Affluent effluent: growing vegetables with wastewater in Melbourne, Australia—a wealthy but bone-dry city

Water scarcity in Australia has become a significant challenge for all water users and water reuse is now a critical component of Melbourne’s response to this water crisis, particularly for food production. While most vegetable production occurs in a large-scale commercial environment, there is a significant proportion produced in backyards. With the introduction of severe water restrictions, commercial vegetable production now relies heavily on high quality Class A reclaimed water, while households have turned to the use of greywater. While there are many benefits of wastewater reuse, there are also many potential risks to plant, environmental and human health. A quantitative microbial risk assessment of the two systems was conducted to evaluate the human health risks associated with both large-scale and backyard reuse of water for vegetable irrigation. This preliminary model suggests that for irrigation with typical greywater, the annual infection probability for enteric viruses is >10^?4, even after a two week period of no irrigation with greywater. The human annual enteric virus risk from Class A reclaimed water was much lower.     

大型排水泵装置空化区间的数值计算

为了研究大型排水泵装置空化区间,基于SST k-ω湍流模型,应用Rayleigh-Plesset模型对泵装置内部空化进行描述,结合模型泵试验验证数值模拟结果准确性.重点分析了泵装置相同水位不同流量系数δ下的空化分布规律、空化体积分数以及大流量系数下叶片表面受力分布规律.结果表明:设计水位下,δ≥0.8和δ=1.0时泵装置叶轮非空化运行角度分别为-8°~ 0°和-8°~+6°; 与设计水位相比,泵装置进水池水位降低会增大空化区间,反之将会减小;相同流量系数下,叶轮运行角度偏离0°越大,空化现象越严重,空化体积分数越大;进口水位达到最高防洪水位,非空化区间的最大运行工况为Q=28.75 m³/s(+8°);大流量系数下运行时,叶轮表面总压分布随着叶轮运行角度的增大而增大.本研究结果为大型排水泵装置稳定运行提供参考.     

Multiple-Use Management in a Large Irrigation System: Benefits of Distributed Secondary Storage

Large-scale canal irrigation projects are commonly seen as profligate users of water. Their low water productivity has been attributed by many authors to deficiencies in management or to actions by farmers to circumvent management control over water distribution. Inadequate design has sometimes been cited as a contributing factor, but the relationship between design and manageability has received too little attention. In most conventional large-scale irrigation systems imperfect matching between water supply and demand is an inescapable fact of life that leads to operational spillages and low efficiency. Provision of auxiliary storage reservoirs at strategic points within the canal system can buffer this mismatch and improve service delivery and also aid recovery of return flows. Such reservoirs may bring additional benefits in that they provide opportunities for multiple-use management and increased productivity of irrigation water. This paper presents a case study of Mahaweli System H in Sri Lanka, which incorporates a large number of secondary reservoirs within its 25000 ha command area. The paper examines current operational performance and considers scope for and constraints to multiple-use management.     

Evapotranspiration components determined by sap flow and microlysimetry techniques of a vineyard in northwest China: Dynamics and influential factors

Large areas of vineyards have been established in recent years in arid region of northwest China, despite limited water resources. Water to support these vineyards is mainly supplied by irrigation. Accurate estimation of vineyard evapotranspiration (ET) can provide a scientific basis for developing irrigation management. Transpiration and soil evaporation, as two main components of ET, were measured separately in a vineyard in this region by heat balance sap flow system and micro-lysimeters during the growing season of 2009. Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of sap flow and its environmental controls were analyzed. Daily sap flow rate (SR_l) increased linearly with solar radiation (R_s), but showed an exponential increase to its maximum curve as a function of vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Residuals of the two regressions both depended on volumetric soil water content to a depth of 1.0 m (VWC). VWC also significantly influenced SR_l. The relationship of them could be expressed by a piecewise regression with the turnover point of VWC = 0.188 cm³ cm⁻³, which was ∼60% of the field capacity. Conversely, soil evaporation (E_s) increased exponentially with VWC. Thus, we recommended keeping VWC in such vineyards slightly above ∼60% of the field capacity to maintain transpiration while reducing soil evaporation. Vineyard transpiration (T_s) was scaled from sap flow by using leaf area (A_l) as it explained 60% of the spatial variability of sap flow. Vine transpiration was 202.0 mm during the period from April 28 to October 5; while that of E_s was 181.0 mm. The sum of these two components was very close to ET estimated by the Bowen ratio energy balance method (386.9 mm), demonstrating the applicability of sap flow for measuring grape water use in this region.     

