种植模式和施氮水平对大豆花荚脱落及产量的影响

通过田间裂区试验,研究了两种种植模式(大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和玉米、大豆施氮总量(NN:0;RN:180 kg·hm-2;CN:240 N kg·hm-2)对大豆农艺性状、花荚脱落及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:与大豆单作相比,玉米-大豆套作模式使大豆R2期的株高、茎粗、有效分枝数和倒三叶面积降低,第一节间长和平均节间长升高,大豆全株及中上层的落花数、落荚数和花荚脱落率显著降低,单株荚数、经济系数显著提高。玉米-大豆套作系统中,RN处理下的有效分枝数较少,倒三叶面积显著降低,大豆全株及中上层落花数显著减少,花荚脱落率达到最小值,比NN和CN显著降低10.8%、10.2%;在RN处理下,玉米-大豆套作模式下的大豆单株荚数、百粒重和生物量最大,产量和经济系数表现最佳。     

夏大豆花荚脱落的原因及对策

一、花荚脱落情况及其规律据调查,夏大豆一般脱落率为４５％～７０％,严重者高达８４％。脱落的比例大致分为：花蕾占１０％、花朵占５０％、幼荚占４０％。落蕾一般发生在花轴末端及副芽花序上,落花多发生在开花后３～５天,落荚以开花后７～１５天的幼荚脱落最多。花...     

施用植物生长剂对蚕豆座荚的影响

花芽滞育、落花、落荚及胚珠脱落造成的败育是蚕豆产量不稳定的主要原因(Gates等,1983b)。在生殖生长期,主要是落花使蚕豆的生产潜力大为降低。然而在大多数典型的蚕豆栽培品种中,每一总状花序常发生脱落。在基部花序落花率低且稳定,而在顶部花序其落花率高旦常有变化(Gates等,1983a)。多数欧洲蚕豆栽培品种在每个腋生花序中都具有持续开放的花。认为,最早花朵的授粉到开花促进了生理变化,从而刺激座荚(Gates等,     

大豆菌核病发病因素分析与防治方法

近年来,黑龙江省由于大豆栽培面积增加,重茬现象严重,加之油菜、向日葵等经济作物面积不断扩大,加剧了大豆菌核病病害的发生.2003年黑龙江省牡丹江地区大豆菌核病普遍发生,而且发病时期早,发病重,对大豆产量造成严重影响.     

大豆倒伏问题应引起高度重视

2008年夏秋季节,笔者对吉林省大豆生产情况进行了实地考察.尽管今年吉林省大豆获得了较好的收成,但大豆倒伏情况发生较普遍,有60%以上的田块发生不同程度的倒伏现象,对大豆产量造成一定影响.     

大豆萌动种子及株体对渍水环境的反应

渍水(种子上3cm水层)条件下,萌动种子活力的受害程度、临界时间与温度有关,相对高温下,种子受害加速,受害临界时间也提前。大豆生育的不同阶段根际渍水,产量均有大幅度下降。供试22个大豆品种(品系)在V_3、R_1、R_3和R_5期开始渍水15天的平均结果,分别减产35.1、40.2、38.3和36.9％。营养生长阶段渍水,株高下降、茎重减少,健壮“骨架”形成受阻造成单株粒数减少。开花期渍水,大量落花和成荚率减少影响单株粒数。结荚阶段渍水,因大量落荚,而影响单株粒数。鼓粒期渍水,一是开始鼓粒的种子因停止其发育而造成秕粒,二是鼓粒旺期的种子生长受阻而百粒重严重下降。总之,V_3、R_1、R_3和R_5期开始渍水的处理,减产均与其单株粒数的减少呈显著正相关。相关系数(r)分别为0.957、0.935、0.930和0.480。渍水还造成大豆对根际缺氧环境的适应性变化:如水中茎的增粗、大量增生气生根。随着气生根的生长发育,地上部,尤其是叶色逐渐有所恢复。大豆萌动种子受害临界及生育期根际渍水,对产量的胁迫存在着显著的品种间差异。品种内时间不同生育期的耐渍水性也不一致,这就给选育耐渍水大豆材料提供了成功的可能。     

盛花期高温对大豆结荚及产量的影响

为探明花期高温对大豆结荚和产量的影响及其生理机制,以大豆品种濉科12为材料,于盛花期(R2)在大棚内进行连续3 d高温处理(9:00-16:00,45±2℃;16:00—次日9:00,自然环境温度),研究盛花期高温胁迫对大豆结荚状况、荚和荚柄内部解剖结构、荚的氧化胁迫和产量构成的影响.结果表明:盛花期高温对大豆叶片的影响是非延续性的且对后期的"源"没有影响,但会导致受高温影响的花后期形成荚的H2O2和MDA含量上升;部分荚的荚柄细胞崩溃呈丝状、荚壳维管束变稀疏,导致"流"不畅,籽粒内部细胞中空,减少"库"的数量,造成落荚,空瘪荚、缺粒荚增多,总粒数减少,粒重降低,产量下降;副花序可在一定程度上补偿高温带来的产量损失.因此盛花期高温对大豆"流"和"库"造成影响,最终导致减产.     

播期对大豆开花及产量的影响

通过对不同播期条件下大豆开花结英规律的调查，建立了大豆开花模式，结果表明，在大豆开放小花数量累积的概率与开花日序呈对数函数关系。回归模型为：ＹＰ＝Ａ＋Ｂ．Ｌｎｘ；确定了不同播种时期处理的，“有效花期”范围；分析表明“有效花期”较长，落花落英率较小，产量罗高。“有效花期”长短与结英率及产量具有一定的相关关系，不同处理的产量差异达极显著水平。     

大豆不同生育期内应对低温冷害措施的研究

黑龙江省大豆生产受典型的寒温带半湿润大陆性气候影响,生育期内遭遇阶段性低温冷害现象频发,对产量影响很大。着重分析低温冷害的发生指标以及对大豆各生育阶段的影响程度,提出以预防为主的农艺防御措施,促熟增产,最大限度消除不利气候影响,保障大豆单产水平与总体产量的进一步提升。     

对1999年讷河市大豆不实现象的初析

大豆落花落荚现象在大豆生产中很常见,但1999年我市大豆落花落荚严重发生,有的只有几十公斤产量,有的甚至绝产。据初步统计,危害面积达192万亩,遍及12个乡镇,直接经济损失3100万元。这一现象在我省大豆生产史上罕见。经过田间调查分析,今年我市大豆落花落荚的原因与以下几...     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。