农药残留检测技术讲座——第一讲：农药残留毒性及分析的特点和要求

近年来，随着国内外市场对茶叶卫生质量安全的日益重视，世界各国相继制定了茶叶中各种农药的残留限量标准，我国各级相关检测单位和茶叶企业也开展了茶叶中农药残留的检测分析。中国工程院院士、中国农业科学院茶叶研究所陈宗懋研究员于上世纪60年代在国内最早开展茶叶中农药残留检测研究，他领导的农产品质量安全检测室在今年5月欧盟组织的10个国家27家实验室的茶叶农残检测技术考核中第一名。为了使各茶叶农药残留检测机构更好地掌握检测技术，提高检测准确度和精确度，编辑部从本期起约请陈宗懋院士撰写“茶叶中农药残留检测技术讲座”，并分期刊出。本讲座将从农药残留毒性与残留分析特点、样品采集、标样配制、样品中残留农药的提取纯化、农药残留检测具体方法、茶叶中农药残留多检出技术及主要农药残留测定实例等方面进行详细介绍。[编者按]     

茶叶中农药残留测定综述

茶叶是一种经济农作物,生长过程中使用农药是必要的,这有利于茶叶茁壮生长,但是,也会造成农药残留,危及食用者健康,所以必须加强茶叶中的农药残留测定,严控茶叶质量。本文从当前我国茶叶农药使用情况入手,结合大量的文献资料分析了现阶段常用的样品前处理技术和农药残留检测技术,仅供参考借鉴。     

茶叶中农药残留物质的测定方法分析

经济社会在不断发展和进步的同时,也使人们的生活质量不断提高,茶叶作为人们饮食中的一个组成部分,其安全性逐渐成为人们关注的重点。本文从农药残留这一概念出发,深入分析了茶叶农药残留分析处理技术,最后,通过样品检测技术对茶叶中农药残留进行准确的测定。     

茶叶农药残留检测前处理新技术研究进展

茶叶中农药残留问题受到越来越多的关注。现代仪器分析技术对茶叶样品前处理技术提出了更高的要求,因此亟需发展新型的快速、安全、高效的样品前处理技术。本论文对目前茶叶农药残留检测的新技术进行综述。     

茶叶农药残留检测技术概述

本文从国内外茶叶农残限量动态、样品前处理技术和检测技术等几个方面对目前茶叶农药残留检测技术的研究状况作了系统的介绍。     

茶叶基质对胆碱酯酶活性干扰水平的研究进展

基于酶抑制法的农药残留快速检测技术具有简单、快速、易操作、成本低等优点,在基质成分较为简单的蔬菜、水果样品的质量安全快速筛查和监管中发挥了重要作用。然而,在对茶叶样品的检测中,该方法的速测结果普遍呈强(假)阳性,且检测结果与实际农药含量水平无关,严重阻碍了其在茶叶样品检测中的应用。明确茶叶样品中基质对胆碱酯酶干扰的来源、水平与机理是解决这一难题的理论基础。文章综述了茶叶基质成分对胆碱酯酶活性干扰水平的研究进展,同时包含了近年来茶叶功能性成分通过抑制胆碱酯酶活性在阿尔茨海默症(AD)治疗中应用的研究内容。     

浅析质谱技术在水果、蔬菜与茶叶中农药残留的分析

质谱技术在水果、蔬菜与茶叶等安全农药残留定性、定量的检测中备受人们的青睐,主要是因为其具有速度快、范围广、灵敏度高、分辨率高等特点。基于此,本文通过概述水果、蔬菜与茶叶中农药残留特点与检测现状,探讨了前处理技术、液质联用技术、气质联用技术在水果、蔬菜与茶叶中农药残留的应用情况,提出了大力发展便携式检测技术、先进预处理技术以及大分子量生物农药检测技术的策略。     

浅谈安溪秋季茶叶质量安全

随着人们食品安全意识和国际食品安全壁垒的提高,茶叶质量安全尤其是茶叶中的农药残留问题备受关注。2017-2019年秋季,在祥华、西坪、感德3个铁观音主要产区随机抽取样本219份,应用Agilent7890B-5977MSD检测仪,采用GB/T 23204-2008《茶叶中519种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定气相色谱-质谱法》标准进行检测,结果表明,所有茶叶样品均符合GB 2763-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》规定卫生质量要求,同时发现茶叶中主要农药残留成分为虫螨腈、哒螨灵和联苯菊酯,且祥华、西坪、感德等不同产茶区检出率和残留量有所不同;提出提升茶叶质量安全措施建议。     

关于我国茶叶质量安全控制及HACCP对策

茶叶质量安全主要包括农药残留、有害重金属残留、有害微生物、非茶异物和粉尘污染等因素,主要涉及到茶叶的原料生产和加工两个过程。 一、我国茶叶质量安全状况 1.茶叶的卫生质量现状 近年来,随着我国启动的“无公害食品行动计划”和在茶叶生产中禁用、停用一大批剧毒、高残留农药,我国茶叶农药残留状况明显好转。 然而,茶叶中的农药残留不容忽视,尤其是欧盟制定了     

黔东南州茶叶农药残留膳食摄入风险评估

为了解黔东南州茶叶质量安全情况,本研究对黔东南州111份茶叶中的63种农药残留进行了检测分析,并按照膳食暴露评估和英国FSA（Food Standards Agency,英国食品标准局）风险排序体系对茶叶中检出农药进行风险分析。结果显示,茶叶样品的农药检出率为54.05%,检出农药22种,单项农药检出率为0.90%~31.53%。按照食品中农药最大残留限量（GB 2763—2016）判定,合格率97.30%;按照欧盟标准限量判定,合格率87.39%。根据膳食评估公式计算,所检出农药的慢性摄入风险（%ADI）为0.0037%~1.1780%,急性摄入风险（%ARfD）为0.03%~41.42%,表明黔东南州茶叶的慢性摄入风险和急性摄入风险都可接受。农药风险排序得出,农药在低、中和高风险水平的比例分别为45.45%、31.82%和22.73%,其中风险最高的农药是克百威。因此,黔东南州茶叶农药残留风险均在可接受范围,茶叶质量安全情况良好。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。