影响母兔泌乳性能的原因分析及对策措施

家兔为多胎高产动物,母兔泌乳性能的高低,直接影响到仔兔的成活率和生长速度,是母兔繁殖性能的一个重要指标.母兔的泌乳性能是哺乳母兔生产性能的直接体现,母兔泌乳量的多少,可直接影响哺乳仔兔的生长发育,进而影响仔兔的断奶窝重和成活率.仔兔断奶窝重是一个非常重要的经济性状和选种指标.据生产实践,母兔的泌乳性能受众多因素的影响,分析影响原因,总结提高母兔泌乳性能的措施,对发展养兔生产和提高养兔效益意义重大.     

母兔泌乳量对仔兔生长发育的影响

<正> 掌握母兔泌乳与幼兔生长发育规律,是加强母兔管理,提高幼兔育成率的关键。1978年笔者曾在慈湖中学实验兔场随机抽测12只日本白兔的泌乳量和仔兔生长发育数据,现将资料整理如下:试验方法母兔分娩后与仔兔隔离,每天早晨7∶30哺乳1次测定泌乳量(哺乳后窝量减去哺乳前窝量)及仔兔体重。随时剔除病兔的试验数据。仔兔哺乳时偶有拉尿现象,在记录泌乳量时加以校正。幼兔开眼后,用幼嫩青绿饲料和黄豆(浸泡)引食。旺食阶段用混合饲     

母兔带仔数对其泌乳力及仔幼兔生长发育影响的研究

利用33只ZIKA商品代成年母兔和264只仔兔，进行两批试验，研究母兔带仔数对其泌乳力及仔兔生长发育的影响。结果表明带仔越多的母兔泌乳力越高，7只组、8只组、9只组(以下顺序同)21天总泌乳量分别为4159g、4417g、5076g。但仔兔吮乳量相反，母兔带仔少的仔兔个体吮乳量较高，三组21天个体吮乳量分别为595g、554g、576g。仔兔生长发育主要受哺乳期影响较大，21日龄个体活重三组分别为412.0g、389.7g、377.8g(P0.05)。     

怎样防治母兔乳房炎

最近，母兔乳房炎发病率较高，严重地制约着母免春繁工作的开展。怎样来预防母兔乳房炎，根据本人体会主要应做好以下三点：1在产前对母免笼或产仔箱进行整修清除锋利尖物．防止母兔乳房损伤引起感染。哺乳母兔的兔笼、窝箱，要特别注意保持清洁，定时清除粪便和不洁垫草。2调鳖饲料在产仔或断奶前的l～2大内，对泌乳最高的母兔要减少精料，使母兔奶量减少，避免由于乳汁过浓引起乳腺管不畅。3人工寄养仔免要合理有些母兔奶量过多，产仔又少，有些母兔奶量少，产仔又多。为避免由于仔兔相争吮乳而咬伤乳头，则需要人工寄养，这样既能提高仔…     

母兔泌乳量对仔兔生长发育的影响

1978年笔者在慈湖中学实验兔场随机抽测12只日本大耳母兔的泌乳量和仔兔生长发育数据,现将资料整理如下: 一、试验方法设专职饲养员一人,试验期间饲料保持基本恒定。母兔分娩后与仔兔隔离,每天早晨7:30哺乳一次,采用“哺乳后仔兔窝重     

中草药添加剂对獭兔母兔哺乳性能的影响

为研究日粮添加不同水平的复合中草药添加剂对獭兔母兔哺乳性能的影响,试验选取126只母兔,分为基础日粮组、2%中草药添加组和4%中草药添加组,每组42个重复,检测其产仔性能及分娩第0天、第14天和第28天的泌乳量及仔兔成活率。结果表明:试验母兔产后泌乳量持续增长,2%中草药添加组明显高于其他组,差异极显著(P0.01);随着中草药添加量的增加,断奶仔兔成活率逐渐提高,差异极显著(P0.01)。综合各指标得出2%添加量中草药配方能显著提高母兔泌乳力,提高仔兔断奶成活率。     

