陕A群、陕B群选育的玉米自交系氮效率评价

为阐明不同类型玉米自交系氮效率差异特征,筛选氮高效的玉米自交系,以陕A群、陕B群选育的33份玉米自交系为材料,以4份骨干自交系(‘郑58’、‘昌7-2’、‘PH6WC’和‘PH4CV’)为对照,调查了2种施肥条件下[0 kg(N)·hm?2、180 kg(N)·hm?2]玉米自交系的穗位叶SPAD值、叶面积、干物质积累量、叶片、茎秆和籽粒氮含量等生理指标。利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数,采用逐步回归分析方法建立最优回归方程,筛选耐低氮性综合评价指标。结果表明:穗位叶SPAD值、吐丝期绿叶面积、吐丝期茎干重、吐丝期叶干重和籽粒氮含量,可作为玉米自交系耐低氮能力的第2性状筛选指标。以产量作为第1性状指标,可将37份玉米自交系划分为14份高产氮高效型,5份低产氮高效型,15份低产氮低效型和3份高产氮低效型。以耐低氮能力综合值D值筛选,将37份玉米自交系可分成3种类型,其中耐低氮能力较强的15份(D值≥0.5),耐低氮能力中等的15份(0.35≤D值0.5),耐低氮能力较差的7份(D值0.35)。综合分析,2种施氮条件下,‘KB215’、‘KB417’、‘KA225’、‘KB081’和‘L123098-2’5份玉米自交系具有吐丝期绿叶面积大,吐丝期茎叶干重、籽粒氮含量高和籽粒产量高,耐低氮能力强的特点。因此,强化育种环境的选择压力,实施低氮选择策略,可有效提高玉米种质对氮肥的利用效率。     

施氮量和密度互作对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】施氮量、种植密度等主要栽培措施的互作效应,往往使氮肥利用效率难以估计和评价,定量分析施氮量和密度互作下玉米产量和氮肥利用效率 (NUE) 响应的生理过程,对玉米高产氮高效栽培具有参考价值。 【方法】以郑单958为材料,在3个种植密度 (4.5、7.5和10.5万株/hm2) 和3个施氮量 (N 0、150和300 kg/hm2) 条件下进行田间试验。在14叶展期 (V14)、吐丝期 (R1)、灌浆期 (R3) 和成熟期 (R6) 取样,采用长宽系数法测定叶面积后,将样品分为叶片、茎秆 (含叶鞘、雄穗) 和雌穗 (R1、R3);在成熟期,将样品分为茎秆 (包括叶片、茎鞘、苞叶、穗轴) 和籽粒两部分,记录干质量,测定植株及籽粒全氮含量。分析了玉米碳氮积累与产量形成和氮肥吸收利用的关系。 【结果】与N150相比,N300既没有提高玉米群体碳氮积累总量,也没有提高个体生产能力,氮肥利用效率较低;N150和D10.5条件下,玉米产量和氮肥利用效率最高,说明减氮增密是协同提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的重要途径。施氮和增密的氮素积累优势主要受V14—R3阶段干物质积累的驱动,且这种关系在花前V14前后就已经建立。V14—R3阶段干物质积累速率与氮素积累速率呈显著正相关,施氮和增密明显促进氮素积累对干物质积累的响应强度。施氮和增密下玉米以花前较低氮浓度获得较高氮积累量,也说明其花前氮积累是以花前大量茎叶干物质积累为前提,花后氮积累则主要取决于雌穗干物质积累。氮密互作对氮收获指数 (NHI) 无显著影响,而适宜施氮和增密显著提高HI,说明减氮增密获得较高的氮肥利用效率,而与籽粒中氮素分配多少无关,主要取决于籽粒中干物质分配的多少。 【结论】施氮量和密度互作通过影响干物质积累量、产量和氮积累量影响氮肥利用效率。合理减氮增密通过促进V14—R3阶段作物生长率和花后物质生产,驱动充足的氮素积累和干物质分配,实现产量与氮肥利用效率的协同提高。     

