Expression and cell type--specific processing of human preproenkephalin with a vaccinia recombinant

The posttranslational maturation of a complex precursor polyprotein, human proenkephalin, was assessed by infection of a wide spectrum of cell types with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed human proenkephalin. The infected cells rapidly produced both cellular and secreted Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Although each cell line could secrete intact proenkephalin, only a mouse pituitary line was capable of processing proenkephalin to mature enkephalin peptides. The quantity of intact proenkephalin secreted from BSC-40 cells (derived from African Green monkey kidney) was sufficient to establish the value of vaccinia virus as a mammalian cell expression vector.     

基于PK15细胞的猪圆环病毒2型全悬浮培养工艺

【目的】筛选1株适合PCV2病毒生产的悬浮细胞株,摸索PCV2悬浮生产工艺（病毒种毒来源、MOI及收获时间）,为大规模悬浮培养技术制备疫苗提供试验依据。【方法】使用有限稀释法对PK15原细胞稀释后接种于96孔板,每2 d观察细胞生长和形态,待细胞90%长满后,将细胞从96孔板陆续扩至24孔板、12孔板、6孔板,最后到方瓶,筛选3株可贴壁生长的、形态较好的PK15克隆。3株克隆（PK15-1C8、2F11、1E5）按照1×10⁶细胞/mL的密度,直接接种在PK15的无血清培养基中,并置于37℃,5%二氧化碳,120 r/min的摇床培养箱中继续培养,每天监测细胞密度和活率,每3 d传代,使细胞逐渐适应悬浮环境,驯化为可全悬浮、无血清培养的悬浮细胞株;细胞传代稳定并建库后,接种PCV2病毒,通过对比3株悬浮克隆细胞培养PCV2病毒含量的差异,筛选1株克隆细胞,用于生产PCV2;针对不同种毒（来源于贴壁细胞或悬浮细胞）,摸索感染MOI（0.1、0.2、0.5）及收获时间（48、72、96、120h）,确定PCV2最佳生产工艺。【结果】（1）贴壁细胞置于无血清培养基中,适应至第2代时细胞即可呈悬浮生长,连续传至11代,细胞生长稳定,按照1×10⁶/mL接种细胞,细胞生长72h时细胞密度可达到10×10⁶/mL,活率在95%以上,倍增时间为20h左右;（2）3株悬浮细胞使用相同条件,分别接种PCV2病毒后,PK15-1C8克隆细胞的病毒含量可达到10^6.4TCID₅₀/mL,克隆PK15-2F11（10^5.5TCID₅₀/mL）、PK15-1E5（10^5.6TCID₅₀/mL）,3株克隆细胞病毒含量均高于原克隆（10^4.7TCID₅₀/mL）,但PK15-1C8克隆细胞的病毒含量更高且更稳定,确定为后续研究用细胞;（3）使用贴壁细胞来源的种毒（10^6.4TCID₅₀/mL）感染PK15-1C8克隆细胞后,最优工艺为接毒时细胞密度1×10⁶/mL,以0.1MOI接毒,接毒后72h收获,最高病毒含量为10^6.5TCID₅₀/mL。以来源于悬浮细胞的种毒（10^6.3TCID₅₀/mL）感染细胞后,病毒含量较贴壁细胞来源种毒更高,最高可达10^7.3TCID₅₀/mL,其最优工艺为接毒时细胞密度1×10⁶/mL,以0.2MOI接毒,接毒后72h收获。【结论】通过对PK15细胞进行单克隆筛选,驯化悬浮、3株悬浮细胞接种PCV2后病毒含量的对比,确定一株病毒含量最高的悬浮细胞,并以此悬浮细胞为基础进行PCV2生产工艺摸索,建立了全悬浮无血清培养的PK15-1C8细胞增殖PCV2工艺,该工艺首次使用悬浮细胞扩增PCV2病毒为种毒进行接毒,最高病毒含量可达10^7.3TCID₅₀/mL,可用于工厂化疫苗生产。     

