试析适宜宁强县园林绿化的树种

通过对宁强县地理特征和环境状况调查,结合当地特有的树种以及园林绿化树种选择的原则,阐述适宜宁强县园林绿化的树种,并对宁强县园林绿化的树种选择提出一点建议。     

蒙自市园林绿化树种的调查与评估

阐述蒙自市园林绿化树种的调查结果,从树种的生物学特性、生长状况、园林观赏效果、抗性等方面进行分析和论证。在此基础上对蒙自市现有的园林绿化树种进行评估和分级,总结蒙自市园林绿化树种的特点和不足之处,并为今后园林绿化树种的规划与选择提出合理建议。     

乡土树种在园林绿化中应用的探讨

当前,在我国的园林绿化工作中,树种结构的调整十分频繁,很多园林工程设计人员十分青睐外来树种,而忽略了很多优良乡土树种,这不仅提高了园林绿化的造价,也容易破坏本地植物群落结构、弱化了地方特色。本文首先对乡土树种及其生物学特性进行了概述,其后分析了影响乡土树种在园林绿化中应用的因素,并提出了一些建议,以期不断提高园林绿化中的乡土树种的应用水平。     

优良乡土树种在园林中的应用研究——以陕西岐山县为例

为了促进乡土树种在园林绿化中的应用,通过对岐山县乡土树种应用现状的调查分析,阐述岐山县在乡土树种应用中存在的问题,论证乡土树种在园林绿化中推广应用的优势,得出以乡土树种为主体的园林绿化是今后乃至将来的正确出路,并为其推广应用提出合理的对策、措施。     

乡土树种在黄淮流域园林绿化中的应用探析

黄淮流域是我国南北气候的过渡带,气候温和,树种种质资源丰富。本文对黄淮流域乡土树种的应用现状、存在的问题及原因作出了分析,并以此提出了园林绿化中应用乡土树种的建议,以期对黄淮流域的园林绿化工作做出一定贡献。     

乡土树种在节约型园林绿化中的应用

主要研究乡土树种在节约型园林绿化中的应用优势,并提出乡土树种在节约型园林绿化中的应用策略,希望能够为节约型园林绿化的建设提供参考。     

桂林理工大学雁山校区园林绿化树种选择与配置探讨

对桂林理工大学雁山校区园林绿化树种的选择与配置的现状和存在的问题进行分析，提出了解决问题的方法，探讨了雁山校区园林绿化树种选择与配置的一些新思路，力求在高校的新校区园林绿化建设中有借鉴作用。     

乡土树种在园林绿化应用中存在的问题及对策

近些年来,随着城市化发展水平的提高,各地园林城市创建工作深入推进,生态文明建设的热潮正在兴起,树种结构调整加快,很多优良乡土树种被冷漠,而大量外来树种的引进也破坏了原有的植物群落结构,乡土树种的较强适应性,具有地方特色,应作为城市绿化的主栽树种大力应用。本文即详细阐述了乡土树种的特性和优势,分析了乡土树种在园林绿化应用中存在的问题,最后结合河南省情况,提出了提高河南乡土树种在园林绿化中应用水平的措施。     

探讨林业绿化中的经济林树种

随着园林绿化事业的发展,将适合园林栽培观赏的经济林树种,根据不同树种的习性进行科学的艺术规划和设计。本文介绍了经济林树种在园林绿化中的观赏价值,及在园林中应用的意义,探讨了其在园林绿化中的配植模式及应用情况。     

秋色叶及观果树种在园林绿化中的应用

通过调查主要街道树种、公园树种、内蒙古民族大学校园树种和居住区树种,以了解通辽市科尔沁区秋色叶及观果树种的资源。结果表明:通辽市科尔沁区秋色叶树种主要有银杏、五角枫、元宝枫等24种;观果树种主要有接骨木、沙棘、红瑞木等21种。阐述了这些秋色叶和观果树种的主要观赏特点,并探讨了它们在园林绿化中的应用形式,最后分析了秋色叶及观果树种在通辽市科尔沁区园林绿化应用中主要存在的问题,同时提出了相应的建议。     

呼和浩特市二十种主要观花树种春季物候特点

通过对内蒙古农业大学东校区20种主要观花树种春季物侯相进行为期2 a的观测,依据各树种展叶、开花出现日期的早晚,对其物候特点进行总结归纳,为呼和浩特市的园林规划设计、选配植物材料、形成春季景观及观花树种的栽培提供依据。     

Landscape level effects of modern forestry on bird communities in North Swedish boreal forests