Innovations in irrigation management and development in Hunan province

Mass movement labor was an important contributor to irrigation system construction in China during the seventies, making up a third or more of system costs. Total per-ha system costs are roughly consistent with those in other Asian countries when contributed labor is valued at estimated farm wage rates, but less than average if zero labor opportunity cost is assumed.Innovative practices are being employed in managing and supporting irrigation system operations in Western Hunan Province. Many are ones which have been advocated repeatedly elsewhere but infrequently applied. These include the volumetric wholesaling of water to distribution organizations, farmer water charges with both fixed and volumetric components, financially autonomous irrigation management agencies, and delegation of water distribution and fee-collection responsibility to village-based organizations. Heavy emphasis currently rests on financial self-reliance of schemes as denoted by the slogan, let water support water. This has led to a proliferation of secondary income-generating enterprises associated with irrigation system management, as well as strenuous efforts to collect irrigation fees. Often the secondary enterprises generate a larger share of total income than does the irrigation service itself.Fee levels for rice generally fall into the $12 to $20 ha/yr range, intermediate to those prevailing in Pakistan at $8.50/ha for two crops of rice and the Philippines at $45/ha for double cropped rice. Collection of fees is typically handled by the village. Charges are usually levied on an area basis but one large system employed a more complicated system which had both fixed and variable components. Water allocation at lower system levels is also delegated to the village in many cases, with the state serving as a wholesale provider of water.Abbreviations and units ha-m hectare-meter - jin unit of weight equal to 0.5 kg - kw kilowatt - mu unit of land area equal to 1/15 ha - Rmb Renmimbi (Yuan) equal to US$ 0.27 officially in September 1988 and about half of that unofficially - RMD Reservoir Management Division - WCB Water Conservancy Bureau - WMD Water Management Department     

GIS技术在高原灌区灌溉管理中的应用研究

通过对GIS技术在蜻蛉河大型灌区的应用研究,建成灌区灌溉管理系统。本系统采用分层和模块化的设计原则,建成一个应用型的灌区灌溉管理GIS系统,实现灌区管理中图、文、表、管理一体化及灌区水利工程管理、作物种植、供需水平衡以及灌溉引水配水等工作的电子化管理模式。     

Wandering off the paths of planned innovation: The role of formal and informal intermediaries in a large-scale irrigation scheme in Morocco

For many years, large-scale irrigation around the world was based on state-driven water management and on a planned innovation process and diffusionist extension services. The purpose of this study is to show that formal extension services are not the only intermediaries of innovation and that local innovations take place at the initiative of farmers even in state-driven irrigation schemes. The study addressed changes in farming systems in a large-scale irrigation scheme in Morocco from two angles: a review of planned innovations and analysis of the actual innovation process at the village level. We show that the implementation of the large-scale irrigation scheme contributed to agricultural development, but often indirectly, and that it was not the only source of innovation. We also show how these results support recent thinking on innovation systems. Today, informal labour, neighbour and marketing networks are the main innovation intermediaries. New practices in agricultural extension are required to facilitate local innovations and to link farmers to more global innovation networks.     

贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园土壤水分分布研究

针对贺兰山东麓砂质酿酒葡萄园漏水漏肥,水分利用率低等问题,采用田间试验,分别设置沟灌、单管滴灌和双管滴灌的方式,研究土壤水分分布及葡萄需水规律,从而制定适宜的灌溉制度。结果表明,沟灌水分下渗基本在70cm内的根系分布层,灌溉后期含水率低,灌溉周期为13d;双管滴灌水平侧渗区域主要集中在20～45cm的葡萄毛根活动区域,垂直入渗在在60cm根系分布区内,灌溉周期为9d;单管滴灌垂直下渗速率高于侧渗速率,灌溉周期为7d。单管滴灌方式便于大规模的葡萄机械化管理,最佳水分管理方式为增加单次灌溉时间让单次灌水量达到450m3/hm2。     