T-lymphocyte priming and protection against Friend leukemia by vaccinia-retrovirus env gene recombinant

The current prevalence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in humans has provoked renewed interest in methods of protective immunization against retrovirus-induced diseases. In this study, a vaccinia-retrovirus recombinant vector was constructed to study mechanisms of immune protection against Friend virus leukemia in mice. The envelope (env) gene from Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) was inserted into the genome of a vaccinia virus expression vector. Infected cells synthesized gp85, the glycosylated primary product of the env gene. Processing to gp70 and p15E, and cell surface localization, were similar to that occurring in cells infected with F-MuLV. Mice inoculated with live recombinant vaccinia virus had an envelope-specific T-cell proliferative response and, after challenge with Friend virus complex, developed neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and were protected against leukemia. In contrast, unimmunized and control groups developed a delayed neutralizing antibody response, but no detectable CTL, and succumbed to leukemia. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex influenced protection induced by the vaccinia recombinant but not that induced by attenuated N-tropic Friend virus.     

Vaccinia virus uses macropinocytosis and apoptotic mimicry to enter host cells

Viruses employ many different strategies to enter host cells. Vaccinia virus, a prototype poxvirus, enters cells in a pH-dependent fashion. Live cell imaging showed that fluorescent virus particles associated with and moved along filopodia to the cell body, where they were internalized after inducing the extrusion of large transient membrane blebs. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) was activated by the virus, and the endocytic process had the general characteristics of macropinocytosis. The induction of blebs, the endocytic event, and infection were all critically dependent on the presence of exposed phosphatidylserine in the viral membrane, which suggests that vaccinia virus uses apoptotic mimicry to enter cells.     

粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒在同源寄主细胞系中复制和连续传代的研究

本文研究了粉纹夜蛾单粒包埋核型多角体病毒(TnSNPV)在同源寄主细胞系Tn5B_(1—4)中的生长特性。结果表明,接种36h 后,无包涵体游离病毒(TnSNPV—NOV)的增殖达到高峰;在60代的连续传递过程中,TnSNPV-NOV 毒力随传递代数的增加而减低,但不明显。传至60代时仍可保持感染力1×10~5TCID_(50)(组织感染中量)/mL;而多角体的毒力变化十分显著,前几代能使粉纹夜蛾幼虫死亡率迭95%以上,传递到30代以后产生的多角体对粉纹夜蛾的幼虫几乎失去毒力;多角体的产量也明显降低,前几代病毒在每个细胞中可达670PIB,但20代以后,每细胞中多角体的产量仅在100PIB 以下.     

A single amino acid interchange yields reciprocal CTL specificities for HIV-1 gp160

For the IIIB isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), the immunodominant determinant of the envelope protein gp160 for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of H-2d mice is in a region of high sequence variability among HIV-1 isolates. The general requirements for CTL recognition of peptide antigens and the relation of recognition requirements to the natural variation in sequence of the HIV were investigated. For this purpose, a CTL line specific for the homologous segment of the envelope from the MN isolate of HIV-1 and restricted by the same class I major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule (Dd) as the IIIB-specific CTLs was raised from mice immunized with MN-env-recombinant vaccinia virus. The IIIB-specific and MN-specific CTLs were completely non-cross-reactive. Reciprocal exchange of a single amino acid between the two peptide sequences, which differed in 6 of 15 residues, led to a complete reversal of the specificity of the peptides in sensitizing targets, such that the IIIB-specific CTLs lysed targets exposed to the singly substituted MN peptide and vice versa. These data indicate the importance of single residues in defining peptide epitopic specificity and have implications for both the effect of immune pressure on selection of viral mutants and the design of effective vaccines.     

