湖北省引种原生种源和次生种源日本落叶松生长比较研究

以湖北省从国内引种的日本落叶松次生种源和从日本引种的原生种源材料为对象,利用7a生生长数据对这两部分材料在湖北省的生长情况进行了比较研究。结果表明:原生种源的胸径、树高生长分别是次生种源的1.8、1.6倍,次生种源和原生种源内各种源间胸径和树高的生长差异均达到显著或极显著水平;原生种源比次生种源具有更高的遗传变异性,通过选择获得的遗传增益分别是次生种源的4.75和2.38倍。     

细叶桉种源—家系选择*

对细叶桉３个种源５０个自由授粉家系的生长性状和形质性状进行种源间和家系间差异分析和家系遗传变异及相关分析，结果表明细叶桉主要性状种源间和家系间差异都极显著，种源间的差异大于家系间的差异，来自澳大利亚昆士兰州的Ｌａｕｒａ种源优于其它种源。细叶桉家系生长性状和形质性状呈中度至强度遗传；枝下高、干形和冠幅与生长性状遗传相关极显著。运用指数选择法对５０个家系进行多性状综合选择，初步选出５个优良家系，可望获得２２．２３％的综合遗传增益。     

西南桦在广东省中部引种初报

西南桦是我国热带、南亚热带地区的优良乡土阔叶树种。文章对广西壮族自治区11个西南桦种源在广东省中部引种的苗期及幼林生长性状进行了分析,结果表明:引种西南桦的地径、苗高以及幼树高生长在种源间、家系间差异极显著,种源内遗传变异大于种源间,家系遗传力高于种源。依据苗期地径选择出表现良好的5个种源,在其中选择出35个优良家系,遗传增益为14.59%;根据苗高在5个优良种源中选择20个优良家系,遗传增益达到21.27%。幼林阶段高生长与苗期略有变化,根据幼树高生长指标在5个优良种源中进一步选出25个优良家系,遗传增益达到10.03%。     

福建永安光皮桦种源家系试验初报

应用采自南方5省区光皮桦(Betula luminiferaH.Winkl.)天然林的12个种源176个家系种子在福建永安进行了苗期测定,并在3个不同海拔高度开展造林试验,调查其1年生幼林的树高、地径,据此对优良种源、家系进行了初步选择。结果表明:光皮桦苗期高生长在种源家系间差异显著;1年生幼林各种源、家系、海拔间树高和地径差异均极显著,种源和海拔的交互作用对树高影响极显著,而对地径影响不显著;种源遗传力高于家系,树高遗传力高于地径;以树高为主要指标,初步筛选出适合当地生长的5个优良种源,并选择出适合不同海拔的优良家系各30个,其种源遗传增益达13.27%,家系遗传增益为12.84%,选择效果良好。     

桤木种源家系生长性状遗传变异及选择

对桤木中龄林阶段生长表现进行研究,为筛选生长性状优良的桤木种源/家系,以及桤木遗传改良提供参考。对7年生的桤木18个种源98个家系的生长性状进行调查,在分析生长性状遗传变异的基础上进行优良种源和家系的选择。结果显示,除胸径外,桤木生长性状在种源、家系间达到显著或极显著差异,表型变异系数和遗传变异系数分别为0.175～0.303和0.033～0.369。各性状的种源重复力、家系遗传力分别为0.775～0.836和0.828～0.867。运用综合指数选择,综合树高、胸径、冠幅和枝下高性状选出优良种源2个,优良家系8个。优良种源的树高、胸径、冠幅和枝下高的平均遗传增益分别为4.60%、7.23%、5.28%和14.87%,优良家系的树高、胸径、冠幅和枝下高的平均遗传增益分别为9.31%、13.73%、18.24%和28.75%。桤木中龄林在种源/家系间选择潜力较大,选择增益较大,筛选出的优良的种源或家系为培育桤木短周期工业原料林、遗传改良及后续研究工作提供极佳的繁殖材料。     