不同氮效率玉米品种亲本自交系花粒期氮素转运特性

【目的】为明确不同氮效率玉米品种亲本自交系花粒期氮转运与代谢特性,从溯源的角度探析不同氮效率玉米品种亲本自交系花粒期的氮素吸收、转运与利用特性。【方法】以氮高效型玉米品种‘鲁单818’的亲本自交系 (母本Qx508,父本Qxh0121) 和氮低效型玉米品种‘鲁单981’亲本自交系 (母本Q319,父本Lx9801) 为供试材料,盆栽条件下研究不同氮素供应水平 (N 0 g/盆、7.1 g/盆和14.2 g/盆,记作N0、N1和N2) 对4个不同氮效率玉米亲本自交系花粒期干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素分配与利用效率以及叶片氮代谢关键酶硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量变化的影响,并探讨分析不同氮效率玉米品种氮素利用的生理机制与遗传特性。【结果】吐丝后各自交系干物质由营养器官向生殖器官转移,表现为茎叶干物重显著降低,穗和粒的干物重显著增加,且Qxh0121和Q319的干物质重均显著高于其另一亲本。从吐丝到成熟,茎鞘和叶的氮含量均呈降低的趋势,穗和粒的氮含量显著增加,且Qxh0121和Q319自交系叶片、茎鞘、籽粒氮含量均显著高于其另一亲本自交系。花后氮吸收量均表现为Qxh0121显著高于Qx508,Q319显著高于Lx9801。且在低氮 (N1) 和高氮 (N2) 处理下,Qxh0121氮转运效率较Qx508分别高29.2%和14.3%,花后氮转运对籽粒贡献率较Qx508分别高74.0%和17.4%。Q319氮转运效率较Lx9801分别高43.4%和24.7%,花后氮转运对籽粒贡献率较Lx9801分别高75.3%和39.6%。Qxh0121和Q319的产量和氮肥利用效率也高于对应的自交系。在N1和N2水平下,Qxh0121的产量比Qx508分别高43.3%和42.5%,Q319的产量比Lx9801分别高20.2%和10.5%。吐丝至成熟期叶片硝酸还原酶 (NR) 活性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化均呈单峰曲线,高峰期在吐丝后10 d左右。Qxh0121和Q319的NR活性和可溶性蛋白含量在各时期均高于其另一亲本,表现出较强的氮素吸收和同化能力。【结论】氮高效型玉米品种‘鲁单818’表现为父本高效,氮低效型玉米品种‘鲁单981’表现为母本高效。因此,未来育种应充分挖掘‘鲁单818’的父本Qxh0121及‘鲁单981’的母本Q319的氮高效潜力,提高其花前氮的转移效率以及花后氮向籽粒的分配能力,是其对应杂交种进一步实现高产并增加籽粒氮浓度、减少秸秆氮素残留的关键。     

基于重组自交系群体水稻氮素利用效率分析和利用

本文以水稻重组自交系群体为试验材料,设置不施氮与施低氮(150 kg·hm-2)两种处理的大田试验,研究了水稻重组自交系群体氮素吸收利用及主要农艺性状分布特征,并通过相关、聚类、主成分等统计方法阐明性状间的相互关系,为氮素高效利用水稻新品种培育提供理论依据。结果表明,水稻重组自交系群体的氮素利用效率性状在施氮150 kg·hm-2条件下的变异系数较大;施氮促进了群体穗、茎秆、叶氮含量的增加和单株干物质总量(包括单株穗重、单株茎秆重和单株叶重)的提高。在两种氮环境下,氮素干物质生产效率均与株高、穗长、单株茎秆重、单株干物质总量呈正相关,与茎秆氮含量、叶氮含量、穗氮含量呈负相关;氮素籽粒生产效率均与单株谷重、结实率、千粒重、穗总粒数和穗长呈正相关,与单株茎秆重、叶氮含量、单株叶重、单株氮素积累总量呈负相关。逐步回归分析结果显示,茎秆氮含量、穗氮含量和单株茎秆重对氮素干物质生产效率影响尤为显著,而对氮素籽粒生产效率影响更为显著的是穗数、穗总粒数与结实率。主成分分析表明,氮利用效率较高时,植株体内氮含量较低,尤其是茎秆的氮含量。因此,在大田低氮条件下,要注重筛选植株较高、茎秆较重的重穗型(穗较长,穗总粒数较多,结实率较高)株系;且具有较低茎秆与穗氮含量,尤其是较低的茎秆氮含量,将有利于氮高效利用水稻新品种的选育。从中选出的氮高效品系如Q149与氮低效品系Q114等优良品系13份,可作为优质资源研究使用。     