Thyroid hormone induction of an autocrine growth factor secreted by pituitary tumor cells

Thyroid hormones stimulate the rate of cell division by poorly understood mechanisms. The possibility that thyroid hormones increase cell growth by stimulating secretion of a growth factor was investigated. Thyroid hormones are nearly an absolute requirement for the division of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells plated at low density. Conditioned media from cells grown with or without L-triiodothyronine (T3) were treated with an ion exchange resin to remove T3 and were tested for ability to stimulate the division of GH4C1 cells. Conditioned medium from T3-treated cells was as active as thyroid hormone at promoting GH4C1 cell growth but did not elicit other thyroid hormone responses, induction of growth hormone, and down-regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors, as effectively as T3 did. A substance or substances associated with T3-induced growth stimulatory activity migrated at high molecular weight at neutral pH and was different from known growth-promoting hormones induced by T3. The results demonstrate that thyroid hormones stimulate the division of GH4C1 pituitary cells by stimulating the secretion of an autocrine growth factor.     

Synthetic CD4 peptide derivatives that inhibit HIV infection and cytopathicity

Synthetic peptide segments of the CD4 molecule were tested for their ability to inhibit infection of CD4+ cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to inhibit HIV-induced cell fusion. A peptide mixture composed of CD4(76-94), and synthesis side products, blocked HIV-induced cell fusion at a nominal concentration of 125 micromolar. Upon high-performance liquid chromatography, the antisyncytial activity of the peptide mixture was found not in the fraction containing the peptide CD4(76-94) itself, but in a side fraction containing derivatized peptide products generated in the automated synthesis. Derivatized deletion and substitution peptides in the region CD4(76-94) were used to demonstrate sequence specificity, a requirement for benzyl derivatization, and a core seven-residue fragment required for antisyncytial activity. A partially purified S-benzyl-CD4(83-94) peptide mixture inhibited HIV-induced cell fusion at a nominal concentration of less than or equal to 32 micromolar. Derivatized CD4 peptides blocked cell fusion induced by several HIV isolates and by the simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV, and blocked infection in vitro by four HIV-1 isolates with widely variant envelope gene sequences. Purified CD4(83-94) dibenzylated at cysteine 86 and glutamate 87 possessed antisyncytial activity at 125 micromolar. Derivatization may specifically alter the conformation of CD4 holoreceptor peptide fragments, increasing their antiviral efficacy.     

Replicative and cytopathic potential of HTLV-III/LAV with sor gene deletions

The genome of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) has the potential to encode at least three polypeptides in addition to those encoded by the gag, pol, and env genes. In this study, the product of the sor (short open reading frame) region, which overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene, was found to be a protein with a molecular weight of 23,000. An assay was developed for testing the ability of cloned HTLV-III proviruses to produce viruses cytopathic for T4+ lymphocytes. In the cell line used, C8166, neither the HTLV-III sor gene product nor the complete 3'-orf gene product were necessary for the replication or cytopathic effects of the HTLV-III.     

Autologous red cell agglutination assay for HIV-1 antibodies: simplified test with whole blood

An antibody detection procedure based on agglutination of autologous red cells has been developed for samples of whole blood. A nonagglutinating monoclonal antibody to human red blood cells conjugated to a synthetic peptide antigen (in this case residues 579 to 601 of the HIV-1 envelope precursor, Arg-Ile-Leu-Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gln-Gln-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Trp- Gly-Cys - Ser-Gly-Lys) permitted the detection of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 10 microliters of whole blood within 2 minutes. Agglutination was specifically inhibited by addition of synthetic peptide antigen but not by unrelated peptides. The frequency of false positive results was 0.1% with HIV-1 seronegative blood donors (n = 874). The false negative results were approximately 1% (n = 81). The autologous red cell agglutination test is potentially suitable for simple, rapid, qualitative screening for antibodies to a variety of antigens of medical and veterinary diagnostic significance.     