不同群体厚朴苗期主要性状观测分析

采集来自湖北、广西和浙江种源的厚朴半同胞家系成熟种子,湿沙保存后进行实生育苗试验,观测幼苗的出苗、生长等情况;落叶后统计幼苗株高、地径等情况。结果表明:不同种源厚朴幼苗生长过程基本一致,分为出苗期,生长初期,快速生长期和落叶期;一年生幼苗平均株高、地径最高为广西种源(47.04 cm,0.90 cm),最低为湖北种源(29.07 cm,0.78cm);不同种源厚朴幼苗之间株高差异达到极显著水平,地径差异不显著;湖北种源家系间地径差异极显著,株高差异显著。广西种源家系间株高差异极显著,地径差异不显著。浙江景宁种源家系间幼苗株高、地径均差异不显著;家系内单株间株高、地径均差异极显著。一年生厚朴幼苗株高生长最快为广西种源,浙江种源次之,湖北种源最慢,地径生长差别不大;半同胞家系内差异极显著,在厚朴良种选育过程中应充分重视优良种源、优良家系与优良单株的配合选择。     

白榆优良种源、家系配合选择苗期试验

通过白榆苗期1年的试验结果可以看出：白榆种源、家系高生长之间存在着显著差异，白榆种源遗传力、遗传增益均大于家系，首先进行种源选择，再选择优良家系可获得更大的遗传增益。     

黄樟种源、家系早期生长性状变异与初步选择

比较广东省乳源县天井山林场、鹤山市宅梧镇、梅州市径南镇3个黄樟种源/家系试验林早期生长,为黄樟遗传改良提供理论依据。结果表明,3个试验点中黄樟的树高、地径在种源间和家系间都存在极显著的差异,种源、家系选择有效;地点、种源/家系、种源×地点、家系×地点互作的效应达到极显著水平,宅梧试验林生长最好,径南次之,天井山最差。在3个试验点上,树高、地径种源遗传力存在差异,但均表现出树高遗传力高于地径遗传力。不同试验点的树高、地径与经纬度的相关性均未达到显著性,地理变异趋势不明显。根据幼林长势及种源加性效应值和家系育种值,分别从3个试验点上初步选择出表现优良的种源和家系,优良家系的遗传增益均大于优良种源。     

秃杉优良种源选择及种源区划

秃杉种源—家系联合试验表明,秃杉发芽、物候、苗期及幼林生长等11个性状中,真叶全现、一年生幼树抽高、一年生幼树全高种源间差异显著,发芽率、发芽势差异不显著;造林11年生时,种源间、家系/种源间生长性状差异显著,在遗传方差中,种源方差分量所占比例较大,种源效应最明显。选择秃杉优良种源有贵州交、贵州格、贵州昂、贵州丹、云南滕冲种源,优良种源平均单株材积遗传增益为29.68%,实际增益为34.60%。利用种源发芽、物候、苗期及幼林生长、11年生生长性状等11个性状,采用主成分分析方法,将秃杉区划为3个种源区,第1个种源区为湖北利川种源,第2个种源区包括云南昌宁、云南滕冲种源,第3个种源区包括云南龙陵、贵州丹、贵州格、贵州昂、贵州交种源,其中第3个种源区种源在广东生长表现良好,适宜在广东适生区域引种推广。     

日本落叶松原生种源引种试验研究

笔者利用7 a生的生长数据对湖北省建始县长岭岗林场的日本落叶松种源试验林进行了分析。从日本引种的原生种源213个家系之间差异极显著,日本天然林产家系、日本各林业试验场种子园产家系和中国产混合种子间差异极显著。日本各林业试验场种子园产家系胸径、树高和材积生长分别是中国产混合种子的1.05,1.03,1.13倍,是日本天然林产家系的1.25,1.18,1.80倍。根据胸径、树高和材积进行优良家系的初步选择,选择前50个优良家系所获得的遗传增益分别为17.8%、18.6%和18.7%。     

福建柏优良种源和家系优树选择研究

通过福建柏19个地理种源和48个家系造林试验,初步选择出10个优良种源和14个家系,其材积遗传增益分别为16．09％～88．70％、15．19％～184．80％。参照福建柏优树国家标准,在优良种源和家系林分中,选择出优树179株,其材积遗传增益比优良种源和家系分别提高17．45％～122．51％、3．30％～191．69％。     

