Decontamination of aflatoxin-forming fungus and elimination of aflatoxin mutagenicity with electrolyzed NaCl anode solution.

Electrolysis of a 0.1% (17.1 mM) solution of NaCl using separate anode and cathode compartments gives rise to solutions containing active chemical species. The strongly acidic "anode solution" (EW+) has high levels of dissolved oxygen and available chlorine in a form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with a strong potential for sterilization, which we have investigated here. Exposing Aspergillus parasiticus at an initial density of 10(3)spores in 10 microL to a 50-fold volume (500 microL) of EW+ containing ca. 390 micromol HOCl for 15 min at room temperature resulted in a complete inhibition of fungal growth, whereas the cathode solution (EW-) had negligible inhibitory effects. Moreover, the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) for Salmonella typhimurium TA-98 and TA-100 strains was strongly reduced after AFB(1) exposure to the EW+ but not with the EW-. In high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the peak corresponding to AFB(1) disappeared after treatment with the EW+, indicating decomposition of the aflatoxin. In contrast, the routinely used disinfectant sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, of the same available chlorine content as that of EW+ but in a different chemical form, hypochlorite (OCl-) ion, did not decompose AFB(1) at pH 11. However, NaOCl did decompose AFB(1) at pH 3, which indicated that the principle chemical formula to participate in the decomposition of AFB(1) is not the OCl- ion but HOCl. Furthermore, because the decomposition of AFB(1) was suppressed by pretreating the EW+ with the OH radical scavenger thiourea, the chemical species responsible for the AFB(1)-decomposing property of the EW+ should be at least due to the OH radical originated from HOCl. The OH in EW+ was proved by electron spin resonance analysis.     

植物源天然产物的抑菌作用、机理及在食品保藏中的应用

食源性致病菌引起的食品安全问题严重威胁着人们的身体健康,已经广泛引起人们的关注,因而如何安全有效地抑制食品中致病菌的生长成为食品领域中的研究热点。研究表明,植物源天然产物具有来源广泛、抑菌谱广、与化学防腐剂相比副作用小等特点,可作为一种天然防腐剂运用于食品中。本文综述了植物源天然产物对食源性致病菌的抑菌活性、机理以及在食品保藏中的应用,以期为减少食源性致病菌对食品的污染提供理论依据。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗微量元素 吸收及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其可能的生理调节机制,采用营养液水培法,以紫花苜蓿品种‘中苜3号’和‘陇中苜蓿’为材料,研究Na Cl胁迫下施用外源EBR对紫花苜蓿幼苗微量元素吸收及叶片PSⅡ功能、电子传递速率和光能分配的影响。结果表明:150 mmol·L~(-1) Na Cl胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗不同器官(叶片、茎秆、根系)中的Cu~(2+)含量显著升高,Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)含量和Fe~(2+)/Na+、Mn~(2+)/Na+、Cu~(2+)/Na+、Zn~(2+)/Na+显著降低,无机离子的吸收、运输和分配等代谢平衡被打破;同时Na Cl胁迫造成苜蓿幼苗叶片PSⅡ反应中心受损,天线耗散、反应中心耗散增加,光合能力下降。Na Cl胁迫下,施用0.1μmol·L~(-1)外源EBR后,苜蓿幼苗不同器官(叶片、茎秆、根系)中的Cu~(2+)含量显著降低,Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)含量及Fe~(2+)/Na+、Mn~(2+)/Na+、Cu~(2+)/Na+、Zn~(2+)/Na+显著升高,幼苗体内无机离子的吸收、运输得到有效调控,Na+和Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)等阳离子间的拮抗作用减小;苜蓿幼苗叶片的F_0、NPQ显著降低,F_m、F_v/F_0、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′、q P和ETR显著升高,苜蓿幼苗叶片吸收的光能用于光化学反应部分(P)增加、天线色素耗散部分(D)和反应中心过剩光能部分(E)降低。说明外源EBR能够促进Na Cl胁迫下苜蓿幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,维持体内的离子代谢平衡,通过提高光合电子传递效率,降低天线热耗散和反应中心过剩光能,维持较高的PSⅡ光化学活性,进而平衡激发能在PSⅠ、PSⅡ之间的分配,降低Na Cl胁迫对PSⅡ反应中心的损伤程度,有效缓解Na Cl胁迫对苜蓿幼苗所造成的伤害。     

