山东省济莱高速公路生态护坡植被恢复过程分析

以山东省中部半干旱地区济青南线济南至莱芜高速公路部分石质边坡客土喷播生态防护试验工程为研究对象,通过应用样方调查法对试验研究区内的路堑岩石边坡原生和次生生态恢复植被进行了随机调查.结果表明,客土喷播和植生带绿化等是实现开挖山体坡面的快速植被恢复的边坡生态防护措施,次生植被恢复演替进程比自然植被恢复明显加快.从植被种群的物种重要值、生态位宽度、生态位重叠等计测结果发现,在次生植被恢复过程中逐渐形成以紫花苜蓿、高羊茅、紫穗槐、多年生黑麦草、马棘等为主的重要值较高的草灌型植被,演替趋势为豆科草向豆禾草演替,多草型向草灌型演替,种间资源竞争不强证明边坡植被恢复1.5a时期的植被仍处于演替的初级阶段.     

上辛庄开发建设项目水土保持试验示范基地植被调查

通过对延庆上辛庄开发建设项目水土保持试验示范基地第一阶段即坡面植被护坡小区施工后的植被调查,总结和研究出三维金属网+植被袋护坡、钢筋笼生态袋护坡、土工格室护坡效果极好,而等高绿篱埂护坡、拱形护坡和钻孔绿化护坡效果极差,并分析了原因。调查还发现,当地的入侵植物种主要是黄花蒿、灰菜、冷蒿、铁杆蒿、榆树、地黄;虽然很多人认为边坡绿化要乔灌草相结合,但是在边坡绿化的初期栽植乔木效果并不好,而且这时种植乔木还会降低边坡的稳定性,建议在边坡绿化的初期还是以草灌结合为宜,但是一定要注意草灌的播种比例。     

韶赣高速红砂岩边坡草灌混播防护技术研究

为研究草灌混播技术在红砂岩边坡防护工程中的生态防护效果与施工工艺,选取韶赣高速典型红砂岩边坡4个路段,采用样地记录法对不同草灌配比路段的物种组成,灌木植物的数量、高度、频度等指标进行了调查.通过研究样地植物群落的相对多度、相对高度、相对频度、重要值等指标探讨了试验区植物群落组成与群落特征,并进一步通过各种多样性指标研究试验区植物数量特征及生态学特征.研究结果表明,草灌结合对土壤贫瘠、易风化、易冲刷红砂岩地带具有更强的适应性;豆科植物能通过根瘤固氮作用在坡面贫瘠土壤正常生长,对韶赣高速红砂岩边坡的植被生态恢复起到重要作用;一定配比的本地乡土灌木、豆科植物和少量草种等组成的多物种组合可有效构建较为稳定的红砂岩边坡植物群落,防护效果良好.     

高速公路不同结构岩石边坡生态防护对策与植被恢复技术选择

岩石边坡按照岩体结构分为5种类型,即整体结构、块状结构、层状结构、碎裂结构和散体结构。在分析每一类岩石边坡特点的基础上,针对性地提出了5类岩石边坡生态防护对策与植被恢复技术选择方案。其中,整体结构岩石边坡、块状结构岩石边坡及反向斜向层状结构岩石边坡属于整体稳定性较好的边坡类型,防护重点视是否有软弱结构面存在而定,若不存在,应采用植物防护为主、局部加固为辅的防护策略,对于>75°的急陡边坡植物防护以垂直绿化技术为主或不进行防护,对于坡度<75°的边坡植物防护可选择厚层基材喷播技术及生态袋技术等;对于同向层状结构,因存在整体滑动的可能,须采用深层防护为主的工程防护;对于碎裂结构、散体结构应以控制坡率削方减载为主,防护措施上视具体情况采用植物防护与工程防护相结合,做好排水设计。     

公路边坡防护与生态恢复

主要论述了公路边坡植物防护的主要形式如种草、铺草皮、液压喷播植草护坡、框格防护、合成材料植被网草皮护坡、喷混植生植物护坡、绿化笼砖护坡、香根草生物边坡防护技术、客土喷播技术等,在目前,公路防护工程设计要紧紧抓住设计对象的土质、水文、气候等特点,灵活采用不同的防护型式,确保公路边坡的可持续性。     

我国道路边坡治理现状及其对策

我国道路边坡治理现状主要表现为:边坡绿化以草本植物为主,生态护坡的效果欠佳;边坡设计治理措施简单,自然环境的破坏严重;边坡植被恢复水平较低,生态绿化的任务艰巨。针对我国道路边坡治理现状所采取的主要对策是:边坡设计施工要以边坡稳定性和保护环境生态为前提;提高土壤植被系统的生态护坡效应;合理选择与搭配生物护坡工程的植物物种。     

紫金山矿区植被恢复技术初探

根据金矿采矿、选矿工艺特点，金矿新生裸地中，限于排土场的时空发展，一段时间内选金废渣堆积场的快速植被覆盖是矿区生态恢复的重点。本对废矿石(渣)堆边坡实施稳定边坡工程和快速植被恢复技术研究与探索，形成裸地的整治技术、植物选择与配置技术、边坡绿化设计技术、边坡绿化的主要管护技术、现有植被保护与开发利用措施等一系列创新思路。     

