岩石坡面植被群落演替与物种多样性动态研究——以舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口为例

选取4个典型样地对舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口植被演替与恢复进行动态监测,结合丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数法研究物种多样性在坡面植被群落演替过程中的变化。研究表明:经过3年的演替时间,人工建植的草本植物已逐渐被乡土植物替代,在其他条件相同时,阴坡物种数要高于阳坡,缓坡物种数高于陡坡;随着演替的进行,边坡植物物种渐趋于多样化,物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数)均表现为指数函数变化规律。从整个演替过程来看,3类指数均表现为阴坡高于阳坡、缓坡高于陡坡。     

石家庄动物园植物多样性研究

通过全面踏查的方法,对石家庄市森林动物园内植物物种丰富度、多样性进行了比较分析,结果表明:石家庄市动物园绿地植物物种较丰富,共109科191属389种,其中蔷薇科、豆科、菊科、禾本科为优势科,梅属、槐属、蔷薇属、女贞属为优势属,乔木层优势种主要有国槐、构树、油松等,灌木层优势种主要有黄栌、火炬树、荆条等,草本层优势种主要有早熟禾、丹麦草、白三叶;植物构成以乡土植物为主体,引进种较丰富;山林风景区和涉禽湿地区草本植物丰富度最高,陆地动物区和文化娱乐区乔木植物丰富度最高。     

陕南秦巴山区不同立地条件下药用植物多样性研究

通过野外实地调查,研究了陕南秦巴山区不同立地条件下药用植物物种多样性变化和不同生活型物种多样性特征。结果表明:从生活型来看,药用植物乔木层、灌木层、草本层物种多样性指数及物种多样性指数和均表现为:北部山地区东部山地区南部浅山丘陵区;均匀度指数灌木层和草本层均表现为:北部山地区东部山地区南部浅山丘陵区,乔木层则表现:东部山地区北部山地区南部浅山区。总体而言,不同立地条件下药用植物物种多样性表现:北部山地区东部山地区南部浅山丘陵区,即表现海拔越高物种多样性越高的规律。各立地条件下生活型药用植物物种多样性略有不同,南部浅山丘陵区表现为:草本层乔木层灌木层;东部和北部山地区表现为:草本层灌木层乔木层。草本层更具有多变性,能适应不同的生境变化,其多样性最高。     

不同生境下野生平贝母伴生物种的多样性

从物种组成、多样性及重要值3个方面对山坡次生蒙古栎林和山间谷地杂木林2种生境下野生平贝母的伴生物种进行了调查分析。结果表明:蒙古栎林计有伴生植物50科88属100种;杂木林有伴生植物47科96属104种。蒙古栎林中乔木、灌木和草本层的物种多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)依次增加,而杂木林中灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于乔木和草本层。2种生境中伴生植物的丰富度指数(R)排序均为草本乔木灌木。在蒙古栎林中蒙古栎的重要值最大,为25.418,显著大于其它物种,是群落中的优势种。在杂木林中主要植物的重要值则差异明显。     

广东四个不同地域风景林下植被群落特征研究

以广东4个具有地域代表的风景林下植被为研究对象,采用典型取样调查法,研究了林下植被群落特征。结果表明:林下植被物种组成差异性较大,群落相似性系数表现出极不相似或中等不相似;植物地理区系以热带亚热带成分占优势,从南到北有一定减弱趋势;林下群落优势种具有一定相似性,灌木层优势种以九节、假鹰爪、梅叶冬青、五指毛桃等主;Simposon指数值均较高,林下植被群落多样性较好。     

秋冬季大白菜田节肢动物群落的物种和功能团组成及多样性动态

对湖北荆州郊区大白菜田节肢动物群落的物种和功能团组成及多样性动态进行了研究,结果表明,历次调查到的物种数19～26,功能团数8～12;优势种害虫为菜缢管蚜[Lipaphis erysimo(Kaltenbach)],优势种天敌为草间小黑蛛[Erigonidium graminicolum(Sundevall)]和八斑球腹蛛(Theridion octomaculatum Boes.et Str.),优势害虫功能团为蚜虫类,优势天敌功能团为蜘蛛类。10月21日蚜虫类、蝶蛾类、蜘蛛类、隐翅甲的发生量均较大,此时这两天敌功能团与蚜虫类和蝶蛾类发生高峰相吻合。群落的物种和功能团多样性指数H、H′、D′及均匀度J均于10月29日最低,优势集中度C的变化趋势与H等指数相反。     

湖北保康野生蜡梅自然群落调查与研究

通过对保康县8个野生蜡梅群落样地进行调查研究。结果表明:群落以蜡梅为主要建群种,蜡梅在多度(88)、重要值(29.82)和频度(100%)方面均为蜡梅群落灌木层中最高者,蜡梅在群落中处于绝对优势的地位。刺滩沟蜡梅群落的丰富度指数(28)、Simpson指数(0.84)和Shannon-Wiener指数(1.06)为8个群落最大者。蜡梅群落灌木类植物物种的Pielou均匀度指数与多样性指数总体表现出较为相似的特征,即物种多样性高,均匀度也较高。物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均表现出相似的变化趋势。     

