施氮方式对强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦济南17为材料，研究氮肥不同施用量、基追比和追氮时期对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响，分析了产量与品质的关系。结果表明：适当地增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例可显著地提高产量，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量与产量同步增加；施氮量和拔节期追氮比例超过一定值时再增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量继续增加，而产量则显著下降；延迟追氮时期可使籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量有较大幅度地提高，但对产量形成不利。以施氮量为262．5～328．1kg／hm^2且基追比为4：6或5：5，拔节和始花两次追肥的施氮方式，强筋小麦济南17能较好地实现优质与高产的统一。     

主要栽培措施对中筋小麦皖麦44产量和品质的影响

为了给中筋小麦——皖麦44优化栽培提供参考，以此品种为试验材料，研究了播期、密度以及氮肥应用对其产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明．施氮量在0～300kg／hm^2范围内，氮素与籽粒产量呈二次曲线关系，与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量数等呈极显著正相关，与弱化度呈极显著负相关。增施氮素能显著提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和粉质评价值，降低弱化度，延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间。氮肥全部基施和返青追肥产量和品质指标都较低；在拔节期施肥可有效地提高产量，并促进品质改善；在抽穗期施肥能改善粉质性状。皖麦44在淮北地区中等肥力地块的适宜施氮量为150～225kg／hm^2，在施足基肥的基础上，追施拔节肥效果更佳。播期和密度对皖麦44的产量有显著影响，对品质作用不明显。     

氮素运筹对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量、品质和旗叶衰老特性的影响

为了解弱筋小麦植株衰老特性与籽粒产量及品质形成的关系,选用弱筋小麦扬麦9号,设置不同的氮肥处理,测定和分析了植株生育后期旗叶光合特性和衰老特性及品质指标.结果表明,低氮(180 kg/ha)和高氮(240 kg/ha)在氮肥比例[基肥∶壮蘖肥(5叶期施)∶拔节肥(倒3叶施)∶孕穗肥(倒1.5叶施)]为7∶1∶2∶0时的两处理生产的籽粒品质均符合国标(GB/T 17893-1999).施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥比例5∶1∶2∶2处理植株生育后期净光合速率、Rubisco含量、SPAD值、POD和SOD酶活性在品质符合国标的处理中最高,旗叶蔗糖含量高,籽粒转化蔗糖能力强,产量最高;施氮量240 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2处理,虽然有效延缓了植株衰老,产量最高,但籽粒品质不符合国标.说明弱筋小麦扬麦9号后期衰老速率快虽有利于降低籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,但不利于产量提高;延缓衰老虽有利于产量提高,但易致品质下降.本试验条件下,弱筋小麦扬麦9号采用施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2的栽培方式,后期衰老速率适度,有利于品质改善,产量亦较高.     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响。在0～240kg／ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重。小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦。在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251．26～280．24kg／ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281．03～303．02kg／ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高。拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高。本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

稻田套播和施氮对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

为研究稻田套播及不同施氮量对小麦产量和品质的效应,采用稻田套播与传统条播两种栽培方式比较的方法,研究稻田套播和氮肥对优质弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒产量和品质的调节效应.结果表明,与传统条播方式相比,在相同的氮肥运筹下稻田套播弱筋小麦除籽粒总淀粉及其组分含量高于条播处理外,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、磨粉品质、面粉品质以及淀粉糊化特性的主要指标均低于传统条播,且差异显著.在江淮地区采用稻田套播方式较利于弱筋小麦优质的形成.增加施氮量则宁麦9号的产量、蛋白质含量、面粉品质和磨粉品质的主要指标提高,但不利于弱筋专用品质的优化.稻田套播弱筋小麦宁麦9号在总施氮(纯氮)量为225 kg/ha、基蘖肥与拔节追肥比例为5:5:0的条件下可实现高产与优质相协调.     

施氮量对强筋春小麦氮素代谢、产量和品质的影响

为给春小麦合理施肥提供依据，在肥力中等的土壤上设置了不同施氮水平的春小麦肥料试验，对东北地区春小麦氮素代谢特性、氮素与春小麦产量和品质的关系进行了研究。结果表明，施氮量对产量的影响呈二次曲线关系，y=2024．2＋24．095X-0．0958X^2（R^2=0．9856，P=0．0039）。获得春小麦最高产量的施氮量为125．8kg／ha，产量达3539．3kg／ha;最佳经济施氮量为107．5kg／ha，产量这3507．3kg／ha。在一定氮肥用量范围内，随着施氮量的增加，小麦叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）均呈增加趋势，小麦品质特性也得到了明显改善。处理间相比，以施氮量120kg／ha处理的小麦籽粒品质及面团流变学特性表现较好，小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、湿面筋含量及沉淀值分别为17．3％、64．7％、42．5％和65．2mL。因此，在肥力中等的土壤上，为获得春小麦的最佳产量与品质，氮肥施用量应控制在120kg／ha左右。     