不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较

采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm27个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839**和0.933**,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m2;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。     

不同土壤水分状况下实现夏玉米高产及氮素高效的控释尿素用量研究

【目的】 水分和氮肥运筹是提高玉米产量的重要措施。本文研究了不同土壤水分状况下适宜的控释尿素用量,为控释肥大面积高效应用和玉米轻简化栽培提供科学依据。 【方法】 本研究以‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用旱棚土柱试验,两因素裂区设计。主区为水分处理:重度水分胁迫 (最大田间持水量的35%±5%,W1),轻度水分胁迫 (55%±5%,W2),正常水分 (75%±5%,W3)。副区为控释尿素处理:不施氮 (N0),低氮 (施纯氮105 kg/hm2,N1) ,中氮 (施纯氮210 kg/hm2,N2),高氮 (施纯氮315 kg/hm2,N3)处理。分别在吐丝期 (R1)、籽粒建成期 (R2)、乳熟期 (R3)、蜡熟期 (R5) 和完熟期 (R6),取植株样,称量茎鞘、叶片、籽粒和穗轴的生物量,在收获期测产。采用CAIPOS土壤墒情监测系统控制土壤水分,每天早晨和傍晚各读取一次以确定每天的浇水量。 【结果】 相同水分条件下,夏玉米产量随着控释尿素施氮量的增加而增加,相同氮素水平,各处理产量呈现随着土壤水分含量的增加而增加的趋势。重度水分胁迫下,植株干物质和氮素积累整体水平较低,尤其是花后干物质和氮素的积累所占比例较低;2014年N1、N2和N3之间的产量差异不显著,2015年氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而显著降低。轻度水分胁迫下,夏玉米干物质、氮素积累和产量随着施氮量的增加呈显著增加的趋势,花后干物质和氮素的积累所占比例较高;N3处理产量和氮素积累量与正常水分条件下N3处理差异不显著;2014年N3与N2处理之间氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥利用率差异均不显著,2015年N3处理的氮肥利用率显著高于N2处理。正常水分条件下,N3与N2处理产量差异不显著,但显著高于N1处理;N2处理的花后干物质与氮素积累所占比例、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥生理效率显著高于N3处理。 【结论】 水氮互作对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用具有显著影响,轻度水分胁迫下,适当提高氮肥用量 (W2N3),或者正常供水下配合适量氮肥 (W3N2),水氮互作效应最显著,能够保持氮素的高效释放,有利于花后植株中干物质与氮素的积累,从而提高夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率。本试验条件下,在土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的75% ± 5%时,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮210 kg/hm2为最佳;在土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的55% ± 5%时,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮315 kg/hm2为宜。      

Assessment of nitrogen uptake and utilization in drought tolerant and Striga resistant tropical maize varieties

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria. Despite its high production potential, drought, Striga hermonthica parasitsim, and poor soil fertility particularly nitrogen deficiency limit maize production in the savannas. Breeders at IITA have developed drought- and Striga-tolerant cultivars for testing, dissemination, and deployment in the region. Information on the response of these cultivars to N fertilization is, however, not available. This study evaluated grain yield, total N uptake (TNU), N uptake (NUPE), N utilization (NUTE), and N use efficiency (NUE) of selected maize cultivars along with a widely grown improved maize cultivar at two locations in the Guinea savannas of northern Nigeria. Maize grain yield increased with N application. The average grain yield of the maize cultivars was 76% higher at 30, 156% higher at 60, and 203% higher at 120 kg N ha^?1 than at 0 kg N ha^?1. This suggests that N is a limiting nutrient in the Nigerian savannas. Five drought-tolerant cultivars produced consistently higher yields when N was added at all levels. These cultivars had either high NUPE or NUTE confirming earlier reports that high N uptake or NUTE improves maize grain yield. The study also confirms earlier reports that maize cultivars that are selected for tolerance to drought are also efficient in uptake and use of N fertilizer. This means that these cultivars can be grown with application of less N fertilizer thereby reducing investment on fertilizers and reduction in environmental pollution.     