Laboratory evaluation of dual-frequency multisensor capacitance probes to monitor soil water and salinity

Real-time information on salinity levels and transport of fertilizers are generally missing from soil profile knowledge bases. A dual-frequency multisensor capacitance probe (MCP) is now commercially available, for sandy soils, to simultaneously monitor volumetric soil water content (VWC) measured as a percentage and salinity as a unitless volumetric ion content (VIC). The objectives of this research were to assess the relationship of salinity and water content with these dual-frequency MCPs under laboratory conditions, and assess its potential for field use in sandy soils of the mid-Atlantic region of the US. Water and salinity studies were conducted in two sand-filled PVC columns, 1.2 m long by 0.25 m ID. Each column was instrumented with ten dual-frequency capacitance sensors and two thermocouple temperature sensors. Four salinity levels were studied in the two columns using 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 dSm⁻¹ NH₄NO₃ solutions. Water, salinity, and temperature readings were continuously recorded at 1-min intervals. The VIC values were found to be primarily qualitative, but combined with real-time VWC measures the probe could still be an important fertigation management tool to provide near-continuous real-time information on fertilizer penetration, spread and subsequent changes during crop growth.

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平移式喷灌机行走速度及喷灌均匀度试验研究

为研究低压喷灌下喷灌机行走速度合理取值以及喷灌均匀度对土壤含水率均匀度的影响,以自行研制的轻小型平移式喷灌机为研究对象,通过室内单喷头试验和田间喷灌试验,探究了特定灌水定额下喷灌机的工作压力与行走速度关系,并对其水量分布、喷灌均匀度以及土壤含水率均匀度随时间变化进行了分析.结果表明：通过确定灌水定额能够计算出平移式喷灌机的行走速度和工作压力：当灌水定额分别为10,15,20 mm时,40~120 kPa喷灌压力下喷灌机行走速度最小为17.27 m/h,最大为58.65 m/h;增大喷灌压力能小范围提高均匀度,40 kPa工作压力均匀度为0.696,60~120 kPa喷灌压力下均匀度变化范围为0.731~0.788,喷灌水在土壤中的二次分布均匀度明显高于地表喷灌均匀度,40 kPa喷灌压力下喷后6 h土壤含水率均匀度达到0.906,24 h后达到0.953,可相应降低喷灌均匀度设计值以降低运行成本,节约能耗.     

城市原水系统计算机仿真模型设计

由于城市原水系统网络结构复杂、规模庞大、存在地区差异性等特征,针对城市原水系统的仿真模拟问题,通过对原水系统进行概念化分析提出由点、线、面基本元素所构成的原水系统概念化模型,运用面向对象技术设计了与可视化界面通讯的数据类、描述基本原素的对象类以及负责模拟仿真的模拟算法类,并针对网络拓扑结构的动态存储、关系还原、遍历算法优化以及与优化求解技术的接口设计等问题展开讨论。本文提出的仿真模型在深圳市水源调度管理系统开发中得到应用,结果表明运用面向对象技术设计的仿真模拟具有思路清晰、结构层次分明、更容易实现模块化功能等特点,并且能够保证模型的可扩展性,提高代码的重复利用率。     

Farmers' irrigation practices in a high rainfall area

Recent droughts in the humid southeastern United States have focused attention on the need for and use of supplemental irrigation. Total annual rainfall amounts are sufficient for most crops in the region. However, erratic distribution of rainfall and the low water-holding capacities of most soils in the region cause frequent drought stresses in many crops. An on-farm study was conducted in southeastern Alabama to evaluate the effects of farmers' irrigation scheduling decisions on soil moisture variations in peanut fields irrigated with center-pivot irrigation systems. The study showed that the way irrigation was practiced in this high rainfall area often caused soil moisture deficit (SMD) level higher than the desired SMD limit during over 20% of the 140-day growing season. This is partially due to farmers' tendency to delay irrigation in anticipation of rainfall which may or may not occur, as rainfall during the growing season is often erratic and local. In contrast SMD in non-irrigated fields was higher than the SMD limit for half of the growing season.Abbreviations SMD soil moisture deficit - ET evapotranspiration - R_eff effective rainfall - WHC water holding capacity     