产仔数对九疑山母兔泌乳力及仔兔生长发育的影响

为了了解产仔数对母兔泌乳力及仔兔生发长发育的影响,掌握九疑山兔的泌乳特性及仔兔生长发育规律,本试验选用产仔数分别为5、6、7、8、9只的九疑山母兔各10窝,并分编5组进行试验。试验结果表明,随着产仔数的增加,母兔的泌乳量上升,而每只仔兔的吸吮量则下降,仔兔的个体日增重和育成率下降;仔兔28日龄的断奶窝重和母乳的增重效应,都以窝产仔数7只最高。因此,九疑山兔的窝产仔数以7只为最好。     

木瓜粉对新西兰白兔繁殖性能及泌乳性能的影响

选取前2胎产仔数相近、体况一致的新西兰白兔妊娠母兔48只,随机分成3组,探讨木瓜粉对母兔繁殖性能、泌乳量及血清激素等指标的影响。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加5％、10％木瓜粉。妊娠18天时试验开始至仔兔30日龄断奶时结束,为期42天。结果显示：与对照组相比．试验组仔兔初生窝重、21天窝重、断奶窝重显著提高（P〈0．05）,产仔数、活仔数、断奶数等差异不显著（P〉0．05）．两试验组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）;木瓜粉显著提高母兔7、14、21天的泌乳量（P〈0．05）,提高21天血清E2、PRL水平（P〈0．05）。结果表明添加木瓜粉可提高母兔的繁殖性能和泌乳性能。     

“1,2，1”哺乳法对仔兔生长发育的影响

选经产母兔同期产仔90窝，每窝选留仔兔6只，随机分为3组，进行3个时期不同哺乳次数试验。结果表明：睡眠期，每天哺乳1次与2次的窝重、窝增重和死亡率均差异不显著（P〉0．05）；开眼期，每天哺乳2次。Ⅰ、Ⅲ组窝重和窝增重显著高于哺乳1次的Ⅱ组（P〈O．05），各组死亡率差异不显著；追乳期、每天哺乳2次与1次，窝增重和仔兔死亡率均差异不显著（P〉0．05），但每天哺乳2次的断奶窝重，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组显著高于每天哺乳1次的Ⅱ组（P〈O．05），Ⅰ、Ⅲ组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。Ⅰ组成活率虽高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，但差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。由此可见，仔兔阶段3个时期的哺乳次数以“1，2，1”较适宜。     

仔兔饲养综合技术

1睡眠期 仔兔从出生到12日龄开眼这段时间称睡眠期。 1．1强制哺乳有些护仔性不强的母兔，尤其是初产母兔，产仔后不会照顾自己的幼仔，甚至拒绝给仔兔哺乳，以致仔兔死亡。在这种情况下必须及时采取强制哺乳措施。方法是：可将母兔固定在巢箱内，使其保持安静，将仔兔分别安放在母兔的乳头旁，嘴顶母兔乳头，让其自由吮乳，每日强制4-5次，连续进行3-5d，母兔会自动喂乳。     

Effects of breed, parity, day of lactation and number of kits on milk production of rabbits

Lactation records (n = 86) from 60 does of four breeds (Californian, New Zealand White, Palomino and White Satin) were analyzed to assess the effects of breed, parity, day of lactation and number of kits on milk production. Breed of doe tended (P less than .07) to be important for mean milk yield according to ANOVA results. Californian does had numerically higher production than did does of the other breeds. Doe body weight, litter size born alive and weaned and litter weaning weight, likewise, were not influenced (P greater than .05) by breed of doe. Significant linear and quadratic relationships were found between milk production vs day of lactation, and milk production vs number of kits. However, breed x days and breed x number of kits interactions (P less than .05) indicated that the individual breeds responded differently to two of these effects. Peak lactation occurred at approximately 20 d after kindling. As kit number increased, milk yield also increased to a predicted maximum when 12 kits were suckling. Parity tended (P less than .10) to influence lactation yield in a curvilinear manner, increasing steadily through the seventh parity and declining thereafter. A nonsignificant residual correlation (.34) between milk production and doe body weight was observed. Corresponding correlations between milk production were high for litter size born alive and weaned (r = .62 and .87, respectively) and litter weaning weight (r = .86). Although lactation curves are unique to each particular breed, milk yield is influenced by several factors.     