外源 GSH 对 NaCl 胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片及根系离子微域分布的影响

【目的】盐胁迫是限制新疆番茄生长的重要障碍因子之一,而外源喷施谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 是解决这一问题的有效措施。探讨外源 GSH 缓解番茄盐胁迫的效应和作用机制,可为该措施的有效应用提供理论依据。 【方法】采用营养液栽培法,选用番茄品种‘中蔬四号’为试材。在营养液中加入 NaCl 100 mg/L,使其产生盐胁迫,以不加 NaCl 作为对照 (CK),试验处理包括不喷施 GSH (NaCl)、喷施 GSH (+ GSH)、喷施 GSH 合成酶抑制剂 (+ BSO) 以及喷施 GSH 和 BSO (+ BSO + GSH)。测定番茄幼苗叶片和根系中与耐盐性相关的 K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+ 和 Cl– 的离子微域分布状态和平衡。 【结果】NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系所有组织细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 相对含量显著提高,K+ 相对含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值降低,说明 NaCl 胁迫使细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 有害离子积累及胞内离子稳态严重破坏;外源 BSO 施用进一步加剧了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系细胞的 K+/Na+ 失衡。而外源 GSH 施用抑制了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低了 Cl– 的相对含量,提高了 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值。外源 GSH 亦使 NaCl+BSO 胁迫下番茄叶片各组织及根系中皮层、内皮层和中柱的 Na+ 未检出,根系和叶片各组织中 Cl– 相对含量显著降低,K+ 和 Ca2+ 相对含量及 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl–、Ca2+/Cl– 比值显著提高。 【结论】外源 GSH 通过抑制盐胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低 Cl– 吸收,改善细胞中离子的微域分布和维持离子平衡, 从而缓解了盐胁迫对番茄的毒害作用,提高了番茄的耐盐性。     

钙对NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗离子吸收、分布的影响

【目的】马铃薯是对盐分较敏感的农作物,土壤盐渍化会严重影响马铃薯的生长发育及其产量和品质。有关钙对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯离子吸收、分布的研究较少。本文通过研究不同浓度Ca Cl2对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗离子吸收、分布和运输的影响,探讨钙对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯的调控机制,为盐渍土上马铃薯的生产提供理论依据与技术支持。【方法】以‘克新一号’马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用组织培养方法,将0、5、10、15和20 mmol/L Ca Cl2与0、25、50和75 mmol/L Na Cl分别添加到MS+2mg/L B9+3%蔗糖+0.9%琼脂培养基中,制成不同处理组合的培养基。将继代培养的脱毒苗按单节茎段剪切接种到培养基中进行培养。接种30天时调查脱毒苗生物量和Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、P积累量,并分析Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值及根系与茎叶的SK、Na、SMg、Na和SCa、Na值,探讨离子吸收、运输及分布情况。【结果】Na Cl胁迫抑制马铃薯脱毒苗的生长,随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗鲜重、干重显著下降,各器官Na+和Cl-含量极显著增加,K+含量显著下降,Ca2+和Mg2+含量减少,茎、叶中P含量降低而根中P含量增加。Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加而升高。随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗根系与茎叶的SK、Na和SMg、Na值逐渐降低,SCa、Na值呈先升高后降低趋势。0、25和50 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫浓度下,以10 mmol/L Ca Cl2处理的马铃薯脱毒苗根、茎叶鲜重和干重最高,75 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下以15 mmol/L Ca Cl2处理的马铃薯脱毒苗生物量最高。各Na Cl胁迫浓度下,添加Ca Cl2后,马铃薯脱毒苗各器官Na+含量明显降低,Cl-含量显著增加,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量升高,P含量先降低后升高。0、25、50和75 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫浓度下,添加适量Ca Cl2可明显降低马铃薯脱毒苗各器官Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值,提高SK、Na、SMg、Na和SCa、Na值,增强K+、Ca2+、Mg2+向地上部的选择运输能力,抑制Na+向地上部的选择运输能力,维持细胞内离子平衡,缓解盐胁迫造成的营养亏缺。【结论】Na Cl胁迫下添加外源钙,能够有效改善马铃薯脱毒苗体内的离子平衡,促进营养吸收,Na+向叶片选择运输能力降低,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+向地上部的选择运输能力增强,离子在各器官水平上的区域化分布发生改变是钙缓解盐胁迫的重要生理机制之一。     