We address effects of large-scale forestry on landscape structure and the structure and composition of boreal bird communities in North Sweden. Specifically, we ask: after controlling for the effect of patch size, forest age and tree species composition, is there any residual effect attributable to the reduction in area of old forest? Pairs of landscape blocks (25 by 25 km) were selected to maximize area difference in human-induced disturbance, clear-cut as opposed to semi-natural old forest. Median distance to natural edge (wetlands, open water) from randomly selected points in forest was 250 and 200 m in high and low impact landscapes, respectively, indicating a high degree of ‘natural’ fragmentation of the pristine boreal landscape in the area. By contrast, median distance to clear-cut in uncut forest was 750 and 100 m, respectively. Clear-cuts in high impact landscapes were disproportionally more common in areas with contiguous forest land than in areas with spatially disjunct forest, implicating that forestry increases natural fragmentation of the landscape by subdividing larger forest tracts. Point counts along forestry roads showed that species richness and relative abundance of forest birds were higher in landscapes with low forestry impact. These differences can partly be explained by differences in age composition of forest and composition of tree species. After controlling for patch size, forest age and tree species composition, a significant effect of forestry impact remained for Sibirian species and the Tree pipitAnthus trivialis. Our results thus imply that this group of species and the Tree pipit may be sensitive to forest fragmentation. In contrast to previous Finnish studies, we found relatively small negative effects on relative abundance of species hypothesized to be negatively affected by large-scale clear-cutting forestry. However, our picture of the present does not contradict results from Finnish long-term population studies. Five factors may account for this: 1) clear-cut areas are not permanently transformed into other land use types, 2) planted forests are not completely inhabitable for species preferring older forest, 3) the majority of species in the regional pool are habitat generalists, 4) the region studied is still extensively covered with semi-natural forest, and 5) our study area is relatively close to contiguous boreal forest in Russia, a potential source area for taiga species.     

师宗县城行道树种评价与规划

从抗寒性、抗旱性、抗病虫害性、吸硫能力、滞尘能力、抗污能力、增氧能力、生长势、观赏性和养护费等10个方面对师宗县城行道树种进行分析与评价,得出了3个等级的道路绿化树种,并将其分别规划为骨干、基调和一般树种。     

潍坊市区常绿树种越冬状况调查分析与对策

对潍坊市区栽植未满1 a的12种常绿树种越冬状况进行调查,分析了不同树种、栽植季节、栽植区域间植物耐寒性差异,并对今后树木引种、栽培和养护管理等方面提出相应对策。     

Small-scale effects of historical land use and topography on post-cultural tree species composition in an Alpine valley in southern Switzerland

Investigations of spatial patterns in forest tree species composition are essential in the understanding of landscape dynamics, especially in areas of land-use change. The specific environmental factors controlling the present patterns, however, vary with the scale of observation. In this study we estimated abundance of adult trees and tree regeneration in a Southern Alpine valley in Ticino, Switzerland. We hypothesized that, at the present scale, spatial pattern of post-cultural tree species does not primarily depend on topographic features but responds instead to small-scale variation in historical land use. We used multivariate regression trees to relate species abundances to environmental variables. Species matrices were comprised of single tree species abundance as well as species groups. Groups were formed according to common ecological species requirements with respect to shade tolerance, soil moisture and soil nutrients. Though species variance could only be partially explained, a clear ranking in the relative importance of environmental variables emerged. Tree basal area of formerly cultivated Castanea sativa (Mill.) was the most important factor accounting for up to 50% of species’ variation. Influence of topographic attributes was minor, restricted to profile curvature, and partly contradictory in response. Our results suggest the importance of biotic factors and soil properties for small-scale variation in tree species composition and need for further investigations in the study area on the ecological requirements of tree species in the early growing stage.     

GeoAI to implement an individual tree inventory: Framework and application of heat mitigation

Individual Tree Inventory (ITI) is critical for urban planning, including urban heat mitigation. However, an ITI is usually incomplete and costly due to data collection challenges in the dynamic urban landscape. This research developed a methodical GeoAI framework to build a comprehensive ITI and quantify tree species cooling on rising urban heat.The object detection Faster R-CNN model with Inception ResNet V2 was implemented to detect individual trees canopy and seven tree species (Callery pear, Chinese elm, English elm, Mugga ironbark, Plane tree, Spotted gum and White cedar). The land surface temperature (LST) was derived from Landsat 8 surface reflectance imagery. Two models for ITI were further developed for spatial and statistical analysis. Firstly, an ‘Individual tree-based model’ stores the attributes of tree species and its vertical configuration obtained from LiDAR, along with its tree canopy area and surface temperature. Secondly, the ‘LST zone-based model’ stores tree canopy cover and building areas in each zone unit. Pearson correlation, global linear regression, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were applied to establish the relationship between tree attributes, building areas (explanatory variables) with local temperature (dependent variable). Results showed that English elm has the highest cooling and least by Mugga ironbark in the study area. GWR results demonstrate that 94% of the LST was explained by tree height and tree canopy area. The LST zone-based model showed that 85% of the LST was explained by the percentage of tree species and buildings. Maps of the local R² and coefficients of the independent variables provide spatially explicit information on the cooling of different tree species compared to building areas. The implemented GeoAI approach provides important insights to urban planners and government to monitor urban trees with the enhanced Individual Tree Inventory and strategies mitigation plan to reduce the impact of climate change and global warming.     