Evaluating response to selection and nutritional needs in a three-way cross of rabbits

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the response obtained in a three‐way cross of rabbits when the lines involved had undergone within‐line selection for litter size or postweaning daily gain. The interaction between the level of nutrition and genetic level of the crossbreds was also studied. Using frozen embryos, old (H1) and current (H2) crossbred does and young were compared contemporarily. Does were fed a standard diet or a diet having high digestible energy and protein. The difference in the number of generations between lines used to produce both crosses were: 13 or 0 for the maternal lines, and 12 for the paternal line. The traits studied in the crossbred does were: daily feed intake during gestation, during the first 3 weeks of lactation and during the last week before weaning; doe weight at mating and at kindling; litter weight at birth and at weaning; total litter size, number born alive and litter size at weaning. The recorded traits for the young were: individual weight at weaning and at 63 days; individual daily gain after weaning; daily feed intake and feed conversion index. The last two traits were recorded as averages per cage. A total of 1161 litters from 190 does were involved. Significant differences in litter‐size traits, between H1 and H2 does, were observed and were higher than the expected from the within‐line response. The doe effect was not significant for other doe traits, adjusted to a constant litter size. The estimated difference in postweaning daily gain between H1 and H2 young was significant and in favour of H2, but the value was considerably lower than expected. The effect of type of feed and the interaction with the type of doe was not significant for any doe trait. The type of feed consumed by the doe was significant for postweaning daily gain, and the interaction with the type of crossbreds was significant for this trait and for individual weight at 63 days.     

Characterization of straightbred and crossbred rabbits for milk production and associative traits

Two hundred twenty-five lactation and litter performance records from 82 does representing four genetic groups and two diets were analyzed to quantify breed, heterosis, reciprocal F1 cross and diet effects for milk production and associative traits. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbred and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Pelleted diets fed to does and litters were either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa diet. Three sire breeds of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbreds. Doe genetic group and diet were important sources of variation (P less than .05) for all traits examined except for litter milk efficiency (litter gain/milk intake) and doe feed efficiency (milk yield/feed intake). The sire breed of litter effect did not influence (P greater than .05) lactational performance of does nor associative preweaning traits. Straightbred NN does were heavier at kindling, yielded more milk, reared a heavier litter by 21 d and were more efficient in converting feed into milk than were straightbred CC does (P less than .01). Significant heterosis was detected for milk production and for litter size and weight at 21 d. Reciprocal differences between crossbred doe groups were observed (P less than .05) for litter milk efficiency and doe feed intake. The 74% alfalfa diet was superior to the commercial control diet for effects on milk production and litter size and weight at 21 d, although doe feed intake was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Energy intake and milk production in mink (Mustela vison)--effect of litter size.

Energy intake and milk production were measured in 12 mink dams raising litters of 3, 6 and 9 kits one to four weeks post partum by means of balance experiments and measurements of milk intake of the kits by the water isotope dilution technique. The dams were fed ad libitum on a conventional wet mink diet (DM: 323 g/kg; CP: 173 g/kg; ME: 4.4 MJ/kg). Milk samples collected from dams with corresponding litter sizes and lactation weeks, and body composition of kits nursed by these dams, were analysed for content of DM, ash, N and fat. The ME and drinking water consumption were higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The N and water balances as well as the live weight of dams were not affected by litter size. Daily milk production was higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The DM, N and fat content of the milk increased during lactation, but were not affected by litter size. Individual kit live weight was higher in litters of 3 than in litters of 6 and 9 kits four weeks post partum. The DM and fat content of the kits were lowest in kits from litters of 9 kits, whereas these kits had the highest protein content. Daily ME for maintenance of kits and the efficiency of utilisation of ME in milk for body gain were estimated to 356 kJ/kg0.75, kp approximately 0.53 and kf approximately 0.71, respectively. In conclusion, daily milk production increased with increasing litter size, but not in proportion to the number of kits, indicating that milk production limits the growth rate of the young. In the fourth week of lactation, milk production was not different between dams nursing 6 or 9 kits, indicating a maximum capacity.     