Purification and characterization of trypsin from the spleen of tongol tuna (Thunnus tonggol)

Trypsin from tongol tuna (Thunnus tonggol) spleen was purified to 402-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by a series of chromatographic separations. The molecular mass of trypsin was estimated to be 24 kDa by size-exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Trypsin appearing as a single band on native PAGE showed the maximal activity at pH 8.5 and 65 degrees C. It was stable in a wide pH range of 6-11 but unstable at the temperatures greater than 50 degrees C. The enzyme required calcium ion for thermal stability. The activity was strongly inhibited by 1.0 g/L soybean trypsin inhibitor and 5 mM TLCK and partially inhibited by 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Activity was lowered with an increasing NaCl concentration (0-30%). The enzyme had a Km for Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride of 0.25 mM and a Kcat of 200 s-1. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of trypsin was determined as IVGGYECQAHSQPHQVSLNA and was very homologous to other trypsins.     

增铵营养对番茄植株伤流液组分及含量的影响

在总氮(N)浓度相等的条件下,研究全硝营养(100% NO3-)和25% 增铵营养(NH4+∶NO3- = 25%∶75%)对开花期和幼果期番茄植株伤流液各组分含量的影响.结果表明,增铵营养显著增加幼果期伤流液中 K的含量,对Ca、Mg、P元素含量没有显著影响;增铵营养下伤流液中 NO3- 的含量下降、NH4+ 含量增加,氨基酸、苹果酸等的含量均显著增加,氨基酸/硝态氮含量之比显著提高,表明喜硝作物适当增铵不仅能够提高根系活力,显著促进K的吸收以供果实发育之需,而且提高了植株整体同化N素的能力.     

营养液中添加氯化钠降低硫浓度对韭菜硝酸盐累积的减控效应

  【目的】  韭菜易于吸收和累积硝酸盐，研究营养液中添加氯化钠 (NaCl) 和降低硫含量减少韭菜硝酸盐累积的效果，并从氮代谢途径初步探讨其减少硝酸盐累积的机理。  【方法】  采用新型韭菜专用营养液架床栽培系统进行了韭菜水培试验。在营养液中添加NaCl 12 mmol/L的同时，硫浓度设定为3、2、1和0 mmol/L 4个水平，分别用NaCl+S₃, NaCl+S₂, NaCl+S₁ 和 NaCl+S₀表示。韭菜生长30天后，取样分析了不同硫水平下韭菜中的硝酸盐含量及主要氮代谢途径中的氨基酸含量。  【结果】  在营养液硫供应水平3 mmol/L下，与营养液中不添加氯化钠处理 (CK) 相比，NaCl+S₃处理的韭菜硝酸盐累积降低了32.60%，地上部干重、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力显著增加；NaCl+S₁处理的韭菜硝酸盐累积降低了53.30%，地上部干重、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力显著增加。NaCl+S₁处理较NaCl+S₃处理更有利于降低硝酸盐含量。韭菜地上部的全氮含量无显著变化 (NaCl+S₃处理) 或略有增加 (NaCl+S₁处理)，表明添加低浓度氯化钠并未限制氮素吸收。NaCl+S₃和NaCl+S₁处理下，硝态氮还原活性 (硝酸还原酶NR) 和转氨活性 (谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶GOT、谷氨酸丙氨酸转氨酶GPT) 增加，尤其是初级同化活性 (谷氨酰胺合成酶GS) 分别大幅增加了43.57%和71.43%。NaCl+S₃和NaCl+S₁处理下，丝氨酸途径的游离氨基酸代谢和天冬氨酸途径的蛋白质合成得到增强，韭菜的游离氨基酸总量基本保持不变或略有增加，而蛋白质水解氨基酸总量显著增加。  【结论】  韭菜专用营养液中添加NaCl 12 mmol/L并将硫浓度降低到1 mmol/L，可显著提高根系和氮代谢关键酶活性，在一定程度上改变游离氨基酸代谢途径和蛋白质合成途径，进而在显著增加韭菜干物质的同时，大大降低硝酸盐累积。     