AcMNPV-1A在转P35基因细胞系中连续传代的研究

报道了1株粉纹夜蛾转P35基因工程细胞系,命名为Tn5B-35。苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Au-tographacalifornicanuclearpolyhedrosisvirus,AcMNPV)在该细胞系中连续传代至25代,与原始细胞系Tn5B1-4相比较,其感染率、多角体产量、滴度以及杀虫毒力的变化趋势均比较平稳,并未出现"传代效应"。     

Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

The envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a central role in the process of virus entry into the host cell and in the cytopathicity of the virus for lymphocytes bearing the CD4 molecule. Mutations that affect the ability of the envelope glycoprotein to form syncytia in CD4+ cells can be divided into five groups: those that decrease the binding of the envelope protein to the CD4 molecule, those that prevent a post-binding fusion reaction, those that disrupt the anchorage of the envelope glycoprotein in the membrane, those that affect the association of the two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein, and those that affect post-translational proteolytic processing of the envelope precursor protein. These findings provide a functional model of the HIV envelope glycoprotein.     

Location and chemical synthesis of a binding site for HIV-1 on the CD4 protein

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses the CD4 protein as a receptor for infection of susceptible cells. A candidate structure for the HIV-1 binding site on the CD4 protein was identified by epitope mapping with a family of eight functionally distinct CD4-specific monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with a panel of large CD4-derived synthetic peptides. All of the seven epitopes that were located reside within two immunoglobulin-like disulfide loops situated between residues 1 and 168 of the CD4 protein. The CD4-specific monoclonal antibody OKT4A, a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 binding, recognized a site between residues 32 and 47 on the CD4 protein. By analogy to other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, this particular region has been predicted to exist as a protruding loop. A synthetic analog of this loop (residues 25 to 58) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of HIV-1-induced cell fusion. It is proposed that a loop extending from residues 37 to 53 of the CD4 protein is a binding site for the AIDS virus.     

Antigen presentation requires transport of MHC class I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum

The role of exocytosis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in the presentation of antigens to mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was examined by use of a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses the E19 glycoprotein from adenovirus. E19 blocked the presentation of vaccinia and influenza virus proteins to CTLs in a MHC class I allele-specific manner identical to its inhibition of MHC class I transport from the endoplasmic reticulum. This finding indicates that (i) the relevant parameter for antigen presentation is the rate of MHC class I molecule exocytosis, not the level of class I cell surface expression, and (ii) association of class I molecules with antigen is likely to occur within the endoplasmic reticulum.     

乳清蛋白抗氧化肽对H_2O_2所致人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC-5过氧化损伤的保护作用

【目的】探讨纯化后的乳清蛋白抗氧化肽P4对人胚肺成纤维细胞(human lung fibroblast)MRC-5过氧化损伤的保护作用及可能的作用机制。【方法】采用H2O2诱导建立细胞氧化损伤模型,应用四唑蓝快速比色法(MTT法)检测细胞存活率,通过检测细胞培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,来确定P4对过氧化损伤MRC-5细胞的保护作用,并利用电镜观察细胞形态学变化。【结果】1mmol·L-1H2O2孵育24h可显著诱导MRC-5细胞损伤,使细胞存活力下降到22.47%,细胞经不同浓度的抗氧化肽P4(4、20、100μg·mL-1)与H2O2共孵育后,特别是100μg·mL-1(高剂量组)抗氧化肽P4可使细胞存活率达到44.77%。同时,提高乳清蛋白抗氧化肽P4的浓度,可促进受损的MRC-5细胞修复,提高了SOD、CAT、GSH-Px酶活性,降低MDA含量。扫描电镜和透射电镜观察结果也表明,一定浓度的乳清抗氧化肽对MRC-5细胞具有保护作用。【结论】乳清抗氧化肽通过拮抗H2O2而对MRC-5的过氧化损伤具有保护作用。     