秋冬季大白菜田节肢动物群落的物种和功能团组成及多样性动态

对湖北荆州郊区大白菜田节肢动物群落的物种和功能团组成及多样性动态进行了研究,结果表明,历次调查到的物种数19-26,功能团数8-12;优势种害虫为菜缢管蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)].优势种天敌为草间小黑蛛[Erigonidium graminicolum(sundevall)]和八斑球腹蛛(Theridion octomaculatum Boes. et Str.),优势害虫功能团为蚜虫类,优势天敌功能团为蜘蛛类.10月21日蚜虫类、蝶蛾类、蜘蛛类、隐翅甲的发生量均较大,此时这两天敌功能团与蚜虫类和蝶蛾类发生高峰相吻合.群落的物种和功能团多样性指数H、H'、D'及均匀度J均于10月29日最低,优势集中度C的变化趋势与H等指数相反.     

贵州玉舍国家森林公园树木及其残体附生苔藓植物的组成和分布特征

对贵州玉舍国家森林公园树干、腐木和凋落物附生苔藓植物进行了调查,结合多样性指数和相似性指数的计算,研究了树木及其残体附生苔藓植物分布和种间关系。结果表明:附生苔藓植物共有26科35属56种,优势科为灰藓科、指叶苔科、叉苔科和青藓科;附生苔藓植物在树干上分布最多,为40种,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数的大小顺序是树干腐木凋落物,南方小锦藓、钝头鳞叶藓和黄牛毛藓是该地分布最广的种类。附生苔藓植物的生活型以交织型种数最多,占总种数的44.64%。研究结果对阐明亚热带山地森林生态系统附生苔藓植物多样性分布格局和揭示森林植被健康的指示作用具有重要意义。     

越冬橘园蜘蛛群落多样性研究

通过系统调查,湖南省邵阳市越冬橘园蜘蛛群落共有12科22属28种,其中斑管巢蛛(Clubionareichlini)和美丽蚁蛛(Myrmarachaefarmicaria)为优势种。异质性大的越冬橘园蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、丰富度和个体总数均大于异质性小的越冬橘园,越冬橘园蜘蛛群落的多样性指数大小主要由群落物种丰富度和个体总数决定,与均匀度大小无关。     

青岛市城阳区主要绿化树种滞尘能力研究

对青岛市城阳区的21种园林植物进行了滞尘能力的测定.结果表明:不同树种的滞尘能力存在很大差异,其滞尘量能相差4倍以上;第一周滞尘量对总滞尘量的贡献最大;同一树种在不同位点滞尘量不同.因此,在城市绿化中选择滞尘能力强的树种,并进行合理配置,是提高城市道路绿地滞尘效应的有效途径.     

A multiscale assessment of the diversity of New Zealand’s nursery trees

Nurseries play an important role providing trees for a variety of managed environments including urban forests. The diversity of urban forests and forest restoration projects are influenced by nursery species availability, and as such, there is a need to better understand tree species diversity at nurseries. We collected tree species lists from 75 nurseries throughout New Zealand, which were used to describe species richness (alpha diversity) and to examine similarity in the composition of native and non-native species assemblages among nurseries (beta diversity) at three spatial scales: island, region, city. Together, the nurseries grew 863 species, 174 of which were native to New Zealand, from 312 genera and 130 families. Nurseries grew significantly more non-native species (μ = 63.5, σ = 60.6) than native species on average (μ = 31.7, σ = 22.7) (t = 2.99, df = 48.45, p = 0.004). Beta diversity for native and non-native tree species were only significantly different at the scale of cities or regions, not at the larger scale of islands. Few species were grown in all cities or all regions and the majority of those that were common were native species. In contrast, non-native species dominated the unique species at all spatial scales, (i.e., species uniquely grown in one city, region, or island). By quantifying tree species diversity in New Zealand’s nurseries, this research provides a basis to better understand the influence that nurseries have on urban and peri-urban tree diversity, and ultimately how that diversity impacts resilience and the provision of ecosystem services.     

The cultural landscape of Sintra,a UNESCO World Heritage Site—The balance between forest restoration and carbon stock

Sintra’s Cultural Landscape is a World Heritage Site and was the first cultural landscape to be listed in Europe by UNESCO, in 1995. It is a privileged ecosystem with natural and cultural value classified as priorities for conservation. Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua is a state-owned company established to restore, maintain and promote the public properties in the World Heritage Site. The forest assumes an important role in Sintra’s Cultural Landscape with the gradual removal of undesirable species and their replacement with multiple native tree species as one of the goals of forest management. Two aspects should be considered by the forest manager: opposing public opinion in terms of cutting dominant trees, most of the time linked with childhood memories and feelings, and its impact on the ecosystem’s carbon stock. Removal and replacement of trees is part of the management of cultural landscapes and concerns like carbon stock and biomass losses cannot be priorities of the forest manager. This work evaluates the carbon stock balance obtained in a 20 ha forest by the removal of undesirable tree species and their replacement by native species. Twenty six inventory plots were measured and carbon stock was estimated to define the baseline of the study. Age-independent individual tree diameter equations, species specific height-diameter equations, and biomass allometric tree equations were used to estimate carbon in a 30-year horizon. Three management scenarios were considered. The results show that, after 30 years, the contribution of the native species to the carbon stock is small compared with the baseline carbon values, compensating only 30% of the carbon losses associated to forest restoration. Conflict management in a context of Cultural Landscape Forest is discussed.     