压力对低压喷头水量分布模型影响的试验研究

为研究喷头压力对水量分布模型的影响,以低压喷头为例,对其进行水力性能试验.通过计算矩形组合下不同压力的喷灌组合均匀系数C_u和组合分布均匀系数D_u,探索喷头压力对水量分布模型的影响.结果表明:对于低压喷头,喷灌强度随压力增大先逐渐增大,达到一定值后基本保持不变.在距喷头不同距离时,不同压力下的喷灌强度变化情况不同.在低压范围内,压力对喷灌组合均匀系数和组合分布均匀系数的影响较明显.在100~200 kPa范围下,C_u和D_u均随着压力的增大而增大.在200~300 kPa范围下,C_u与D_u均变化不大.最终提出二者的函数关系式,为多因素下水量分布模型的建立提供理论依据.     

大型灯泡式贯流泵CFD计算

大型灯泡式贯流泵在国内的研究与运用远远滞后于水轮机,导致国内低扬程泵站的选型一直突破不了传统的结构模式。为了研究解决国内低扬程泵结构选型问题,结合南水北调东线工程的蔺家坝泵站大型灯泡贯流泵,对适用低扬程工况的大型灯泡式贯流泵结构形式、流道水力损失、压力分布、流速分布进行了流体数值计算,并与模型试验作了比较。结果表明,流体数值计算的结果与试验数据非常接近,这为今后国内低扬程泵站设计选型提供了参考。     

沙地喷灌土壤基质势调控对土壤水分分布和马铃薯产量的影响

[目的]制定砂质土壤马铃薯的喷灌灌溉制度。[方法]选择“夏波蒂”(抗旱性弱)和“费乌瑞它”(抗旱性强)2种不同抗旱能力的马铃薯品种,通过2a的田间试验,研究了不同土壤基质势阈值对土壤水分状况、马铃薯产量与灌溉水利用效率等的影响,以确定马铃薯适宜的土壤基质势阈值来指导灌溉。2012年布置了3个处理,在马铃薯定苗后分别控制垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势阈值为-20、-30和-40kPa,2013年增加了1个-10kPa处理。[结果]大型喷灌机灌溉条件下监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势可较好地调控马铃薯农田的土壤水分状况;①指导灌溉的土壤基质势阈值越高,马铃薯生育期内0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越高,并且变化幅度越平缓;土壤基质势阈值越低,0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越低,且变化越剧烈;40cm深度以下土壤水分状况与土壤基质势阈值的关系不明显。②不同抗旱能力马铃薯品种的产量都随着土壤基质势阈值的降低而线性降低,当阈值低于-15.8 kPa时,土壤基质势每降低1kPa,产量降低1.8%,且主要表现在大薯(W≥250g)和中薯(150g≤ W<250g)质量的降低,单株结薯个数基本不受影响。③灌溉水利用效率随着土壤基质势的降低而线性增加,表现为土壤基质势每降低1 kPa,灌溉水利用效率升高1.3%。[结论]砂质土壤大型喷灌机灌溉或类似农业生产条件下,推荐监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势来指导施肥灌溉,并且土壤基质势阈值建议为-15.8 kPa左右,在淀粉积累期之后可考虑适当地降低土壤基质势阈值,以获得高产和较高的灌溉水利用效率。     

Roots in irrigated clay soils: Measurement techniques and responses to rootzone conditions

