和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株的筛选、鉴定及杀线虫特性

为筛选对南方根结线虫具有致死效果的生防细菌,从山东省10个县市蔬菜主产区番茄根际土壤中分离可培养细菌,采用离体杀线虫试验测定分离菌株对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死活性,结合生理生化特征及分子生物学方法对高效杀线虫菌株进行分类鉴定,同时对其杀线虫特性进行表征,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证其生防潜力。结果显示,从山东省蔬菜主产区番茄根际土中分离到1株高效杀线虫菌株AMCC 100218,结合生理生化试验与16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定此菌株为和田鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium hotanense;该菌株对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死效果可达88.87%,其杀线虫活性物质具有较好的热稳定性和储存稳定性,且耐碱不耐酸;盆栽试验结果表明,该菌能够显著减少土壤中的虫口密度,降低番茄发病率。表明和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株是1株具有防治根结线虫病潜力的生防细菌。     

红麻根结线虫生活习性及防治研究

研究表明,我国红麻上的根结线虫有南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)1号和2号小种,爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)和花生根结线虫(M.arenaria)2号小种,南方根结线虫是优势种。它们都不为害棉花、花生、小麦、芝麻和苎麻,对高粱和玉米为害极轻。丝瓜、西瓜、番茄和空心莲子草为其共同寄主。南方根结线虫还侵染大豆、豇豆、苦瓜、菜瓜、南瓜、茄子、辣椒、烟草、黄麻、甘薯、黄瓜、白菜、莴苣、菜豆和扁豆等作物。红麻根结线虫的二龄幼虫主要分布在0～40cm 土层内,砂壤土中的线虫密度大于黄壤土。病原线虫以卵和二龄幼虫主要在病株残体中越冬。实行轮作、清除病残和药剂处理土壤是防治本病的有效措施。     

象耳豆根结线虫对抗病番茄品种VFNT的致病性研究

 象耳豆根结线虫是近年在我国发现的一种扩散迅速、寄主广泛、致病性强的根结线虫。为探究象耳豆根结线虫的强致病性原因,本研究用象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫分别接种抗线虫番茄品种VFNT和感病番茄品种Rutgers,30 d后象耳豆根结线虫对VFNT和Rutgers的累计侵入率分别为14.1%和19.2%、虫瘿率为62.5%和81.6%,而此时南方根结线虫累计侵入率为0%和18.8%、虫瘿率为0%和68.5%,象耳豆根结线虫的侵染力和致病力显著强于南方根结线虫;通过侵染抗病番茄品种VFNT的病理切片以及根尖侵染早期胼胝质、活性氧染色发现象耳豆根结线虫的侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性,在侵染早期南方根结线虫引起的胼胝质沉积量在72 h最大,是象耳豆根结线虫的2.0倍;体外H₂O₂应激测试发现,H₂O₂浓度为10～80 μmol·L^-1象耳豆根结线虫对H₂O₂的耐受性显著强于南方根结线虫。象耳豆根结线虫具有强致病性的原因可能是:具有更强的侵染力和活性氧耐受力;侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性且侵染引起的胼胝质的积累量较低。     

象耳豆根结线虫果胶酸裂解酶基因的克隆及其RNAi 效应分析

 从象耳豆根结线虫中首次克隆了果胶酸裂解酶基因Me-pel-1,该基因cDNA 的开放阅读框(ORF)长813 bp,编码270 个氨基酸,具有果胶酸裂解酶第3 家族的4 个保守域特征。ME-PEL-1 与南方根结线虫的果胶酸裂解酶MI-PEL-1 和爪哇根结线虫的果胶酸裂解酶MJ-PEL-1 相似性最高,且系统进化树显示ME-PEL-1 也与它们最为接近。利用RNAi 技术对象耳豆根结线虫2 龄幼虫的Me-pel-1 进行沉默,结果发现Me-pel-1 基因被干扰后,象耳豆根结线虫2 龄幼虫对番茄的侵染率显著降低。该结果表明Me-pel-1 基因在象耳豆根结线虫侵染寄主的过程中发挥重要作用。     

温度和初始种群密度对象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄的影响

通过室内接种方法,研究了不同温度和接种密度对象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄能力的影响。研究结果表明,28~30 ℃是象耳豆根结线虫侵染番茄的最适温度。随着温度的下降,其侵染能力明显降低。当象耳豆根结线虫2龄幼虫接种密度大于10条/100 cm3土壤时,番茄的生长会受到显著的抑制,随着线虫接种密度的增加,根结指数显著增加、线虫对番茄的危害也逐渐加重。研究结果将为广东省蔬菜产区制定象耳豆根结线虫防治指标提供理论依据。     