施氮时期对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

在大田条件下,以饼干专用小麦宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同时期施氮对淮南地区弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在总施氮量相等、基肥和追肥各占50%的情况下,小麦产量随追肥时期的推迟而提高,于拔节期达到最大值,拔节期以后追肥产量下降;蛋白质含量和沉淀值有随追肥时期的推迟而提高的趋势,返青期及返青期以前追肥蛋白质含量和沉淀值达到弱筋小麦的理想指标;在拔节期前追肥湿面筋含量符合弱筋小麦的要求,拔节期及拔节后追肥变化不大;峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度表现为随追肥时期的推迟而下降的趋势。返青期是弱筋小麦实现高产和优质相协调的适宜追氮时期。     

群体调控与氮肥运筹对强筋小麦济南17号产量和品质的影响

以强筋小麦济南 17号为试验材料 ,选择不同气候、生态条件和地力水平的菏泽市牡丹区和陵县研究播种期、播种量以及氮肥应用对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明 ,氮肥的施用时期和施用水平对多项品质性状都有影响。在追肥期的对比研究中 ,起身期追肥产量和有关品质指标都较低 ,综合品质差 ;拔节期以后施肥可有效地提高产量 ,并对改善品质有重要的促进作用。拔节期和孕穗期两次追肥对提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值以及面团稳定时间等具有明显的效果。在氮肥用量上 ,各项品质性状均以 75kg/hm2 的纯N处理最差 ,而在 15 0～ 30 0kg/hm2 范围内有利于提高综合品质。通过群体的调控 ,不仅对群体LAI、单位面积穗数、产量有重要影响 ,而且对品质指标如籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间均有显著的作用。济南 17号小麦优质栽培的适宜播种期范围为 9月 2 8日～ 10月 14日 ,最佳基本苗范围为 15 0× 10 4/hm2 ～ 2 2 5× 10 4/hm2 。具有耐大群体的特点 ,但不宜晚播 ,适宜在高肥地力条件下种植     

不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥的响应

为了研究不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥水平和追氮时期的响应,以两个强筋品种济南17和PH82-2-2以及两个筋力弱的品种PH97-4和PH97-5为材料进行了品种、施氮量、施氮时期三因素试验。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦产量和氮收获量。起身期追肥比抽稳期追肥产量和氮收获量显著提高;不同品质类型的小麦蛋白质含量对施氮量和追氮时期反应不尽一致,蛋白质含量相对较低的两个品种济南17和PH97-4施氮处理间差异不显著,而蛋白质含量相对较高的品种PH82-2-2和PH97-5在高施氮量下抽穗期追肥蛋白质含量比起身期追肥提高0．6个百分点,差异达显著水平。不同品种的湿面筋含量、籽粒容重和硬度在不同施氮量下差异不显著。沉淀值、降落值对施氮处理不敏感;吸水率和面团稳定时间不同施氮量间差异不显著,抽穗期追肥吸水率提高0．7个百分点,但面团形成时间和稳定时间分别降低1．39min和0．61min;不同品种的粉质特性差异显著。运筹氮肥能改善小麦加工品质,但效果不明显。     

播期、密度和氮肥运筹对瑞华麦520产量和品质的影响

为确立抗病小麦品种瑞华麦520高产优质高效栽培管理措施,在大田研究了播期、密度、施氮量及氮肥基追比对瑞华麦520籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,播期和密度对籽粒产量和品质均有明显影响,不同施肥量间差异显著,且播期效应大于密度和施肥效应。播期与密度试验中,10月10日播种、基本苗225万株·hm~(-2)时产量最高,10月10日后随着播期的推迟籽粒产量下降;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间均随播期的推迟而增加;籽粒蛋白质含量随密度增加而降低,湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间受密度影响不大。氮肥运筹试验中,施氮量180～270kg·hm~(-2)范围内,籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而快速增加,施氮量超过270kg·hm~(-2)后产量增长缓慢;氮肥基追比7∶3时产量最高;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间随着施氮量的增加而上升。综合分析,在本试验条件下,10月10日播种、基本苗225万·hm~(-2)、施氮量270kg·hm~(-2)、基追比7∶3时瑞华麦520可以获得更高的产量和品质。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.