Reproductive Performance and Milk Production of Damascus Goats Fed Acacia Shrubs or Berseem Clover Hay in North Sinai,Egypt

Thirty-three adult Damascus does (29±1.1 kg BW) were fed 0.6 kg per head per day of a concentrate diet plus ad libitum rice straw (Oryza sativa, control, R), or green acacia (Acacia saligna, A) or berseem clover hay (Trifolium alexandrinum, B). All treatment groups had free access to underground saline water containing 3600 ppm TDS. The DM intake was lower (p<0.05) for the R group but did not differ between the other two groups. The DM intake of acacia was 0.64 kg per head per day (1.98% BW) during pregnancy and 0.93 kg per head per day (2.95% BW) during lactation. The drinking water differed (p<0.05) between the three dietary treatments; group B had the highest mean intake and group A had the lowest. The percentage kidding and the litter weight at birth did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the number of kids weaned/doe kidding and the weight of the kids weaned/doe kidding were significantly higher for group B. The mean body weight of the kids at birth and at weaning were significantly lower for group R. The total milk yield over 10 weeks and the milk composition (total solids, fat and protein percentages) were significantly different between the three groups; group B having the highest means and group R the lowest. These results suggest that supplemental feeding is required to enhance the productivity of goats in arid or semi-arid environments and Acacia saligna should not be used fresh in excessive quantities for extended periods.     

仔兔补饲方法的比较试验

仔兔从18～20日龄采取随笼补饲和离笼补饲两种方法。两批试验结果表明:随笼补饲的仔兔断奶窝重、窝日增重及成活率均明显高于离笼补饲的仔兔,重要的是随笼补饲极大简化了烦琐操作程序,减少了工作量,更适合规模化养兔场应用。     

Effect of bee pollen levels on productive, reproductive and blood traits of NZW rabbits

Forty New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit does were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight (BW), 1 week before and after mating during moderate (October-February) and hot seasons (May-September) for three consecutive mating in each season. Does were mated with non-treated adult NZW male rabbits 11 days after kindling. Body weight of does, number of service per conception, conception rate, feed intake, litter size, milk production, blood constituents, weight of kits from birth up to weaning and survival rate were determined. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits originated from the does of the control group (untreated does) were equally divided into four groups (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week from 4 to 12 weeks of age. The kit of the does given 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not receive bee pollen during the growing period (4-12 weeks of age). The effect of bee pollen on growing rabbit's performance was studied from 4 to 12 week of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg significantly (p < 0.01) increased body weight of does, conception rate, milk yield, litter size; improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of does during both seasons. The same dose of bee pollen significantly increased kit growth and their survival rate until weaning. Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of kits from the treated does during 4-8 weeks of age were significantly better than growth of kits from the untreated does that administrated bee pollen during 4-12 weeks of age. Meanwhile, during the following period (8-12 weeks of age) growth and FCR of kits given bee pollen from the untreated does were significantly better than that of treated does.     

