黑土坡耕地横坡垄作对减少径流及土壤有机碳流失的作用

东北黑土坡耕地受土壤侵蚀和习惯顺坡耕作措施的影响,水土流失严重,土壤有机碳含量呈逐年下降趋势.针对东北黑土坡耕地不同垄作措施水土流失及土壤有机碳变化特征不明确的问题,采用田间定位试验的方法,探究了顺坡垄作和横坡垄作对坡耕地水土流失及土壤有机碳变化的影响.结果表明:(1)横坡垄作相对于顺坡垄作能显著减少径流总量97.1％...     

横坡与顺坡垄作模式土壤中水及示踪Br-分布特征

针对坡耕地横坡、顺坡垄作模式土壤水分及溶质迁移过程的差异,采用田间模拟试验的方法,以坡度为7°的大豆坡耕地为研究对象,以Br-为示踪剂,监测不同垄作模式垄台、垄侧、垄沟各位置的土壤水分和Br-浓度,探究坡耕地横坡、顺坡垄作模式对土壤中水分迁移及可溶性养分分布的影响。结果表明：2种模式最大土壤体积含水量横坡垄作分布在10—20 cm土层,顺坡垄作分布在5—15 cm土层,证明横坡垄作对雨水的拦蓄作用。横坡垄作模式最大土壤贮水量位置在垄上侧的垄侧处,顺坡垄作模式在垄沟处。不同垄作模式下各土层土壤体积含水量变异系数在0—5,50—60 cm处较大,介于8.97～11.90,中间土层的变异系数较小,在0.91～8.76间波动。顺坡垄作20—60 cm土层中Br-沿坡向迁移现象明显,横坡垄作40—60 cm土层中Br-沿坡向发生迁移;2种垄作模式垄台和坡向下方位置(横坡∶垄侧;顺坡∶株间)的土壤Br-总量比值均约为3∶7,顺坡垄作垄台中心处Br-总量为横坡垄作的54.33%,说明横坡垄作可以减少土壤中Br-沿坡向迁移。研究成果为在顺坡垄作条件下将非吸附性养分施在垄侧处可减少其迁移流失,有利于提高...     

黑土区垄作方式对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的调控效果

[目的]分析黑土区不同垄作方式对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的调控效果,为该区土壤侵蚀防治提供科学指导。[方法]在5°和10°坡耕地开展人工模拟降雨试验,降雨强度为50,100 mm/h,垄作方式包括：横坡垄作、垄向区田、顺垄+底部横垄和横垄+排水沟,对照处理为传统顺坡垄作。[结果]试验条件下,与顺坡垄作处理相比,横坡垄作、垄向区田、顺垄+底部横垄和横垄+排水沟处理均可有效调节径流、降低土壤侵蚀量,但不同垄作方式对径流和侵蚀的调控效果随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而减小。在5°坡耕地,横坡垄作方式对径流和侵蚀的调控效果最佳,产流率和土壤侵蚀速率分别稳定在15.0 mm/h和0.2 kg/(m~2·h)以下。在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,与顺坡垄作处理相比,其径流量分别降低92.3%和83.9%,土壤侵蚀量分别降低96.8%和94.6%;而垄向区田方式对径流和侵蚀的调控效果略大于顺垄+底部横垄处理。在10°坡耕地,横坡垄作方式在降雨前期具有较好的蓄水保土作用,但在降雨后期垄体易损坏,造成土壤侵蚀量剧增;横垄+排水沟方式在降雨前期能够蓄水保土,在降雨后期能够较好地进行排水。[结论]在坡度平缓的坡耕地,应...     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一,但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此,基于室内模拟试验,设计2个降雨强度(50,100 mm/h)和2种垄作方式(斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作),分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明:(1)在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但在45 min的降雨过程中,由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象,造成50,100 mm/h降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24,1.03倍。(2)斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,随着降雨历时的变化,斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%;平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33,1.47倍,平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03,1.62倍。(3)在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系(P<0.01),而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著(P>0.05);而顺坡垄作在2种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系。(4)在2种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此,提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生,是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一，但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此，本研究基于室内模拟试验，设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作），分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%；但在45 min的降雨过程中，由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象，造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%，但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大，其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01），而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）；而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此，提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生，是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

耕作措施对玉米生长期黄壤坡耕地径流及可溶性有机碳流失的影响

为探明黄壤坡耕地不同耕作措施下径流及可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)迁移途径与流失特征。以顺坡垄作、平作和横坡垄作措施下玉米种植坡耕地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区监测与室内分析相结合的方式,探讨自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其DOC流失特征。结果表明:(1)种植玉米坡耕地径流量及DOC通量均受雨量等级影响显著,随雨量等级增大而增大,且玉米成熟期流失量均最大。(2)地表径流、0-20 cm壤中流和20-40 cm壤中流分别占总径流量的78.98%,9.05%,11.97%,DOC流失通量分别占总通量的74.90%,11.97%,13.13%。(3)横坡垄作DOC流失量显著小于顺坡垄作,横坡垄作径流量分别是平作的0.93倍,是顺坡垄作的0.86倍;横坡垄作DOC通量是平作的0.85倍,是顺坡垄作的0.79倍。雨量等级增加将显著加剧玉米种植坡耕地径流及DOC流失,研究区玉米成熟期径流及DOC流失最为严重,地表径流是坡面径流及DOC流失的主要途径,横坡垄作措施可以有效减少坡面径流及DOC流失。     