不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮素积累转运特征

以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,通过15N标记的氮肥盆栽试验精确定量不同氮效率的水稻齐穗后氮素积累和转运量。结果表明,无论在何种施氮水平下,氮高效水稻(南光和武运粳)的籽粒产量均显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;不同氮效率水稻在齐穗期和齐穗后15天时干物质积累量差异不显著,但在成熟期时氮高效水稻的干物质积累量显著高于氮低效水稻,增幅约为16·4%;与干物质积累相对应的是,不同氮效率水稻的氮素积累量在齐穗期和齐穗后15天也没有差异,但在成熟期时氮高效基因型水稻武运粳和南光的氮素积累量较氮低效基因型水稻Elio高约31%和21%,差异显著。15N标记试验结果可以看出,氮低效水稻Elio齐穗时吸收的一部分15N移出了植株体,其占15N转运量的11%。从齐穗至成熟,氮低效水稻Elio从茎叶转移出的15N量(2·75mg穴-1)远远低于氮高效水稻武运粳(3·54mg穴-1)和南光(3·22mg穴-1),差异显著。氮高效水稻武运粳和南光从茎叶转移出的15N量约占籽粒所需N量的91%和85%,而从土壤中吸收的15N量约占9%和15%。综上所述,氮高效、低效水稻氮素积累和转运特征的差异主要表现在齐穗期以后,氮高效水稻具有强的氮素吸收或者转运能力,以满足籽粒形成期植株对氮素的利用。     

中国玉米小麦产量与氮肥利用效率同步提高的研究进展

Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops (maize and wheat), and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield (N _req) initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from < 7.5 to > 12.0 Mg ha^-1, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg^-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg^-1 grain for grain yield < 4.5 Mg ha^-1 to 22.7 kg Mg^-1 grain for yield > 9.0 Mg ha^-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.     

玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征

提高氮肥利用率依赖于氮肥优化管理及作物氮素营养效率的遗传改良。本文分析了作物氮高效的定义,并以玉米为例,分析了氮高效的生物学机制,提出了玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征。本文认为,玉米氮高效品种的生物学特征为:(1)在开花前,维持稳定的氮吸收,并将所吸收的氮素高效利用于穗的发育,提高小花结实率,为产量形成过程中的碳、氮积累提供较大的库;根系生长发育能力强,能建成较大的根系,以满足籽粒生长期氮素吸收的要求;有较强的叶片扩展能力,保持较大的叶面积。(2)在开花后,充分利用前期建成的根系,高效吸收土壤中的矿化氮,用于籽粒生长所需,从而减少叶片中氮素的输出,减缓叶片衰老(保绿性强),维持叶片较高的光合效率,为籽粒灌浆提供碳化合物。因此,在氮高效育种中,应注重穗部性状(大穗,结实能力强)、根系性状(发达的根系,功能期长)与叶片性状(保绿性好)的结合。     

氮肥类型对夏玉米氮素吸收和利用的影响

连续两年在吴桥实验站进行田间试验,研究了3种类型氮肥(尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)对夏玉米郑单958(紧凑型)和农大108(半紧凑型)氮素吸收与利用效率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增大,夏玉米氮累积量(NAA)显著增加,氮素吸收效率(NUPE)、氮生理效率(NPE)、氮素利用效率(NUTE)、氮收获指数(NHI)降低,氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥效率(NFE)显著降低。氮肥类型影响夏玉米氮素吸收与利用效率,NUE、NUPE以包膜尿素和复合肥处理较大,而NPE和NUTE以尿素处理较高,但差异不达显著水平;NHI一般以尿素处理较高,其差异显著性存在品种间、年际间及施氮水平间差异。夏玉米NAA、NHI、NFE等具有较明显的基因型差异,均表现为郑单958大于农大108;两品种在氮素利用上均属敏感型,但郑单958的敏感性强于农大108。可见,施氮量是影响夏玉米氮高效利用的关键因素,而合理选择品种与氮肥类型也能起到一定的积极作用。本试验条件下,选择紧凑型品种与复合肥对提高华北平原夏玉米氮利用效率较为有利。     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻干物质积累、产量及氮素利用率的影响

为探讨头季稻不同肥料运筹方式对再生稻产量和氮素利用率的影响,以杂交稻组合"Ⅱ优航2号"为材料,在头季施氮量225.00kg·hm-2的基础上,研究了不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比[3种基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为8:2(N1)、7:3(N2)、6:4(N3)]头季稻-再生季稻氮素累积量、干物质生产、产量及氮素利用率的特性。结果表明:与N1、N2相比,头季成熟期N3处理氮素累积量分别增加9.26%、3.54%,头季齐穗期～头季成熟期N3处理氮素转移量分别增加21.47%、6.76%,整个生育期N3处理干物质净积累总量分别增加5.10%、4.78%。N3处理头季产量最高,达12431kg·hm-2,极显著高于N1、N2处理;氮肥利用率达46.44%,比N1、N2处理提高14.81%、5.43%;氮肥农学利用率达20.66kg·kg-1,比N1、N2处理提高14.97%、12.34%。研究结果还表明,头季不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比对再生稻再生季的影响不显著。     

不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异

Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha^-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha^-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars.     