Salt Stress Induces Accumulation of γ–Aminobutyric Acid in Germinated Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

Effects of NaCl treatments on sprout length, the contents of soluble protein, free amino acids, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and on glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity in germinated foxtail millet were investigated, and the regulating effects of exogenous Ca²⁺, along with lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃, a specific inhibitor of the Ca²⁺ pathway) and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA, a chelator of Ca²⁺) under salt stress, on GABA accumulation in germinated millet were examined in this paper. The results showed that NaCl treatments caused a decrease in sprout length of millet. Low concentration of NaCl treatments increased soluble protein content, but high concentration decreased soluble protein content. The level of free amino acids, GAD activity, and GABA content increased significantly under NaCl stress. Exogenous Ca²⁺ application under NaCl stress further increased GAD activity and GABA content; the optimal concentration of Ca²⁺ for GAD activity and GABA accumulation was 5.0mM under 100mM NaCl for 48 hr, at which GABA content was 31.92 mg/100 g, a 1.41‐fold increase as compared with that in seeds under NaCl stress (22.64 mg/100 g). GAD activity and GABA accumulation in germinated millet decreased when treated with LaCl₃ or EGTA under NaCl stress. Our results suggest that salt stress combined with Ca²⁺ treatment may be used for preparation of millet with higher GABA content, which can be used as a natural resource for functional foods.     

Inhibition of iron uptake from iron salts and chelates by divalent metal cations in intestinal epithelial cells

Iron chelates, namely, ferrous bisglycinate and ferric EDTA, are promising alternatives to iron salts for food fortification. The objectives of this study were to compare iron uptake from radiolabeled ferrous sulfate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous bisglycinate, ferric chloride, ferric citrate, and ferric EDTA by Caco-2 cells with different iron status and in the presence of divalent metal cations. Iron-loaded Caco-2 cells, with reduced DMT-1 and elevated HFE mRNA levels, down-regulated uptake from ferrous ascorbate and bisglycinate but not from ferric compounds. Nevertheless, iron uptake from all compounds was markedly inhibited in the presence of 100-fold molar excess of Co2+ and Mn2+ cations, with ferrous compounds showing a greater percent reduction. Our results suggest that ferrous iron is the predominant form of iron taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and the DMT-1 pathway is the major pathway for uptake. Iron uptake from chelates appears to follow the same pathway as uptake from salts.     