南方根结线虫Me3毒性与非毒性群体对寄主趋向性和侵染能力的比较

 探究南方根结线虫Me3毒性与非毒性群体对抗感寄主趋向性和侵染能力,为揭示毒性群体致病机理及防治根结线虫策略提供理论依据。使用以水琼脂为介质的研究方法,通过对比分析辣椒抗病品种HDA149和感病品种茄门根尖附近聚集的2龄幼虫(J2)数量,来揭示南方根结线虫对抗感辣椒品种根尖的趋向性效应,并利用实时荧光定量 PCR 检测侵入到辣椒根系的毒性与非毒性线虫数量,对其侵染能力进行比较。J2 趋向性试验结果显示,在相同的时间点,HDA149 和茄门辣椒根尖处附近聚集的毒性群体 J2 数量总是显著多于非毒性群体的 J2数量;J2 对抗感辣椒的选择性结果表明,不论是毒性群体还是非毒性群体的 J2,在相同的时间点,茄门根尖附近聚集的线虫数量显著多于HDA149根尖附近的线虫数量;荧光定量 PCR 检测线虫侵染结果显示,毒性群体 J2侵入到辣椒根系的数量相对非毒性群体的 J2 更多。总之,相比南方根结线虫Me3非毒性群体,毒性群体的 J2 对寄主根系有较强的趋向性,并且侵染效率更高;相比于抗性寄主,Me3毒性群体和非毒性群体的 J2 对感病寄主有更强的选择性。     

南方根结线虫MiV901基因在拟南芥中的异源表达及其表型分析

为明确南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita效应蛋白MiV901在其寄生过程中的生物学功能,通过构建MiV901基因的植物表达载体,利用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导的花序浸染法将其转化拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana,并采用室内人工接种法测定转基因植株对灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea侵染及南方根结线虫寄生的影响。结果显示：经Southern blot检测,MiV901基因以不同的拷贝数插入到转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12的基因组中,且qPCR检测结果证实 MiV901基因能够正常表达。3个转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12叶部接种灰葡萄孢3 d后,叶片上形成的病斑平均直径分别为1.00、1.06、1.05 cm,比野生型对照扩大了9.9%~16.5%。相比野生型对照,转基因拟南芥株系901-12、901-6和901-8接种南方根结线虫2龄幼虫后根系上产生了更多的雌虫和卵块,雌虫数分别显著增加了45.4%、34.4%和23.7%,卵块数分别显著增加了51.2%、 46.3%和31.7%。表明异源表达MiV901基因能够抑制植物免疫,增加拟南芥对灰葡萄孢和南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性。     

4种常见根结线虫基因组DNA的RAPD分析

 用120个随机引物对4种常见根结线虫10个小种和类型进行了全基因组随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)分析,筛选出的11个适宜引物共扩增出91条RAPD谱带,86条是多态性谱带,占总谱带的94.5%;OPL12、OPK01对4种根结线虫种及其小种扩增的谱型有明显的特异性。聚类分析显示在种间水平上4种根结线虫中花生根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0.532,北方根结线虫与另外3种根结线虫的亲缘关系最远,平均遗传距离为0.786;种下水平上同种根结线虫的不同小种和类型间存在不同程度的遗传差异,南方根结线虫4个生理小种间,花生根结线虫2个生理小种间亲缘关系较近,爪哇根结线虫2个酯酶谱带类型间,北方根结线虫2个细胞生物学小种间遗传差异较大。在RAPD技术的基础上探索根结线虫分类鉴定的分子方法有着良好的前景。     

甘肃省保护地蔬菜根结线虫种类鉴定及其rDNA-ITS序列分析

为明确甘肃省保护地蔬菜根结线虫的种类,采用rDNA-ITS-PCR方法结合其2龄幼虫、雌虫会阴花纹等形态学特征对采自甘肃省9个市的主要蔬菜生产基地保护地蔬菜根结线虫的11个种群样本进行了种类鉴定,并对其ITS区域进行序列测定及分析比对.结果表明:11个根结线虫种群的ITS区域序列与GenBank数据库已知南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)ITS区域序列的相似性达到99％,其ITS片段大小介于690～695 bp之间,表明甘肃省保护地中蔬菜根结线虫为南方根结线虫.     