不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

选择年龄、体重基本一致,生长发育正常的健康獭兔种母兔24只,随机分成对照组以及A、B、c3个试验组,每组6只,对照组饲喂养殖场现有日粮（蛋白水平为15％）,试验组分别饲喂蛋白质水平为16％、18％、20％的日粮,研究不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响。结果表明。不同营养水平对窝产仔数、初生窝重没有明显影响,各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但对泌乳力、断奶窝重、断奶个体重等有明显影响。B组的泌乳力、断奶窝重与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,分别比对照组提高47．6％和1573．42g;断奶个体重,A组和B组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,比对照组分别高30．9％和47．4％,B组显著高于A组（P〈0．05）,比A组高12．6％,C组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;各组断奶成活数、成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

The change of nursing for oestrus induction (biostimulation): Effect of contact between rabbit doe and its young

This study focused on the effects on subsequent reproductive traits of females and development of the current litter as a result of different contact between the rabbit doe and its progeny when a temporary doe–litter separation was used for biostimulation. Immediately after parturition and adjusting to eight young per litter, multiparous Pannon White rabbit does (n = 400) were divided into five groups based on parity, doe condition, and weight of litter and the kits. Rabbits in the control group (C) nursed freely up to weaning at 35 days of age. In the group following local farm practice (F) using a metal-plate for separation, females nursed once a day (8 am to 9 am) for the first 14 days of lactation and freely afterwards. In three biostimulation groups, there was a change from free to once a day nursing before insemination (i.e. controlled nursing at 8, 9 and 10 days) provided with a wire-mesh separation (BW: permits visual, olfactory, and acoustic contact); using a metal-plate for separation (BM: no visual but possible olfactory, acoustic and vibration contact); or with taking the litter with the nest-tray 5 m away from the doe's cage (BN: there is no contact at all) and returning to free nursing just after AI (at 11 days in the morning) up to weaning. The type of separation exerted a significant influence on oestrus and subsequent kindling of does. Comparing C, F, BW, BM and BN groups, sexual receptivity (30.4, 45.4, 24.0, 25.6, 43.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), fertility (74.4, 84.2, 80.8, 80.3, 89.5%; P < 0.05) and kindling rates (71.1, 85.5, 76.9, 77.3, 88.2%, respectively; P < 0.05) improved in F and BN groups. The total number of kits born (10.0, 10.3, 10.5, 10.4, 9.55, respectively; P = 0.392) and kits born alive per litter (9.25, 9.65, 9.59, 9.83, 9.03, respectively; P = 0.607) were not affected, but newborn kit weight was numerically less in the BW group (69.7, 67.5, 65.5, 67.6, 67.3 g, respectively; P = 0.166). Growth rates of current progeny up to weaning were higher and identical in C and BM but less in F and BN groups (27.5, 25.6, 27.1, 27.3, 26.7 g/day, respectively; P = 0.001). However, the total weight of 70-day-old rabbits per doe did not differ significantly (17.51, 17.53, 17.54, 16.81, 15.81 kg, respectively; P = 0.271). On the whole, the production of the F, BM and BN groups was superior to that of the control and BW groups since subsequent kindling results improved without a significant reduction in slaughter rabbits per doe from current litters.     

Comparative effects of sodium butyrate and flavors on feed intake of lactating sows and growth performance of piglets

We examined the effects of sodium butyrate and flavors on feed intake of lactating sows and growth performance of piglets. A total of 52 primiparous sows (Large White) were randomly divided into four treatments (n = 13) and received 6 g/kg sodium butyrate (SB), fruit‐milk (FM) flavor and fruit‐milk‐anise (FMA) flavor with pair feeding to the mothers receiving the control diet. The feeding trial lasted for 29 days, including 21 days of nursing and 8 days of post‐weaning period, respectively. The nursing and weaning piglets received creep diets with the same flavor or SB supplement as their mother. The results showed that FMA flavor increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) of lactating sows (P < 0.01), as well as improved litter weight gain (P = 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.01) of nursing pigs among treatments. Indeed, greater ADFI and average daily gain of weaning piglets for the initial 8 days after weaning was observed in the FMA group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). These findings indicated that adding FMA flavor was superior to SB for increasing feed intake of lactating sows and improving growth performance of piglets.