Effect of pulsed-light treatment on milk proteins and lipids

Pulsed-light treatment offers the food industry a new technology for food preservation. It allows the inactivation of numerous micro-organisms including most infectious foodborne pathogens. In addition to microbial destruction, one can also question whether pulsed-light treatment induced conformational changes in food components. To investigate this question, the influence of pulsed-light treatment on protein components of milk was evaluated by using UV spectroscopy, spectrofluorometry, electrophoresis, and determination of amino acid composition. Pulsed-light treatment resulted in an increase of UV absorbance at 280 nm. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) showed a 7 nm red shift after 10 pulses. SDS-PAGE showed the formation of dimers after treatment of BLG by 5 pulses and more. No significant changes in the amino acid composition of proteins and lipid oxidation were observed after pulsed-light treatment. The obtained results indicated changes in the polarity of the tryptophanyl residue microenvironment of BLG solutions or changes in the tryptophan indole structure and some aggregation of studied proteins. Hence, pulsed-light treatment did not lead to very significant changes in protein components; consequently, it could be applied to process protein foods for their better preservation.     

Purification and partial characterization of an acid phosphatase from Spirodela oligorrhiza and its affinity for selected organophosphate pesticides

An acid phosphatase from the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza (duckweed) was isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography and partially characterized. The enzyme was purified 1871-fold with a total yield of 40%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the pure acid phosphatase resolved a single protein band that migrated to approximately 60 kDa. Nondenaturing SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed a single protein band around 120 kDa after staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue. Quantitative gel filtration chromatography estimated a native molecular mass of this enzyme to be 120 kDa. Thus, this acid phosphatase likely functions as a homodimer, consisting of two similar 60 kDa subunits. An electrophoretic technique using the flourogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate enabled visualization of an acid phosphatase activity that corresponded to the protein band at 120 kDa on a nondenaturing PAGE gel. It was determined that the acid phosphatase had a pH optimum of 6.0 at 25 degrees C. The enzyme activity appeared to be stable over a broad range of temperatures (10-40 degrees C) and in the presence of the metals Zn2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ as well as the chelating agents ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid. It was shown that this acid phosphatase could hydrolyze a variety of physiological organophosphate compounds including beta-glycerophosphate, phosphoserine, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monphosphate, and pyrophosphate. Furthermore, analysis using capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that this hydrolytic enzyme could transform a wide array of organophosphate pesticides including S-2-ethylthioethyl O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (demeton-S-methyl); S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl O,O-dimethylphosphorodithioate (malathion); O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl (paraoxon); O,O,O,O-tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate (sulfatep); O-2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (dicapthon); and 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethylphosphate (dichlorvos).     

高密度CO2处理对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响

以E. coli菌悬液为研究对象,通过测定高密度CO₂处理(DPCD)后E. coli上清液中蛋白质、核酸、Mg2+、K+离子和丙二醛的含量,辅助透射电镜观察,研究DPCD 对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响。在7MPa、37℃条件下,E. coli经高密度CO₂处理10min后,99%以上的E. coli失活,同时研究发现蛋白质、核酸及Mg2+、K+离子等胞内物质均发生了不同程度的泄漏,丙二醛含量增加,E. coli胞内物质密度降低。密度CO₂处理造成E. coli细胞膜渗透性的增加,这也是导致E. coli死亡的原因之一。     

Purification and characterization of trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase (TMAOase) was purified from Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and characterized in detail herein. The TMAOase was extracted from squid with 20 mM Tris-acetate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1.0 M NaCl, followed by acid treatment and heat treatment. Then it was purified by deithylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, subsequently resulting in an 839-fold purification. The molecular mass of the TMAOase was defined to be 17.5 kDa. The optimum pH of the purified TMAOase was 7.0, and its optimum temperature was confirmed to be 55 degrees C. The TMAOase was stable to heat treatment up to 50 degrees C and stable at pH 7.0-9.0. Reducing agents such as DTT, Na2SO3, and NADH were effective at activating TMAOase, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, as well as Mg2+ and Ca2+, could also enhance the activity of TMAOase remarkably, whereas the TMAOase could be significantly inhibited by tea polyphenol, phytic acid and acetic acid. In addition, the TMAOase converted TMAO to dimethylamine and formaldehyde stoichiometrically with a K(m) of 26.2 mM.     