甜玉米氮素积累和分配的基因型差异

为了解甜玉米高产品种氮素积累和分配的规律,阐明不同生育阶段氮素积累和分配的基因型差异,及其对产量形成及氮素利用效率的作用,分析了22个甜玉米品种在同一施氮水平下拔节期、开花期和鲜食期的植株氮素积累量和分配量。结果表明,甜玉米品种不同阶段的氮素积累和分配存在着显著的基因型差异。随着生育进程的推进,植株氮素含量逐渐下降,氮素积累量逐渐上升,不同生育阶段的氮素积累量以拔节到开花期最高;氮素在开花前主要分布在叶片中,在开花后开始由叶片逐渐向果穗转移。到鲜食期,甜玉米不同品种果穗中氮素分配量最高,占全株氮素总积累量的41.32%,其次为子粒,氮素分配量占全株氮素积累量的28.53%。高产品种拔节—鲜食期氮素积累量高,鲜果穗高产品种在鲜食期叶片和子粒中的氮素分配较高,鲜子粒高产品种在鲜食期叶片和雄穗中氮素分配量较高且轴中氮素分配量较低。鲜果穗氮素利用效率高的品种主要是由于其减少了开花—鲜食期的氮素积累量,其次是减少了拔节—开花期的氮素积累量,且其在鲜食期叶片、轴和叶鞘中的氮素分配量较少。鲜子粒氮素利用效率和各阶段的氮素积累量及鲜食期各器官的氮素分配量无显著相关关系。     

夏玉米氮效率基因型差异研究

利用田间小区试验,通过测定作物产量、收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度等指标,研究了陕西关中农业生产中常用的10个夏玉米杂交种的氮效率基因型差异。结果表明,无论施氮与否,10个夏玉米品种的子粒产量和生物学产量均表现出显著的基因型差异;其收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度,也存在显著的基因型差异。根据氮效率和氮响应度可将10个不同基因型分为四种类型:H-H型包括户单4号、陕资1号、掖单19;L-L型包括中单2号、豫玉22;H-L型包括陕单16、陕单902和户单2000;L-H型包括陕单9号和农大108。综合考虑氮效率类型和响应度,选择有代表性的基因型(户单4号、豫玉22和户单2000)测定氮累积量,计算氮利用效率和氮收获指数,结果表明,氮累积量不能反映氮效率类型,氮利用效率对氮效率的贡献与施氮水平有关;不论施氮与否,氮收获指数均能较好地反映氮效率类型。     

半湿润农田杂草及施氮对夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,采用大田试验,研究了半湿润农田两种杂草处理方式下(成熟后期清除杂草-A区和苗期开始清除杂草-B区),不同施氮量对夏玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,当施氮量为0、45、90、135、180 kg/hm2时,B区玉米子粒产量比A区分别增加了8.7%、12.1%、9.4%、5.0%和12.5%;吸氮量分别增加了1.5、2.9、4.8、5.2和4.3 kg/hm2。A区和B区全生育期0―100 cm土层矿质氮（Nmin）累积量变化趋势基本一致,但B区比A区变幅较大。当施氮量为45、90、135和180 kg/hm2时,B区氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率均高于A区。研究还发现,在A区,当施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,杂草干生物量最大,为1518.3 kg/hm2,不施氮时,杂草的生物量最低,为845.7 kg/hm2;杂草的吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加。可见,清除玉米农田杂草不仅可以提高作物产量和氮肥利用率,而且在减少氮素损失方面具有一定作用。     