东北黑土区不同垄作坡面产流产沙过程

起垄种植是东北黑土区普遍的耕作模式,不同垄作坡面产流产沙规律尚不明晰、亟需研究。为此,基于野外放水冲刷试验,设计3个冲刷流量(30 L/min,60 L/min,90 L/min)和4种处理坡面(横坡垄作、斜坡垄作、无垄作、顺坡垄作),探究东北黑土区不同垄作坡面的土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:(1)3种冲刷流量产流率和含沙量均随垄作措施改变呈持续波动趋势,但受冲刷流量影响二者变化规律不同。(2)4种垄作措施状况下,产流时间与冲刷流量均不相关,含沙量与产流时间均呈负相关; 其他试验条件下,因冲刷流量和垄作措施的差异出现不同相关性。(3)30 L/min,60 L/min两种冲刷流量下,侵蚀强弱表现为:顺坡垄作>无垄作>斜坡垄作>横坡垄作。冲刷流量90 L/min时,侵蚀规律变为:横坡垄作>顺坡垄作>斜坡垄作>无垄作,且横坡垄作与斜坡垄作的累积产沙量较30 L/min冲刷流量比分别增加了12.78倍和10.11倍。综上,小流量冲刷条件下横垄和斜垄可有效控制径流和水土流失,当冲刷强度增大后二者发生断垄恰是径流和泥沙发生变异的最主要因素。     

不同农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地径流调控研究

通过天然降雨径流小区,动态监测降雨-径流过程中坡耕地的水土流失量,研究4种农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地水土流失的调控作用.研究表明:径流量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作+揭膜＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作,泥沙流失量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作+揭膜.不同农作措施对应的变异系数大小顺序为:泥沙流失＞径流流失＞产径流降雨.在4种农作措施中.横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜农作措施对径流流失和泥沙流失的调控效果最好.     

北方土石山区横坡垄作坡面土壤氮的空间分布特征

横坡垄作是坡耕地广泛采用的水土保持措施,垄沟内雨水的汇聚和泥沙沉积,使得土壤氮的空间分布特征明显有别于传统耕作坡面。以北方土石山区横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,样带法采集土壤样品,基于经典统计、地统计学、Kriging插值等方法,分析垄面、垄沟等特征点位全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO^3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量沿坡位变化及其剖面分布,明晰横坡垄作坡面土壤氮的空间分布特征。结果表明:北方土石山区土壤氮含量属于中低水平,变异系数介于17.64%～33.60%,但垄面土壤氮的变异水平高于垄沟。TN含量沿坡位的变异最为显著,表现为坡下>坡脚>坡中>坡上;仅垄沟NO^3--N、NH4+-N含量沿坡位存在显著变化,坡脚NO^3--N、NH4+-N含量较其他坡位显著增加66.30%～83.85%。垄面与垄沟间氮含量的差异在坡上、坡下和坡脚体现的较为明显;与垄沟相比,垄面坡上TN含量减少21.34%,坡脚NO^3--N和NH4+-N含量减少17.42%～37.47%,坡下土壤氮含量增加21.56%～38.16%。TN剖面分布与坡位和特征点位有关,NO^3--N、NH4+-N的剖面分布主要受控于特征点位,但氮含量剖面分布符合指数函数关系。综上,横坡垄作坡面土壤氮空间异质性明显,且主要受控于特征点位和坡位。研究结果可为提高横坡垄作措施下氮肥利用效率、精准农业的顺利推广提供技术支撑。     

东北漫岗黑土区防护林带分布对浅沟侵蚀的影响

东北漫岗黑土区坡耕地浅沟侵蚀非常严重,防护林带体系作为坡耕地的重要组成部分,势必会对浅沟侵蚀过程产生影响。本文以漫岗黑土区黑龙江鹤山农场典型小流域为研究对象,基于Quickbird高精度遥感影像和数字高程模型,结合实地调查结果,对小流域内防护林带的分布规律和浅沟侵蚀规律进行了分析,并探讨了防护林带布局对坡面浅沟侵蚀的影响。结果表明:在横坡耕作的坡面上,临界汇水区范围内林带的个数与临界坡长、临界汇水面积呈显著正相关,即增加林带个数、减小林带间距可以增大临界坡长和临界汇水面积,而研究区防护林带间距过大,大于该区浅沟发生的临界坡长,并且防护林带间断有利于浅沟的发育;同时,坡耕地垄向由于受到防护林带影响而与其走向一致,使垄沟笔直穿过低洼水线,形成局部顺坡垄,间接诱发浅沟侵蚀。因此,通过增加横坡耕作坡面上防护林带个数、缩小林带间距、加强林带的管护和更新,同时对不合理的防护林带进行必要的调整,才能有效防治坡面浅沟侵蚀。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.