Iron uptake by Caco-2 cells from NaFeEDTA and FeSO4: Effects of ascorbic acid, pH, and a Fe(II) chelating agent

Sodium iron(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) has considerable promise as an iron fortificant because of its high bioavailability in foods containing iron absorption inhibitors. In this study, uptakes of iron from NaFeEDTA, FeSO4, and FeCl3 by Caco-2 cells were compared in the absence or presence of ascorbic acid (AA), an iron absorption enhancer; at selected pH levels; and in the absence or presence of an iron absorption inhibitor, bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid (BPDS). Ferritin formation in the cells was used as the indicator of iron uptake. Uptake from all three Fe sources was similar in the absence of AA. Adding AA at a 5:1 molar excess as compared to Fe increased uptake by 5.4-, 5.1-, and 2.8-fold for FeSO4, FeCl3, and NaFeEDTA, respectively. The smaller effect of AA on uptake from NaFeEDTA may be related to the higher solubility of NaFeEDTA and/or the strong binding affinity of EDTA for Fe3+, which may prevent AA and duodenal cytochrome b from effectively reducing EDTA-bound Fe. Uptake was inversely related to the pH of the media over a range of 5.8-7.2. Because uptake by DMT-1 is proton-coupled, the inverse relationship between pH and Fe uptake in all three iron sources suggests that they all follow the DMT-1 pathway into the cell. Adding BPDS to the media inhibited uptake from all three iron compounds equally. Because BPDS binds Fe2+ but not Fe3+ and because only Fe2+ is transported by DMT-1, the finding that BPDS inhibited uptake from NaFeEDTA suggests that at least some iron dissociates from EDTA and is reduced just as simple inorganic iron at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. Taken together, these results suggest that uptake of iron from NaFeEDTA by intestinal enterocytes is regulated similarly to uptake from iron salts.     

电解水技术在果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理中的研究应用进展

电解水技术是果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理的热点技术,该文对电解水抑制微生物、去除农药残留和提质延时保鲜3个方向开展技术总结和机理研究综述,并从电解水技术在采后果蔬的处理方式和专利申请方面对其应用性开展应用分析。总结发现,1）不同类型的电解水在果蔬采后保鲜领域研究不完善,酸性电解水较碱性电解水研究更丰富;2）酸性电解水是有效去除食源性致病细菌的农产品加工工程技术,但酸性电解水对果蔬腐烂真菌的抑制研究还不充分;3）电解水可以有效去除果蔬表面农药残留,在机磷农药上阐明了具体机理,对于有机氯、菊酯农药的降解研究不足;4）电解水处理可以有效提升果蔬的抗性、缓解果蔬低温贮藏冷害并抑制鲜切果蔬褐变;5）目前电解水应用方式较为单一,不适宜所有果蔬保鲜处理流程,技术专利申请较少。通过本文梳理归纳以期为电解水技术的工程技术应用拓展提供理论依据和参考。     

Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus sp. nov. SK006 isolated from an Asian traditional fermented shrimp paste

Bacillus sp. nov. SK006 producing four extracellular fibrinolytic enzymes was isolated from fermented shrimp paste, a traditional and popular Asian seasoning. One fibrinolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 43-46 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity was determined to be 11.2 units/mg using plasmin as a standard. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at 30 degrees C and pH 7.2. It was stable below 40 degrees C for 4 h between pH 5.0 and pH 11.0. Zinc ion stimulated the enzyme activity whereas Cu2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and Hg2+ caused its inhibition. The fibrinolytic activity was strongly inhibited by PMSF and moderately inhibited by EDTA as well as PCMB. The enzyme exhibited a higher affinity toward N-Succ-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA and was able to degrade fibrin clots either by forming active plasmin from plasminogen or by direct fibrinolysis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was found to be AQSVPYEQPHLSQ, which is different from that of other known fibrinolytic enzymes.     