不同光温条件对马铃薯繁殖根结线虫效果的影响

在沙培马铃薯条件下,分别比较不同温度、光照条件对根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)在马铃薯上培养效果的影响。结果表明,温度对根结线虫的培养效果有较大的影响,南方根结线虫在马铃薯上繁殖的最适温度为24～28℃,12℃时,线虫仍可侵染,但发育十分缓慢,接种后49d调查还未能观察到线虫产卵;光照条件对根结线虫的培养效果影响无明显规律性。     

云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定

为明确云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病的病原种类,于2019年2月在云南省澜沧县林下三七种植区采集根部带有明显根结的紫茎泽兰根系进行根结线虫分离,通过观察所分离根结线虫的2龄幼虫、雌成虫、会阴花纹特征对其进行形态学鉴定,并利用序列比对、系统发育树分析、序列特异性扩增区段(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR)对其进行分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该病原线虫雌成虫会阴花纹呈圆形至卵圆形,背弓中等高或低平,侧区一侧或两侧延伸形成翼状,尾区有刻点,2龄幼虫、雌成虫形态特征及形态测量指标与北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla相似;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列和mtDNA的COI序列与NCBI数据库中已登录的北方根结线虫相应序列相似度较高,分别达99.35%和98.05%以上;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列、mtDNA的COI序列分别以99%、100%的支持率与北方根结线虫聚为同一分支;利用SCAR特异性引物,该病原线虫均能扩增出大小约1 500 bp的基因特异性条带。综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果将云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

Characterisation of Meloidogyne species from China using Isozyme Phenotypes and Amplified Mitochondrial DNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Forty-six Meloidogyne populations from 14 provinces of China were characterised in terms of malate dehydrogenase, esterase phenotypes and HinfI restriction profiles of amplification products from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region between the COII and lrRNA genes. Isozyme phenotyping revealed that 29 of the populations were M. incognita, six were M. javanica, six were M. arenaria, three were M. hapla and two were M. enterolobii. HinfI restriction patterns of the COII-lrRNA region correlated with nematode isozyme phenotypes and enabled reliable differentiation and identification of the five root-knot nematodes occurring in China. The size and sequence of the mtDNA amplification product were determined for the first time for M. enteroloii, a potentially economically important crop pathogen. Sequence comparison showed that the sequence of the intergenic region between the COII and lrRNA genes for M. enterolobii was identical to that reported for M. mayaguensis. Together with published observations on morphology, host range and esterase phenotype of the two nominal species, the mtDNA sequence evidence suggests that M. mayaguensis could be conspecific with M. enterolobii.     

长枝木霉菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫的作用机理

为探明长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用机理,采用原生质体转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)标记菌株GFP-TL16,通过测定菌株TL16和GFP-TL16对南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫(2nd-stage juvenile,J2)的寄生与致死作用,其发酵液对卵孵化的抑制作用和对J2的致死作用,以及菌株GFP-TL16在黄瓜根系的定殖情况和菌株TL16对番茄根结形成的抑制作用来综合分析其作用机理。结果显示:菌株TL16菌丝对南方根结线虫卵无寄生作用,处理19 d后卵降解率为26.33%,致死作用较低;菌株TL16分生孢子悬浮液处理南方根结线虫J2后72 h的致死率为1.65%,且无寄生作用。菌株TL16发酵液处理南方根结线虫J2后48 h的校正死亡率为10.71%,处理卵15 d后对卵孵化的相对抑制率为77.11%。菌株GFP-TL16可定殖于黄瓜根系中,经菌株TL16处理后接种南方根结线虫J2,番茄根结减退率为55.88%。表明长枝木霉菌株TL16可通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化和诱导番茄产生抗病性来防治根结线虫病。     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Suitability of weed species prevailing in Spanish vineyards as hosts for root-knot nematodes

Commercial vineyards in southern Spain were surveyed and sampled during October to December 2004 to determine the extent to which common weeds present were suitable hosts of root-knot nematodes infesting soils of those vineyards. Seven weed species commonly growing in grapevine soils in southern Spain were found infected by either Meloidogyne incognita or M. javanica: Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Anchusa azurea (ox-tongue), Chenopodium album (goosefoot), Erodium moschatum (musk stork’s bill), Malva rotundifolia (low mallow), Sinapis alba (white mustard), and Solanum nigrum (black nightshade). The host suitability of the weeds to root-knot nematodes was evaluated on the basis of root galling severity and nematode population densities in soil and roots. Also, the host–parasite relationship in these naturally Meloidogyne-infected weeds was examined. All the weed species in the study were considered suitable hosts for M. incognita and M. javanica because: (a) high Meloidogyne spp. populations occurred in roots and surrounding soil of the weed species; (b) the severity of root galling was high, and (c) well-established permanent feeding sites were observed in the histopathological studies of infected root tissues. In addition, this study presents the first reports of S. alba and A. azurea as hosts for M. incognita, and of E. moschatum as a new host for M. javanica, thus increasing the list of reported weed hosts for Meloidogyne spp. These results indicate that noticeable population densities of M. incognita and M. javanica can be maintained or increased in these weeds, at population levels higher than those previously reported for the same nematodes infecting grapevine roots. The weeds infesting vineyards thus represent an important source of inoculum of Meloidogyne spp., and furthermore may act as reservoirs of these nematodes which can be disseminated within or among vineyards by agricultural operations.     

Occurrence of Resistance-breaking Populations of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato in Greece

Nine populations of Meloidogyne spp. from Greece have been identified as M. javanica or M. incognita using either isozyme phenotypes or the sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) technique. Virulence against the Mi resistance gene was assayed by pot experiments in controlled conditions and revealed the ability of five populations of M. javanica and one population of M. incognita to reproduce on tomato cultivars containing that gene. A resistance-breaking population of M. incognita is reported for the first time in the country; the M. javanica populations constitute new records for the Greek mainland.     

Greenhouse and field evaluations of commonly occurring weed species for their host suitability to Meloidogyne species

Since weeds serve as hosts for nematode pests, the host status of 20 weed species (commonly occurring in fields of developing farmers) to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica, respectively, were investigated. Greenhouse studies showed that seven weed species had Rf values >1 for both nematode species indicating susceptibility, while 13 had Rf values ≤ 1 indicating resistance. Greenhouse results showed that Hibiscus trionum and Amaranthus tricolor were identified as the most susceptible and Chenopodium carinatum and Datura ferox the poorest hosts for M. incognita and M. javanica. For field experiments at Kuruman, Solanum retroflexum was the most susceptible weed to a M. javanica population, while the same was evident for H. trionum at Nelspruit, where a mixed population of M. incognita and M. javanica occurred and at Potchefstroom, where a population of M. incognita was present. Results from this study indicated that certain weed species are highly susceptible to root-knot nematodes and should be removed timely and effectively to prevent population level increases of root-knot nematode pests in the fields of farmers.     

Host-parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root-knot nematode (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis>) population from the Azores

During a nematode survey, severe infections of tobacco feeder roots and heavy soil infestations byMeloidogyne incognita race 1 were found in S. Miguel (Azores islands, Portugal). This is the first record ofM. incognita infection of tobacco in Azores. Morphology of various life stages, analysis of the esterase electrophoretic pattern and differential host tests were used for nematode characterization and identification. Nematode-induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and usually contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Giant cell cytoplasm was aggregated along a thickened cell wall. Vascular tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between the initial nematode population density and growth of tobacco plants was tested in a glasshouse experiment in which inoculum levels varied from 0 to 512 eggs and juveniles (J₂) cm⁻³ of soil. Seinhorst’s model was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of tobacco cv. ‘Erzegovina’ plants toM. incognita race 1 were estimated as 1.25 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate was 404.7 at an initial population density of 4 eggs and J₂ cm⁻³ of soil. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004.     

球孢白僵菌次生代谢产物对南方根结线虫的作用机制初探

为明确球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用机理,从线虫的活动频率、呼吸强度、体液渗透压、总糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性几方面测定了球孢白僵菌Snef23菌株次生代谢产物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)的影响。结果表明:Snef23次生代谢产物可抑制南方根结线虫J2的活动频率和呼吸作用,降低其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,增强虫体内容物的渗漏,干扰J2体内糖和可溶性蛋白的代谢,从而达到毒杀致死作用。研究结果为探明球孢白僵菌杀线虫的作用机制提供了理论依据,可为更好地利用球孢白僵菌及其他天然产物防控植物的线虫病害提供参考。