不同品种油菜子粒产量及氮效率差异研究

采用大田试验,以16个冬油菜品种为试验材料,系统研究了油菜子粒产量、氮素吸收量、氮素响应度和氮素利用效率的品种间差异,并初步探讨了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率对不同品种油菜氮效率差异的贡献。结果表明,无论施氮水平如何,不同品种的子粒产量、氮素利用效率和氮素响应度均有显著差异,而氮素吸收量只有在不施氮条件下品种间差异才达到显著水平。根据不施氮时的氮效率和氮素响应度将16个油菜品种分为4种不同类型:1）氮高效–高氮响应（NHE-NHR）型,包括Xy1、Xy16、Xy17、Xh19、Xh20和Xy21; 2）氮低效--低氮响应（NLE-NLR） 型,包括Xy6、Xy8和Xy9;3）氮高效–低氮响应（NHE- NLR）型,包括Xy7、Xy12、Xy14、Xy15和Xy24;4）氮低效–高氮响应（NLE-NHR） 型,包括Xy11和Xy13。无论供氮水平如何,氮素利用效率的变异系数均大于氮素吸收效率的变异系数,说明氮素利用效率对油菜氮效率差异的贡献大于氮素吸收效率。但是,氮素吸收效率的变异系数不施氮时大于施氮条件,氮素利用效率的变异系数则相反,说明在氮胁迫条件下,氮效率的差异中来源于氮素利用效率的变异减少,来源于氮素吸收效率的变异增加。     

Wheat Yield Differences between Two Cropping Systems in Permanent Raised-Beds as Affected by Components of Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Permanent raised-bed is an alternative planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rain-fed areas. However, this system in monoculture conditions produces lower yields compared with wheat in rotation. Our objective was to estimate these yield differences as affected by nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Wheat in monoculture and in rotation with maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated for eight years (2002–2009) with four N rates (0, 40, 80 or 120 kg ha^?1). Yield response to N in monoculture was consistently lower than for wheat in rotation. Yield reduction in monoculture at low and high N rate was 81 and 99% attributed to NUE out of which 70 and 82% was due to the uptake efficiency (UPE) and 30 and 19% to the utilization efficiency (UTE), respectively. Total N uptake proved to be the parameter that needs to be improved to enhance wheat yield in monoculture.

Abbreviations: NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; UPE: uptake efficiency; UTE: utilization efficiency; Ns: nitrogen supply; NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice Under Cadmium Contamination:Influence of Rice Cultivar Versus Soil Type

There is a need for rice cultivars with high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), but with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. To determine the relative effects of rice genotype, soil type, and Cd addition on rice grain yield and NUE, a pot experiment consisting of nine rice cultivars was conducted in two types of paddy soils, red soil (RS) and yellow soil (YS), without or with Cd spiked at 0.6 mg kg^-1. The N supply was from both soil organic N pools and N fertilizers; thus, NUE was defined as the grain yield per unit of total crop-available N in the soil. Cd addition decreased grain yield and NUE in most rice cultivars, which was mainly related to reduced N uptake efficiency (NpUE, defined as the percentage of N taken up by the crop per unit of soil available N). However, Cd addition enhanced N assimilation efficiency (NtUE, defined as the grain yield per unit of N taken up by the crop) by 21.9% on average in all rice cultivars. The NpUE was mainly affected by soil type, whereas NtUE was affected by rice cultivar. Hybrid cultivars had higher NUEs than the japonica and indica cultivars because of their greater biomass and higher tolerance to Cd contamination. Reduction of NUE after Cd addition was stronger in RS than in YS, which was related to the lower absorption capacity for Cd in RS. Canonical correspondence analysis-based variation partitioning showed that cultivar type had the largest effect (34.4%) on NUE, followed by Cd addition (15.2%) and soil type (10.0%).     

Irrigated and rain-fed maize response to different nitrogen fertilizer application methods

With the demand for maize increasing, production has spread into more water limited regions. Couple this with increasing resource costs and environmental concerns and the need for efficient nutrient and water management practices has increased. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer application methods and timings on maize grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Four site-years of data were collected. Fertilizer treatments consisted of all N applied preplant, split surface applied, and split foliarly applied. Irrigation applied prior to and during reproductive growth increased grain yield, NUE, and WUE compared to rain-fed treatments for all site-years. Split surface applied N fertilizer applications typically increased NUE, but not always grain yield compared to preplant applications. The use of split foliar N fertilizer applications was only beneficial in the site-years when leaf burn was not as severe.