模拟酸雨对赤红壤磷素及Ca2+，Al3+，Fe2+淋失特征的影响

本研究通过室内土柱试验,研究了不同强度和持续时间的模拟酸雨淋溶下,赤红壤磷素淋失量及部分阳离子（Ca2+、Al3+、Fe2+）的释放程度和特征。结果表明:经pH 2.0、pH 3.0、pH 4.0、pH 5.0模拟酸雨持续淋溶 34 d后,淋溶液pH值变化并不明显（＞0.05 ）,而对Ca2+、Fe2+的溶出有显著的促进作用,Ca2+、Al3+、Fe2+ 溶出量均随 pH 值的降低而升高,Al3+ 和 Fe2+ 淋失量在pH 2.0时均有骤增现象。随淋溶时间的增加,土壤可溶态磷的淋失量表现为先增加后逐渐降低;随着pH值的降低,土壤磷淋失总量也表现为先增加后降低,pH4.0的酸雨有助于促进土壤磷的释放,pH＜4.0时土壤磷的淋失减少。相关分析发现淋溶液中磷淋失总量与Al3+和Fe2+溶出量均呈显著负相关（r1=0.6531, r2=0.5107）,和Ca2+总溶出量相关关系不显著（r3=0.1287）,表明高强度酸雨降低了土壤磷淋失量可能与酸雨作用导致活性铁、铝的大量释放,增加了磷的活性吸附点位,从而增加了对磷酸根离子配位吸附与固定有关。     

NaCl胁迫下中国南瓜杂交种和黑籽南瓜植株离子吸收与积累特性研究

营养液栽培条件下,在成株期以 80 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫中国南瓜 360-3×112-2 F1和黑籽南瓜植株,10d 后,测定了植株的生长量和不同器官中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量。结果表明,NaCl 胁迫下两种材料的生长受到明显抑制,360-3×112-2杂交种的生长抑制比黑籽南瓜植株较轻。NaCl 胁迫后两种南瓜植株体内Na+含量升高,360-3×112-2杂交种的Na+主要累积在根部,黑籽南瓜主要积累在茎中;K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量在植株体内呈下降的趋势,但360-3×112-2杂交种的上位叶中的含量却上升。NaCl胁迫下,因Na+的积累抑制了K+的吸收,植株各器官的K+/Na+普遍降低,但黑籽南瓜比360-3×112-2杂交种的K+/Na+下降明显。这些结果说明,两种南瓜受到盐胁迫后Na+的主要积累器官不同,致使地上部各器官有不同的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和积累特性,K+/Na+降低幅度也不同,从而影响了植株的生长,产生了耐盐性的差异。360-3×112-2杂交种耐盐性比黑籽南瓜强,可望作为耐盐砧木在瓜类生产上使用。     

正常和高铵条件下氯化钠对万寿菊生长、开花和代谢的影响

在温室中以养分平衡的肥料组合和含250mg/L NH_4~+的组合栽培万寿菊(Tagetes patula L.)。每种组合中以一半植株每天每盆加250 mL 27.5 mmol/L NaCl溶液,进行盐胁迫处理。盐处理结果,使每株鲜重、株高和开花数都减少。盐处理2周后,根、叶细胞膜相对透性显著增加,叶子热处理渗出物中游离NH_4~+、根渗出物中Na~+。以及叶子中的过氧化物酶、Mg~(2+)-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性都明显提高,而根、叶渗出液的pH和蛋白质含量显著降低。根渗出物中游离NH_4~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)含量,叶子中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、无机磷和多酚氧化酶活性也下降,但未发现叶子渗出物中Na~+有所增加。在正常营养条件下,盐胁迫对叶子中的类胡萝卜素和花青素影响较小,但高NH_4~+处理使这些色素含量显著降低。高NH_4~+一般使NaCl的效应加剧。