金安桥水电站渣场边坡植物防治灌草种的选择

工程边坡植物防护的主体是植物,灌草种选择需以气候条件、边坡坡度、弃渣特性等为基础。以金沙江干流河道金安桥水电站同时具有明挖和洞挖弃渣的2#渣场为例,通过渣场边坡可绿化条件分析,对植物措施灌草种进行选择确定。弃渣颗粒径级分析结果显示,洞挖边坡弃渣颗粒〉4mm的粒径组成百分含量为91．63％,〉2mm颗粒的累计百分含量高达96．75％,比农地表土层同径级颗粒含量分别高48．87和27．45个百分点,保水保肥能力差,植物防治绿化前需覆土改良。10种灌草种发芽和播种试验结果表明,明挖边坡弃渣的发芽率和苗木保存率最好,木豆的发芽率和保存率最高;明挖弃渣播种后发芽率在60％以上,56d苗木保存率〉80％的6种灌草种的适应性依次为：木豆、大翼豆、狗牙根、麻风树、银合欢和车桑子,均可用于渣场边坡植物防治灌草种,满足渣场边坡的防护要求。     

植被混凝土技术在无锡市雪浪山B标复绿工程中的应用

植被混凝土绿化技术是一项针对高、陡、岩石及水泥等边坡防护绿化的新技术。通过于2004年11月1日至2005年6月30日，在无锡雪浪山宕口B标段岩质边坡治理的实际应用，结果表明这项技术在无锡雪浪山宕口B标段的应用是成功的，能够达到保持水土、绿化边坡、生态恢复的效果；同时，进一步明确了该技术的应用范围，技术关键、施工工艺。     

适用于三峡水库中陡土坡消落区等高种植的土工结构模型

[目的]探讨在当前三峡库区面临的严峻生态环境下,采取何种适合的生态治理技术以解决库区生态环境安全问题,为三峡库区生态环境修复提供一定的参考依据。[方法]通过生态治理模型整体框架结构,提高中、陡土坡生态系统地表基底稳定性;通过等高种植平面绿化技术、土工格室垂直绿化技术,提高消落区植被覆盖率和土壤肥力;通过不同高层区段消落区适宜植物"乔—灌—草—藤(177~170 m)、"灌—草—藤"(170~160m)、"草—藤"配置(160~145m),对消落区的生物多样性、植被覆盖率及景观层次起提高作用。[结果]通过模型设计,将传统混凝土护坡技术与现代生态护坡技术相结合、等高种植平面绿化技术与土工格室垂直绿化技术相结合,实现了生物措施与工程措施的高度统一、系统稳定性与开放性的高度统一、植被覆盖率与景观层次的高度统一。[结论]该土工结构模型的应用对三峡水库中陡土坡消落区生态治理具有一定的参考价值和现实的应用前景。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Losses of Solids,Moisture, Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Carbon, and Sulfur from Laying-Hen Manure in Storage Facilities

The losses of total solids, moisture, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) were determined in two storage events of laying-hen manure immediately removed from three different housing systems in Iowa, USA. The three laying-hen houses were conventional cage (CC), enriched colony (EC), and aviary (AV). The houses held a nominal number of 200,000, 46,700, and 50,000 Lohmann LSL lite layers, respectively. The manure collected on belts in each house was cleaned out twice a week. A fraction of the cleaned out manure was transferred to designated storage rooms wherein losses of different components were determined in two storage events. Manure was loaded into the storage rooms over 171 days during the first storage event and over 185 days during the second storage event. The total storage periods were 202 and 245 days, respectively, for the first and second storage events. Manure was weighed, sampled, and analyzed before it was loaded into the storage rooms and at the end of each storage event. Mass balance calculations were used to determine the losses of different components. Statistical analyses show that the nutrient contents, on a wet basis, of manure loaded in CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were significantly different due to the differences in manure moisture contents. However, on a dry basis, they had no significant differences. The fresh manure cleaned out from the EC layer house was drier than that from the other two houses. Loaded-in nitrogen losses in the CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were 24.6, 12.9, and 20.8%, respectively. Nitrogen losses depended on house temperature, manure moisture, and pH. The average losses of loaded-in manure mass, moisture, and total solids during the two storage events were 27.6?±?1.9, 33.8?±?8.3, and 20.8?±?7.0%, respectively. The losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 19.4?±?13.4, 11.7?±?5.6, 10.2?±?6.8, 27.0?±?6.5, and 8.3?±?8.5% of their loaded-in amounts, respectively. The total loss of N, P, K, C, and S was 56% of the total loaded-in solids loss; thereof, the loss of N, P, and K was 7%, and C loss was 48%. The laying-hen-specific losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 0.34, 0.05, 0.08, 3.2 and 0.019 g day^?1 hen^?1, respectively. The results of this research are important for assessing impacts of stored manure on environment and nutrient losses. They can also be used to develop methodologies for the mitigation of the emissions from egg production facilities.     

Die Bindungsformen von Si,Mg, Fe,Al, Mn,Cr, Ni und Co in Saprolit und Laterit über Serpentinit,Insel Gebe,Indonesien

Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite.