辽西半干旱地区昭林六号杨人工林密度及经济效益的研究

杨树人工林密度是个争论很大的问题。初植密度不同,对林分未来产量和效益影响很大。根据营林目的确定合理的造林密度和轮伐期是杨树集约栽培中的一项重要技术措施和基本前提,它可以保证林木群体结构最大限度地利用空间,在单位面积上得到最大的生长量和经济效果。在辽宁西部半干旱区的建平县,用该区广为栽培的优良杂种无性系昭林六号杨(Populus Zhaoling 6′)进行集约栽培下的密度试验,旨在研究密度对杨树人工林生长量、林     

海南香荚兰生产调查与分析

调查了海南香荚兰人工荫棚集约栽培、分散栽培和活荫蔽树下粗放栽培种植园的生产投入、种植面积、生产管理情况、管理特点和产量水平,提出今后香荚兰生产应控制集约的种植面积,发展分散式种植和粗放式种植     

杜仲幼树生长规律的研究

首次报道了杜仲在砂姜黑土条件下，高密度集约栽培人工矮林的生长规律，并建立了杜仲幼林的各种生长模型和生物量模型。结果表明，杜仲树高和胸径生长符合一元幂曲线方程，杜仲的生物产量和经济产量符合三次或四次多项式回归方程，各模型的参数均与树龄相关。     

沂蒙短枝板栗高密度栽培技术研究

分别丘岭和平原营建沂蒙短枝板栗高密度栽培试验园，3、4、5年生的平均产量依次为118．5kg/667m^2,280.3kg/667m^2,462.5kg/667m^2，明显高于燕山短枝和石丰板栗。在立地条件较好的平原，其生长，结果情况和单位面积产量皆显著高于瘠薄干旱的丘岭山区。沂蒙短枝极具矮化短枝性状，适当地加大初植密度，并采用集约管理措施，能有效地提高单位面积产量。     

油桐栽培密度及林分结构模式的研究

油桐是我国重要的工业油料树种。本文研究了我国油桐主要产区在不同立地条件下,林分密度对油桐的林分结构和产量的影响规律,密度与林分生长指标和产量指标的数量关系及影响林分产量的主导结构因素,提出了不同立地条件下的最佳栽培密度和理想的林分结构模式。     

巴西桉树人工林栽培技术

自70年代中期以来, 巴西桉树人工林栽培取得了很大的成就, 其栽培面积和单位面积材积生长量均跃居世界首位。本文详细介绍了巴西桉树人工林集约栽培的技术措施: 遗传改良, 实现良种壮苗、适地、适树、适种源、适无性系造林, 注意维护和提高林地土壤肥力, 根据培育目标和立地条件合理确定造林密度和轮伐期, 重视桉树生长全过程的病虫害监测和防治工作等。并对提高我国桉树人工林集约栽培的水平提出了建议。     

尾巨桉人工林栽培密度研究

合理的栽培密度是桉树人工林速生丰产的重要基础。从尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)的不同栽培密度对其生长量的影响来看:密度对尾巨桉高生长的影响表现在生长后期,密度对尾巨桉的胸径生长在各个林龄都存在显著差异,密度与胸径生长呈负相关。如果要培育大中径材,种植密度应小于1000株/hm2,结合目前桉树人工林的经营目的及经济效益的综合分析,尾巨桉种植密度在1250～1667株/hm2。     

永川慈竹纸浆林集约栽培合理结构研究

通过对慈竹纸浆林集约栽培合理结构的研究,将竹丛密度、母竹年龄结构、抚育措施3个因素组装配套,多点试验,以期找到三者的最佳组合。经对试验数据统计分析表明,竹丛株数对新竹产量影响最大。     

果树再植病的防治方法

果树再植病是指原有果树砍伐后，重茬种植相同或近缘果树，往往表现出新植果树幼树生长衰弱，根系生长不良，大树产量低，即使加强肥水管理和及时防治病虫害，生长与结果仍无大的改观。果树再植病的发生在当前老果园更新过程中发生相当普遍，目前矮化密植集约栽培在生产中...     

栽培密度对喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗生物量及喜树碱含量的影响

栽培密度是植物生长的重要影响因子,能够显著影响植物的生长.2004年5月,将温室培养的喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗按照5种栽培密度(11、16、25、44、100株·m-2)移栽到田间,并于2004年9月中旬采收.我们对喜树幼苗的生长(包括株高和冠幅)、生物量分配、喜树碱含量和产量进行了研究.就5种栽培密度而言,喜树幼苗生物量、株高、冠幅及总叶面积均在密度为25株·m-2时最大.嫩叶喜树碱含量高于喜树幼苗其它各器官的喜树碱含量并且随栽培密度的改变有明显变化,在100株·m-2时达到最大,但其它器官喜树碱含量随栽培密度的变化不显著.栽培密度为25株·m-2时,喜树碱积累显著增强.结果显示,为得到较高喜树碱含量的喜树原料,喜树幼苗的最适栽培密度应为25株·m-2.     

红松人工林不同间伐强度效果分析

对不同间伐强度红松人工林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查研究。结果表明:极强度间伐、强度间伐能有效提高林分直径生长量,增加大径材的出材量,缩短培育大径材的时间,及早达到木材采伐标准。但间伐强度过大影响整个林分的蓄积量。强度间伐有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,植被状况良好。极强度间伐区土壤的养分状况最好,维持较高的土壤肥力。间伐有利于红松人工林地的可持续利用。     

Simulated yield and quality distribution of sawn timber from final felling in a Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stand with varying thinning regimes: A case study

Abstract

An integrated simulation tool, formed by integrating the InnoSIM sawing simulation system with the RetroSTEM simulator, was used to convert available wood raw materials from final felling into sawn timber, allowing for calculation of the three-dimensional wood properties of individual stems (stem geometry, heartwood formation, knottiness) as well as the volume, quality and value of sawn timber in a Norway spruce stand with different thinning regimes (unthinned, normal and intensively thinned). Based on the input data of sawing patterns, the simulations indicate that there are relatively small differences (<8%) in the volume yield (m³ha^?1) of sawn goods resulting from sawlogs available from final felling with different thinning practices. However, intensive thinning yielded the largest stem diameters and the greatest volumes (m³ha^?1) of large-sized centre goods (thickness: 50, 63, 75 mm) of rather poor quality. Normal thinning yielded the largest volume of A-grade side boards and centre goods (m³ha^?1), as well as the best total value ([euro]ha^?1) of sawn timber. Differences observed in sawn timber quality distribution can contribute to even more significant variation in value yields, if pricing mechanisms of timber products change to favour higher grade timber products.     

抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长及出材量的影响

间伐对人工林生长及木材质量具有重要影响。在浙江开化开展了间伐强度（强度、中度和对照）和间伐方式（间伐1次,间伐2次）对杉木人工林生长及出材量等的影响研究,第1试验区大径材培育林分在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐,第2试验区中径材培育林分仅在第12年时进行1次间伐。结果表明：22年生大径材培育林分和19年生中径材培育林分不同间伐处理之间树高、总断面积的差异均不显著。间伐显著增加了林木胸径的生长,大径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加13.78%和9.69%,中径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加12.28%和7.02%。间伐显著促进了林木单株材积的增加,2组试验林分活立木材积随着间伐强度的增加而降低,第1试验区22年生林分不同间伐强度之间活立木材积的差异不显著（P>0.05）,第2试验区强度间伐活立木材积显著低于对照（P<0.05）,中度间伐林分活立木材积与对照和强度间伐之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）。2组试验林分总蓄积和出材量也随着间伐强度的增加而降低,二者在3种间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。间伐强度不能有效增加林分活立木材积和林分出材量,间伐次数对林分出材量及出材规格有重要影响。试验区杉木大径材培育以2次间伐,总间伐强度50%左右较为适宜,而中径材培育则以1次中度间伐（约25%）为宜。     

抚育间伐对杉木中幼龄人工林林分生长质量及效益的影响

杉木是江西主要速生用材树种之一。通过对吉水县万华山林场20 a生人工杉木林分进行不同抚育间伐措施处理后,调查分析其平均胸径、平均树高、材种出材量、经济效益等存在明显差异。科学适时抚育间伐,经2次抚育间伐的杉木林分,上述因子高于经1次抚育间伐和未经抚育间伐的杉木林分,说明了抚育间伐能有效提高林分质量及经济效益。     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

绥宁县用材林林龄结构优化研究

针对绥宁县用材林林龄结构现状,应用系统动力学原理对用材林林龄结构优化进行建模,通过计算预测在不同采伐模式下用材林蓄积保有量和出材量的变化,从而找出最优的采伐模式。结果表明:用材林最优采伐模式即轮伐期为40年,择伐周期为15年,择伐强度为30%,抚育间伐周期为15年,抚育强度为15%。在这种优化模式下,到2025年绥宁县用材林蓄积保有量将达到10 186 848 m3,出材量将达到249 006 m3,使用材林发展达到生态效益和经济效益兼顾的最优状态。     

THE MANUFACTURE OF RAYON PULP IN SOUTH AFRICA

The utilization of plantation soils for the growing of pine pulpwood is discussed.

Different tree species make different demands on soil fertility and all tree species grown in S. Africa for commercial purposes also show a fairly wide range ofadaptability to soil fertility and site quality.

Generally plantation soils in this country have reasonable soil depth, good drainage and fair moisture supply but soil fertility levels in higher rainfall areas are often low.

Fertilization in the nursery, at planting time and at an age of 7–10 years of the stand could increase pulpwood yields by about 50 per cent.

Fertilization, cultivation thinning and other silvicultural work which promotes tree growth, all seem to have a similar influence on timber quality. Generally improved rate of growth results in higher timber yields both in total volume and total cellulose yield.

Land available for forestry purposes is limited in this country and it is of great economic and even strategic importance that this land be fully exploited.     

Effects of wide spacing and thinning strategies on wood quality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in southern Sweden

Abstract

The initial density of a stand influences both the prethinning growth and the quality of the harvested trees. This study investigated the effects of different square spacings (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) with thinning from above and thinning from below on stand development and tree characteristics in a 33-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantation in southern Sweden. Before thinning the total standing volume was not significantly different between treatments. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and diameter of the thickest branch were positively correlated. Before thinning, dbh of the trees and their thickest branches were significantly higher in the stands with 3.0 m spacing. After thinning, the dbh and the diameter of the thickest branch did not significantly differ between the 3.0 m spacing with thinning from above and 2.0 and 2.5 m spacing with thinning from below. Spacing did not significantly influence the presence or size of spike knots. The results suggest that a combination of wide spacing with thinning from above may yield timber of similar quality to denser spacing with thinning from below.     

Effect of Initial Spacing on First Thinning Product Recovery,and Financial Outcomes in Whitewood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Endospermum medullosum</Emphasis>) Plantations in Vanuatu

This paper investigates the products from first thinning at age 6 in Endospermum medullosum (whitewood) plantations in Vanuatu at three stocking densities, and the financial outcomes from several silvicultural thinning regimes based on these spacings. Whitewood plantings established at stockings rates of 417, 625 and 833 stems per hectare were thinned at age 6 to approximately 45 % retained basal area. The thinning products were measured during harvest and value was estimated based on costs of production and appropriate margins relative to radiata pine products already on the market. Financial modelling for the whole rotation was undertaken for each of the spacing and thinning scenarios in the trial. The volume and size of poles and posts at first thinning was related to spacing. Low stocking density produced smaller quantities of larger poles, whereas higher stocking densities produced larger quantities of smaller posts. However, the monetary value of larger products grown under lower stocking rates was less than the value of the greater volume of product at higher stocking rates. This greater volume at higher stockings resulted in higher NPV for regimes with higher initial stockings for modelled scenarios regardless of harvest age. An exception was a scenario where no market for thinnings is available. A direct silvicultural regime (i.e. one with low planting density and no thinnings) had the highest NPV due to the higher price per cubic metre of larger diameter logs, achieved more rapidly because thinning did not remove basal area. Where thinning products are marketable, higher initial planting densities provide higher returns. Where access to markets for thinning products is difficult or where infrastructure is expected to improve in the future, planting at low stocking and without any thinning provides a high return on investment.     

Combined production of sawn timber and firewood billets at a birch sawmill in Finland: A simulation approach

Abstract

Growing markets for chopped firewood have created alternative uses for the by-products of sawmills. Based on empirical data and simulated results, the potential of birch (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.) from commercial thinnings for combined industrial production of sawn timber and firewood billets was investigated. In the simulations, different sawing patterns were used for logs intended to combine production of sawn timber and billets for chopped firewood (‘sawlogs’), and for logs intended only to firewood production (‘firewood logs’). Finally, economical feasibility analysis was done concerning the differences between the sawmills’ traditional business concept and the novel concept combining sawn wood and firewood production. The bucking results for the volume yield of different timber assortments varied only slightly between the different bucking options, i.e. the combinations of timber assortments. The main differences in the volumes of timber assortments were due to the stand type where the birch trees were sampled (planted, naturally regenerated, mixed birch–spruce). In the sawing procedure, the output of sawn timber varied between 24% and 42% of the log volume in the sawlogs, depending on the log diameter class. As the volume yield of sawn timber and firewood billets was counted together in the case of sawlogs, the log consumption was c. 1.75 m³ of roundwood per 1 m³ of sawn timber and firewood billets. In the case of the firewood logs, the log consumption rate was considerably lower, only c. 1.35. The economic calculations showed that using the firewood approach in sawing may increase the net added value of products by €1.9–5.4 m^?3 of logs, depending on their diameter class. As a conclusion, parallel production of sawn timber and firewood from logs from the first and second commercial thinning of birch-dominated stands is a concept that could work as an alliance between a sawmiller and a firewood entrepreneur. The concept could be competitive compared with both traditional sawmilling and production of chopped firewood.