Comparing the role of site disturbance and landscape properties on understory species richness in fragmented periurban Mediterranean forests

We hypothesized that the spatial configuration and dynamics of periurban forest patches in Barcelona (NE of Spain) played a minor role in determining plant species richness and assemblage compared to site conditions, and particularly to both direct (measured at plot level) and potential (inferred from landscape metrics) human-associated site disturbance. The presence of all understory vascular plants was recorded on 252 plots of 100 m² randomly selected within forest patches ranging in size from 0.25 ha to 218 ha. Species were divided into 6 groups, according to their ecology and conservation status. Site condition was assessed at plot level and included physical attributes, human-induced disturbance and Quercus spp. tree cover. Landscape structure and dynamics were assessed from patch metrics and patch history. We also calculated a set of landscape metrics related to potential human accessibility to forests. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated that the variance explained for non-forest species groups was higher than for forest species richness. Most of the main correlates corresponded to site disturbance variables related to direct human alteration, or to landscape variables associated to indirect human effects on forests: Quercus tree cover (a proxy for successional status) was the most important correlate of non-forest species richness, which decreased when Quercus tree cover increased. Human-induced disturbance was an important correlate of synanthropic and total species richness, which were higher in recently managed and in highly frequented forests. Potential human accessibility also affected the richness of most species groups. In contrast, patch size, patch shape and connectivity played a minor role, as did patch history. We conclude that human influence on species richness in periurban forests takes place on a small scale, whereas large-scale effects attributable to landscape structure and fragmentation are comparatively less important. Implications of these results for the conservation of plant species in periurban forests are discussed.     

杭州市城区主干道路绿地现状调查与分析

通过对杭州市城区主干道路绿地进行调查,从道路绿地结构、绿化树种和群落结构类型等方面对杭州主干道路绿地进行分析。结果表明:杭州市道路绿地主要应用的树种有66科、112属、144种,常绿树与落叶树的数量比为1.31∶1.00。为进一步优化道路绿地景观,应提高植物多样性水平,充分发挥路侧绿地的生态功能,并注重道路绿地建设的文化特色。最后讨论了杭州市在道路绿地建设中存在的问题并提出改进意见。     

齐齐哈尔市乡土树种在园林景观中的应用研究

采用抽样调查的方法研究齐齐哈尔市乡土树种在园林景观营造中的应用情况,通过现场踏勘及查阅资料,结合实际应用进行齐齐哈尔乡土树种的资源的调查分析。结果表明:齐齐哈尔市乡土树种营造的景观效果较好,但野生乡土树种在园林中应用较少,今后应加大乡土树种的开发应用力度,研究结果对齐齐哈尔市及其它城市园林绿化的乡土树种应用起指导或借鉴作用。     

The cultural landscape of Sintra,a UNESCO World Heritage Site—The balance between forest restoration and carbon stock

Sintra’s Cultural Landscape is a World Heritage Site and was the first cultural landscape to be listed in Europe by UNESCO, in 1995. It is a privileged ecosystem with natural and cultural value classified as priorities for conservation. Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua is a state-owned company established to restore, maintain and promote the public properties in the World Heritage Site. The forest assumes an important role in Sintra’s Cultural Landscape with the gradual removal of undesirable species and their replacement with multiple native tree species as one of the goals of forest management. Two aspects should be considered by the forest manager: opposing public opinion in terms of cutting dominant trees, most of the time linked with childhood memories and feelings, and its impact on the ecosystem’s carbon stock. Removal and replacement of trees is part of the management of cultural landscapes and concerns like carbon stock and biomass losses cannot be priorities of the forest manager. This work evaluates the carbon stock balance obtained in a 20 ha forest by the removal of undesirable tree species and their replacement by native species. Twenty six inventory plots were measured and carbon stock was estimated to define the baseline of the study. Age-independent individual tree diameter equations, species specific height-diameter equations, and biomass allometric tree equations were used to estimate carbon in a 30-year horizon. Three management scenarios were considered. The results show that, after 30 years, the contribution of the native species to the carbon stock is small compared with the baseline carbon values, compensating only 30% of the carbon losses associated to forest restoration. Conflict management in a context of Cultural Landscape Forest is discussed.