速生乡土树种黎蒴优树半同胞家系子代测定

将采自广东的278个黎蒴优树家系种植在广东东江林场和梅南林场,进行半同胞子代测定。造林5年后,对参试家系的3个主要生长性状进行调查分析。黎蒴家系树高、胸径和材积存在显著差异,遗传变异系数在13．60％～67．13％,且变异主要受遗传控制,其家系遗传力分别为0．511～0．543,0．585～0．736和0．469～0．717;相关性分析发现,材积生长量主要受胸径影响,其相关系数大于0．80。在10％～30％入选条件下,各生长性状均具有较高的遗传增益,其中材积遗传增益〉胸径遗传增益〉树高遗传增益。采用育种值评估法与综合指数法共选出优良家系36个、优良单株71株。研究结果为进一步开展黎蒴选育和遗传分析奠定了坚买基础。     

湖北省马尾松优树半同胞子代测定研究

1991～1992年从湖北省马尾松主要分布区选出116株优良单株,1994年建立了相应的半同胞子代测定林。2011年对子代测定林生长性状、通直度、树皮厚度指数、弹性模量等进行了调查和分析。结果表明:树高、胸径、材积和弹性模量等4个性状在家系间都存在极显著的差异,也表明各优树之间存在广泛变异。树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力分别为0.689、0.729和0.791,均大于单株遗传力,表明:各家系的主要生长性状受到较强的遗传控制,对参试家系进行选择,能取得比较理想的结果。弹性模量家系遗传力为0.507,属于中等程度的遗传,而树皮厚度指数这一指标家系遗传力较低。按照大于整体平均值加1倍标准差进行选择,树高、胸径、材积和弹性模量4个性状分别有14、14、15和14个家系入选,遗传增益分别为6.4%、11.1%、28.1%和6.6%。     

Autumn frost hardiness in Norway spruce plus tree progeny and trees of the local and transferred provenances in central Sweden

Reforestation with provenances from locations remote from the planting site (transferred provenances) or the progeny of trees of local provenances selected for superior form and vigor (plus trees) offer alternative means to increase yield over that obtained by the use of seed from unselected trees of the local provenance. Under Swedish conditions, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of certain transferred provenances generally has an advantage in productivity relative to the local provenance comparable to that of progeny of plus trees. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which productivity gains achieved by provenance transfer or the use of plus tree progeny are associated with reductions in autumn frost hardiness, relative to that of trees of the local provenance. In a field trial with 19-year-old trees in central Sweden, bud hardiness was tested on four occasions during the autumn of 2002. Trees of the local provenance were compared with trees of a south Swedish provenance originating 3 degrees of latitude to the south, a Belarusian provenance and the progeny of plus trees of local origin. The Belarusian provenance was the least hardy and the local provenance the most hardy, with plus tree progeny and the south Swedish provenance being intermediate in hardiness. Both the Belarusian provenance and the plus tree progeny were significantly taller than trees of the other populations. Within provenances, tree height was negatively correlated with autumn frost hardiness. Among the plus tree progeny, however, no such correlation between tree height and autumn frost hardiness was found. It is concluded that although the gain in productivity achieved by provenance transfer from Belarus was comparable to that achieved by using the progeny of plus trees of the local provenance, the use of trees of the Belarus provenance involved an increased risk of autumn frost damage because of later hardening.     

Selection of superior families of Pinus massoniana in southern China for large-diameter construction timber

This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber volume of 440 open-pollinated half-sib progeny families were investigated in 14 progeny trials in different years and production regions.An evaluation of the genetic variation of all half-sib families was carried out during the sustainable rapid growth period and individual volumes were characterized as a major index.ANOVA analysis showed that there was considerable variance in the growth traits of most families in different years and on different sites.The variations caused by temporal and spatial changes of the mating system required three selection methods for analysis.The results show that there were differences among the heritabilities of different growth traits by different halfsib progenies.Average heritability values of height,DBH and volume were 0.33,0.34 and 0.36,respectively.Fortyfive superior families were selected in every progeny test,12 were selected in progeny trials by different years and five in different habitat progeny trials.Three superior families(Gui GC553A,Gui GC414A and Gui GC431A)were selected,although in different years and production regions.The genetic gains of timber volume of these selected r families ranged from 1.20 to 47.00%,which could provide a foundation for superior wood property selection and serve as material for seed improvement and extension in surrounding areas.     