Summary This paper reviews research carried out at the Griffith Laboratory in Australia over the last decade on techniques for, and results of, observations of roots in irrigated clay soils. Our results emphasise the adaptability of root systems to rootzone conditions. Experiences with techniques for observing roots non-destructively in the field and both non-destructively and destructively in lysimeters are described. We concluded that the minirhizotron technique, applied in the field, was unreliable under our conditions. Horizontal root observation tubes were used in lysimeters to measure root length density (RLD) and to assess whether roots were clumped together or randomly distributed. Destructive sampling and measurement of RLD was used to establish a theoretical relationship between root intercept counts along the tubes and RLD. The application of image analysis to both destructive and non-destructive sampling in the lysimeters is outlined. The non-destructive lysimeter studies showed that roots were significantly clumped. Analysis of root intercept and root hole counts on the faces of sample cubes taken from the lysimeters showed root distribution was anisotropic over the whole soil profile for both safflower and wheat. There were many more roots and root holes present in the sampled soil cubes than was indicated by independent sampling for washed out RLD. Safflower appeared to have a faster turnover of roots than did wheat or maize. Lysimeters, equipped with horizontal root observation tubes, enabled studies to be made of many factors affecting root growth. Soils affect where and how fast roots grow, although there is also a strong species interaction. For example, soybean roots proliferated above a fresh water table in one soil but not in another; wheat had little tendency to proliferate above the water table in either soil. In wet soils, roots cease to grow once soil oxygen levels decrease below 10 mg O₂ l _soil ^-1 . This level should form the basis for soil drainage criteria. In drying soils, roots will grow successively into soil regions containing soil water: the level of adaptation being determined by soil conditions, crop growth stage and level of evaporative demand. The methods of root observation used in our studies have given quantitative assessment of root distribution. However, further research is needed to link horizontal and vertical root distribution and root adaptation more strongly to crop development and soil conditions.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎医疗污水应急处理技术

针对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)医疗污水的水质特点,结合武汉雷神山医院污水处理系统应用实例,以灭杀新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)为重点,采用“预消毒+MBBR生物膜法+混凝沉淀+折流消毒”的二级处理工艺对新型冠状病毒肺炎医疗污水进行处理,污水处理设施严格按照《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》(GB 18466-2005)和《医院污水处理工程技术规范》(HJ 2029-2013)进行设计,出水水质达到排放标准,处理效果稳定、病毒灭活率高,出水水质良好.池体为全密闭式,同时采用PLC控制,运行期间安全可靠;所有处理单元均为一体化集成设备,建设速度快,即建即用,同时可灵活拆除,方便进行异地重建或规模化的扩容改造,适用于各种应急工程建设及建设工期短的项目.     

Beyond the farm-turn-out: on-farm development dynamics in the Kamphaengsaen irrigation project, Thailand

Many large-scale state-run irrigation projects in the world have been constructed with limited investment in on-farm infrastructure. In most cases, it was expected that local farmers would themselves make improvements on their farms. In general, insufficient attention is paid to water control which has a negative impact on productivity. Farmers' strategies to offset poor access to water are very varied and depend on site-specific factors such as topography, the existence of other potential water sources, market opportunities or capital availability. This article presents a case study in the Central Plain of Thailand and describes the patterns of land development which occurred since the construction of the Irrigation Project 25 years ago. It shows how land and water use evolved as both a mover and a response to on-farm development and who initiated new investments, such as ditch and tube-well digging, regulators in drains, which have allowed secondary water sources to be tapped, the development of conjunctive use, increased reliability in water supply and crop diversification. The importance of individual farm pumps is shown. Poor land levelling is conducive to high costs and reduced water use. Prospects for land consolidation are assessed.     

跨流域调水工程支线调蓄水库对沿线受水区水资源配置的影响分析

分析了有支线调蓄水库的跨流域调水工程水资源系统的结构和特点,定性分析了支线调蓄水库对跨流域调水工程沿线受水区水资源配置的影响。将数学规划与模拟技术结合,建立了由受水区水资源优化配置和干线调水协调模拟模型组成的跨流域调水工程水资源优化配置模型。采用大系统分解协调原理进行模型求解,通过有无支线水库水资源配置效果的对比分析,量化了支线调蓄水库对受水区水资源配置的影响。以南水北调中线工程河南段为例进行了应用研究,结果表明,模型和方法合理可行。     

TMDL计划与小流域污染综合治理思路的研究-以南水北调东线山东段治污为例

为了不断完善小流域污染综合治理思路,进一步推进水污染治理工作,对TMDL计划进行了介绍,并在治理思路、总量分配方法及总量分配公平性、合理性等多个方面与小流域污染综合治理思路进行比较,找出差异,吸收其有益的思路和措施。通过比较得出:①小流域污染综合治理和TMDL计划在思路上是一致的,但在总量分配及分配的公平性、水质目标可达性的保证率等方面存在着一定差异;②TMDL计划中的诸多措施可为小流域污染综合治理所吸收借鉴,并以此为基础对完善小流域综合治理提出了诸多合理的建议。