我国械树属植物种质资源及其园林应用研究

在介绍槭树属植物概况的基础上,详细阐述了园林绿地中常见的槭树属植物种类及其观赏特性,并从行道树栽植、庭院观赏和专类园营造方面说明了槭树属植物可以发挥的重要作用。最后,对如何进一步提高槭树属植物种质资源的应用提出了一些建议。     

兴平市区园林树种的调查分析与规划

对兴平城市园林绿化中树种应用状况进行了调研,结合城市自然地理概况以及对不同树种特性的分析,提出了适宜兴平市栽植的园林绿化树种名录,包括基调树种和骨干树种,并针对地方特色树种较少和树种品种单一等问题,提出了今后兴平市园林绿化树种规划的建议。     

Diversity of street tree populations in larger Danish municipalities

Healthy and sustainable tree populations require a high diversity of genera and species. This study examined the occurrence and contents of tree inventories in Denmark's 30 largest municipalities. 59% of the municipalities had a tree inventory for street trees, but only about half of these were complete and updated. Only one municipality had a registration for trees other than street trees. Based on data from the tree inventories, the diversity of road side trees was analyzed at genus level and species level. A total of 82,072 street trees are part of the study. 11 different genera account for 92% of the total street tree stock, and 2–6 genera account for 40–80% of the street tree stock in the individual municipalities. Tilia was the most dominating genera (26%). 12 species account for 73% of the total street tree stock. The 6 most common species account for almost 50% of the total tree population. The species representing the largest numbers were Tilia × europaea (12%), Acer platanoides (10.9%), Platanus × acerifolia (7.2%), Tilia cordata (7.2%), Fraxinus excelsior (6.2%) and Sorbus intermedia (5.9%). The four most urbanized municipalities had a surplus of non-native species, but all municipalities apart from one had most street trees belonging to native species. The concluding recommendation of this study is that tree managers need to start working more strategic with their tree stock, in order to reduce the vulnerability, due to potential attacks from pests or diseases and climate change effects. A risk spreading system for the urban tree population is proposed, suggesting that no genera should account for more than 10% and no species for more than 5% of the tree population.     

Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats—evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape

The matrix of altered habitats that surrounds remnants in human dominated landscapes has been considered homogeneous and inhospitable. Recent studies, however, have shown the crucial role of the matrix in maintaining diversity in fragmented landscapes, acting as a mosaic of units with varying permeability to different species. Inclusion of matrix quality parameters is especially urgent in managing fragmented landscapes in the tropics where agriculture frontiers are still expanding. Using standardized surveys in 23 sites in an Atlantic forest landscape, we evaluated matrix use by small mammals, the most diverse ecological group of mammals in the Neotropics, and tested the hypothesis that endemic species are the most affected by the conversion of original forest into anthropogenic habitats. By comparing species distribution among forest remnants and the predominant adjacent habitats (native vegetation in initial stages of regeneration, eucalyptus plantations, areas of agriculture and rural areas with buildings), we found a strong dissimilarity in small mammal assemblages between native vegetation (including initial stages) and anthropogenic habitats, with only two species being able to use all habitats. Endemic small mammals tended to occupy native vegetation, whereas invading species from other countries or open biomes tended to occupy areas of non-native vegetation. Our results highlight that future destruction of native vegetation will favor invading or generalist species which could dominate highly disturbed landscapes, and that some matrix habitats, such as regenerating native vegetation, should be managed to increase connectivity among populations of endemic species.     

药用真菌桑黄的抗氧化研究进展

从自由基清除能力,还原能力,亚铁离子的螯合能力,DNA损伤的抑制,MDA、SOD含量等方面对桑黄(Phellinus sp.)抗氧化研究进行概述;并展望其发展趋势.     

新疆2种石竹属植物的染色体核型分析

应用改进的染色体制片方法研究新疆2种石竹属植物的核型,探讨其核型差异。结果表明:多分枝石竹的细胞染色体数为2n=30,其中中部着丝点染色体(m)为11对,近中部着丝点染色体(sm)为4对,核型为2A型,核型公式为2n=2x=30=22m+8sm;准噶尔石竹的细胞染色体数为2n=30,其中中部着丝点染色体(m)为9对,近中部着丝点染色体(sm)为6对,核型为2A型,核型公式为2n=2x=28=18m+12sm。2种石竹属植物染色体相对长度、m、sm染色体的数量组成、核型不对称系数(AS.K%)及最长与最短染色体的比值均存在明显差异。