. krusei (ATCC 70075) were investigated. PCR revealed easily distinguishable species-specific amplicons of the chs1-gene and resulted in a clear identification in all cases. No discrepancies between conventional identification techniques and the PCR-based system were seen. The described PCR offers a rapid alternative to conventional techniques for the identification of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei.     

Intestinal candidiasis in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta): an immunohistochemical study

Post mortem examination of a juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) stranded in the Canary Islands revealed a fishing-line in the small intestine. Histologically, severe necrotic enteritis, multiple haemorrhages, and marked oedema of the intestinal submucosa were observed. Yeast cells and fungal hyphae were seen in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa and in the connective tissue of the submucosa. Because fungal cultures were not taken at the time of necropsy, an immunohistochemical study was performed in order to identify the fungus involved. Specific monoclonal and heterologously absorbed polyclonal antibodies served as the primary reagents for identification of aspergillosis, candidiasis, fusariosis, geotricosis, scedosporiosis, and zygomycosis, using an indirect immunofluorescence staining technique. The fungal elements were strongly stained only by a polyclonal antibody against Candida albicans and a monoclonal antibody against C. albicans. There are no known previous reports of Candida sp. causing skin disease or systemic mycotic infection in sea turtles.     

Malassezia and Candida infections in bull terriers with lethal acrodermatitis

In 12 cases of lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), four sampling techniques (brush, swab, scrape and adhesive tape strip) were used to study the distribution of yeasts in various body sites and these results were compared with those from five cases of atopic dermatitis and those of 10 normal dogs. Malassezia was frequently isolated from lesional and non-lesional skin and haircoat, footpads, nails and mucous membranes from dogs with either LAD or atopic dermatitis, although, generally, more Malassezia organisms were isolated from LAD cases. In normal dogs, Malassezia was most frequently recovered from the ear canal and the perianal skin. Candida was isolated frequently from dogs with LAD, but only a single isolate of this yeast was found in the other two groups. Fungal hyphae and pseudohyphae, probably Candida albicans, could be detected in samples collected from the nails and footpads of dogs with LAD. Both Malassezia and Candida could be isolated using all four sampling techniques. The MacKenzie (toothbrush) technique and adhesive tape strip cultures proved simple methods for the semiquantitative evaluation of yeasts. The high recovery rate of Malassezia and Candida from dogs with LAD is probably related to immune dysfunction, particularly T-cell dysfunction, known to be present in these dogs. C albicans infection may in part be responsible for the pathogenic changes of the nails and footpads commonly seen in cases of LAD.     

Immunoglobulin isotypes of lactating Holstein cows classified as high, average, and low type-1 or -2 immune responders

Infectious diseases are detrimental to the health and economy of the livestock industry. Observations of cattle resistant to natural infections have implied the feasibility of breeding livestock for disease resistance. Studies of pigs selected for antibody (AMIR)- and cell (CMIR)-mediated immune responses have demonstrated increased immune responsiveness suggesting enhanced protection by both type 2 and type 1 responses, respectively. Additionally, natural or artificial infections of cattle suggest that the production of particular immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes are important for protecting against pathogens. In fact, IgG1/IgG2 ratios are often used to establish whether type 1 (CMIR) or type 2 (AMIR) responses predominate following immunization or infection. The objectives of this study were therefore; (1) to evaluate the Ig isotype bias responses to Candida albicans and hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL) in cows classified as high responders (HR), average responders (AR) or low responders (LR) based on AMIR or CMIR; (2) to determine if ranking based on IFN-γ (a type 1 cytokine) and DTH responses were analogous in terms of ranking; and (3) to estimate IFN-γ, Ig isotypes, and DTH correlations. Antibody responses to HEWL and DTH to C. albicans were detected such that cows were phenotypically classified as HR, AR and LR for AMIR or CMIR with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among classified groups. C. albicans-induced IFN-γ allowed classification of cows, some of which had the same ranking as that of DTH response. The lowest IgG1/IgG2 ratio was to the C. albicans purified antigen (candin), but no differences were observed in anti-HEWL or anti-candin IgG1/IgG2 ratios between classified groups. Anti-HEWL IgG1 and IgG2 responses at day 21 post-immunization were negatively and significantly correlated with DTH to candin at 24h. There were no significant correlations between anti-HEWL or anti-candin IgG1 or IgG2 responses with IFN-γ. Based on Ig isotype bias, IFN-γ and DTH responses, it was concluded that immunization with C. albicans can be used to classify CMIR responder cows based on DTH read-out.