葡萄霜霉菌糖基水解酶基因家族的生物信息学分析

【目的】分析预测葡萄霜霉菌糖基水解酶（Glycoside hydrolases,GHs）基因家族,为深入研究GHs基因在葡萄霜霉菌致病过程中的作用机理提供理论依据。【方法】利用SignalP 5.0 Server、Cluster W、MEGA 6.0和MEME等生物信息学相关软件对已发表的葡萄霜霉菌全基因组60个GHs基因的基本特征、基因组分布特点及其编码蛋白保守基序、结构域和亚细胞定位等进行生物信息学分析。【结果】葡萄霜霉菌60个GHs基因编码的蛋白长度在128~774 aa,且大部分集中在200~500 aa,其中53个蛋白具有信号肽,蛋白质分子量在14.90~85.45 kD,理论等电点（pI）在3.85~10.39;这些基因在基因组中分布不均匀,其中有27个GHs基因存在串联重复和成簇聚集分布现象,数目最多的3个GHs家族（GH131、GH17和GH6）集中分布在7个scaffold中;序列比对和系统发育进化树分析发现,串联重复和成簇聚集分布的GHs基因处于同一个分支中;motif富集分析发现3个不同的motif,且motif2在葡萄霜霉菌GH6、GH17和GH131等3个家族基因中保守,结构域分析推测大部分GHs家族基因均参与细胞壁的生物过程;亚细胞定位预测结果表明,有53个GHs蛋白定位于细胞外,3个定位在细胞质内,4个定位于线粒体上。【结论】葡萄霜霉菌在侵染寄主的过程中可能会分泌多种GHs酶类来破坏细胞壁的结构,以帮助其在寄主植物中成功定殖。     

Enhancement of SIV infection with soluble receptor molecules

The CD4 receptor on human T cells has been shown to play an integral part in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection process. Recombinant soluble human CD4 (rCD4) was tested for its ability to inhibit SIVagm, an HIV-like virus that naturally infects African green monkeys, in order to define T cell surface receptors critical for SIVagm infection. The rCD4 was found to enhance SIVagm infection of a human T cell line by as much as 18-fold, whereas HIV-1 infection was blocked by rCD4. Induction of syncytium formation and de novo protein synthesis were observed within the first 24 hours after SIVagm infection, whereas this process took 4 to 6 days in the absence of rCD4. This enhancing effect could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies directed to rCD4. The enhancing effect could be abrogated with antibodies from naturally infected African green monkeys with inhibitory titers of from 1:2,000 to 1:10,000; these antibodies did not neutralize SIVagm infection in the absence of rCD4. Viral enhancement of SIVagm infection by rCD4 may result from the modulation of the viral membrane through gp120-CD4 binding, thus facilitating secondary events involved in viral fusion and penetration.     

HTLV-V: a new human retrovirus isolated in a Tac-negative T cell lymphoma/leukemia

A new human retrovirus was isolated from a continuous cell line derived from a patient with CD4+ Tac- cutaneous T cell lymphoma/leukemia. This virus is related to but distinct from human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). With the use of a fragment of provirus cloned from one patient with T cell leukemia, closely related sequences were found in DNA of the cell line and of tumor cells from seven other patients with the same disease; these sequences were only distantly related to HTLV-I. The phenotype of the cells and the clinical course of the disease were clearly distinguishable from leukemia associated with HTLV-I. All patients and the wife of one patient showed a weak serological cross-reactivity with both HTLV-I and HIV-1 antigens. None of the patients proved to be at any apparent risk for HIV-1 infection. The name proposed for this virus is HTLV-V, and the date indicate that it may be a primary etiological factor in the major group of cutaneous T cell lymphomas/leukemias, including the sporadic lymphomas known as mycoses fungoides.     

Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D prevents latent herpes in mice

In humans, herpes simplex virus causes a primary infection and then often a latent ganglionic infection that persists for life. Because these latent infections can recur periodically, vaccines are needed that can protect against both primary and latent herpes simplex infections. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants that contain the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D gene under control of defined early or late vaccinia virus promoters were constructed. Tissue culture cells infected with these recombinant viruses synthesized a glycosylated protein that had the same mass (60,000 daltons) as the glycoprotein D produced by HSV-1. Immunization of mice with one of these recombinant viruses by intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized HSV-1 and protected the mice against subsequent lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Immunization with the recombinant virus also protected the majority of the mice against the development of a latent HSV-1 infection of the trigeminal ganglia. This is the first demonstration that a genetically engineered vaccine can prevent the development of latency.