秃杉半同胞家系生长性状的遗传分析及初选

通过对从云南昌宁、云南龙陵引进的17个秃杉半同胞家系实生林的长期观测,进行了秃杉生长形状的遗传分析及初步选择。结果表明:各半同胞家系在第5、15、24年,生长性状差异达到显著水平以上,这些差异主要由其本身的遗传特性决定,受中、强遗传力的控制,而受环境控制较弱。所有半同胞家系中,24年生14号、2号、17号、16号的树高、胸径和材积的均值分别为13.64 m、18.29 cm和0.1877 m^3,遗传增益的平均值分别为5.2%、4.38%和15.85%;选择出6株优良个体,24年生树高、胸径和材积的平均值分别为17.6 m、29.12 cm和0.5886 m^3,遗传增益的平均值分别为14.13%、14.73%和69.83%,这些优良半同胞家系和优良个体表现出突出的生长优势,可作为种子园和采穗圃材料。     

史密斯桉实生种子园建设初报

史密斯桉实生种子园由该树种的家系试验林经疏伐改建而成。在史密斯桉种源、家系选择试验阶段评选出优良种源2个，优良家系20个，优良种源中选率28．6％，优良家系中选率22．7％。种源蓄积量遗传力0．869，家系蓄积量遗传力0．609，单株遗传力0．986，进行单株、种源选择优于家系选择。优良种源遗传增益0．246，优良家系遗传增益0．276，家系平均实际增益45．3％。优良家系与较差家系木材密度无显著差异。家系试验林经两次疏伐改建为种子园后，每公顷保留林木340株左右。种子园促进史密斯桉植株开花结实试验的结果表明，经施肥及施用开花促进剂处理的家系开花结实率为对照的3倍，施肥及施用开花促进剂使植株开花结实提前，增加开花结实量有较好的作用。7．5年生，种子园个体平均开花结实率为24．6％，预计开花结实率每年将以15．5％的速度增加。开花结实率高的是18676、18688较差种源，开花结实率低的是18682、17131优良种源，较差种源开花结实率是优良种源的2．1倍。优良家系开花结实率65％，为全体家系平均开花结实率(28．6％)的2．3倍。较差种源比优良种源开花结实早，而在家系内是优良家系开花结实较早。     

Selection in a provenance trial of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) produced a land race with desirable properties

Selections were made within East European Norway spruce provenances in a provenance trial in northern Sweden and the selected clones were grafted in a Norwegian seed orchard mixed with plus trees of local origin. Full-sib families were generated by controlled crosses, producing sets of both inter- and intraprovenance families, which were planted in two short-term and in long-term trials. Measurements were made of frost damage, tree height, annual shoot growth rhythm and lammas shoots, and genetic parameters were estimated. The intraprovenance families from selected trees of East European origin showed the least variation in all traits and had the lowest heritability values. The variation among the intraprovenance families of local origin was large and with the highest estimates of heritability. The means of the provenance hybrid families were intermediate between those of the intraprovenance families. Strong genetic correlations were present between the growth rhythm traits measured, and in the family group of local origin also between these traits and frost damage, as well as for lammas shoots and height. The progenies of the selected parents of East European origin seem to be a desirable land race with less damage, lower percentage of lammas shoots and less variability in growth capacity.     

配方施肥对白桦不同家系苗期生长的影响

选择7个白桦半同胞家系种子分别播种育苗,在苗木生长过程中配制T1、T2、13 3种配方的氮磷钾混合营养液定期进行叶面施肥,系统地研究配方施肥对白桦不同家系苗期生长的影响对每个家系内3种施肥处理与非施肥处理的苗木苗高、高径比、茎根比进行方差分析和多重比较,确定各个家系的最佳施肥配方.结果为:家系1、家系3、家系4和家系5的最佳施肥配方均是T2,该施肥处理能够使白桦苗高提高13.43%～35.74%;家系6和家系7的最佳施肥配方均是T3,该施肥处理能够使白桦苗高提高24.93%和26.46%;家系2的最佳施肥配方是T1.3种施肥配方均能改善白桦苗期的生长,对7个家系总体而言,T2为最佳施肥配方.