Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) provides global monthly measurements of both oceanic phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass and light harvesting by land plants. These measurements allowed the comparison of simultaneous ocean and land net primary production (NPP) responses to a major El Ni?o to La Ni?a transition. Between September 1997 and August 2000, biospheric NPP varied by 6 petagrams of carbon per year (from 111 to 117 petagrams of carbon per year). Increases in ocean NPP were pronounced in tropical regions where El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts on upwelling and nutrient availability were greatest. Globally, land NPP did not exhibit a clear ENSO response, although regional changes were substantial.     

Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980

We have applied an inverse model to 20 years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements to infer yearly changes in the regional carbon balance of oceans and continents. The model indicates that global terrestrial carbon fluxes were approximately twice as variable as ocean fluxes between 1980 and 1998. Tropical land ecosystems contributed most of the interannual changes in Earth's carbon balance over the 1980s, whereas northern mid- and high-latitude land ecosystems dominated from 1990 to 1995. Strongly enhanced uptake of carbon was found over North America during the 1992-1993 period compared to 1989-1990.     

石河子绿洲植被净第一性生产力遥感估算研究

[目的]探索适合西北绿洲区的NPP遥感模型,估算石河子绿洲区植被净第一性生产力.[方法]在GIS的支持下,利用卫星遥感数据和气象数据,以光能利用率模型为基础进行研究.[结果]构建了绿洲区植被净第一性生产力NPP估算模型,以1989～2001年的石河子绿洲区植被为例,对13年间的植被净初级生产力进行了估算,得到石河子绿洲区植被净第一性生产力13年平均值为2.086 TgC/a,其年均变化量为0.049 TgC/a,绿洲植被碳密度在237.3～309.3 gC/m2变化.[结论]研究时段内NPP总体呈现增长的趋势,这主要是近年来该区降水、气温以及土地利用方式改变的影响结果.     

Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric O2 and delta13C

Recent time-series measurements of atmospheric O2 show that the land biosphere and world oceans annually sequestered 1.4 +/- 0.8 and 2.0 +/- 0.6 gigatons of carbon, respectively, between mid-1991 and mid-1997. The rapid storage of carbon by the land biosphere from 1991 to 1997 contrasts with the 1980s, when the land biosphere was approximately neutral. Comparison with measurements of delta13CO2 implies an isotopic flux of 89 +/- 21 gigatons of carbon per mil per year, in agreement with model- and inventory-based estimates of this flux. Both the delta13C and the O2 data show significant interannual variability in carbon storage over the period of record. The general agreement of the independent estimates from O2 and delta13C is a robust signal of variable carbon uptake by both the land biosphere and the oceans.     

伊犁地区土地覆被变化及其对植被碳储量的影响

以伊犁地区为研究对象，以2005、2010年和2015年的土地覆被类型数据和植被功能型分类方案为依据，并利用植被固碳模型，分析了近10 a伊犁地区土地覆被变化特征及其对植被碳储量的影响。结果表明:1）伊犁地区土地覆被变化主要表现为农业用地、林地和建筑用地呈增加趋势，年变化率分别为0.007%、0.031%和0.001%，草地和灌木呈减少趋势，年变化率分别为0.003%和0.1%。2）10 a增加农业用地的面积为923.9 km²，主要的转化来源为草地，占转化总量的83.9%，同时也有78.8%的农业用地转化为草地。3）由于土地覆被的变化、植被净初级生产力以及不同土地覆被类型之间碳转化系数的影响，导致植被的碳储量总体上减少了2.48×10⁵ t。从整体上来看，伊犁地区的农业用地和草地的变化最为显著，土地覆被的变化导致的植被碳储量整体呈减少的趋势。由此可以得出，近10 a伊犁地区草地和农业用地的变化是影响植被碳储量的重要因素。     

Biogeochemical Controls and Feedbacks on Ocean Primary Production

Changes in oceanic primary production, linked to changes in the network of global biogeochemical cycles, have profoundly influenced the geochemistry of Earth for over 3 billion years. In the contemporary ocean, photosynthetic carbon fixation by marine phytoplankton leads to formation of approximately 45 gigatons of organic carbon per annum, of which 16 gigatons are exported to the ocean interior. Changes in the magnitude of total and export production can strongly influence atmospheric CO2 levels (and hence climate) on geological time scales, as well as set upper bounds for sustainable fisheries harvest. The two fluxes are critically dependent on geophysical processes that determine mixed-layer depth, nutrient fluxes to and within the ocean, and food-web structure. Because the average turnover time of phytoplankton carbon in the ocean is on the order of a week or less, total and export production are extremely sensitive to external forcing and consequently are seldom in steady state. Elucidating the biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on primary production is essential to understanding how oceanic biota responded to and affected natural climatic variability in the geological past, and will respond to anthropogenically influenced changes in coming decades. One of the most crucial feedbacks results from changes in radiative forcing on the hydrological cycle, which influences the aeolian iron flux and, in turn, affects nitrogen fixation and primary production in the oceans.     

Trajectory shifts in the Arctic and subarctic freshwater cycle

Manifold changes in the freshwater cycle of high-latitude lands and oceans have been reported in the past few years. A synthesis of these changes in freshwater sources and in ocean freshwater storage illustrates the complementary and synoptic temporal pattern and magnitude of these changes over the past 50 years. Increasing river discharge anomalies and excess net precipitation on the ocean contributed approximately 20,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to the Arctic and high-latitude North Atlantic oceans from lows in the 1960s to highs in the 1990s. Sea ice attrition provided another approximately 15,000 cubic kilometers, and glacial melt added approximately 2000 cubic kilometers. The sum of anomalous inputs from these freshwater sources matched the amount and rate at which fresh water accumulated in the North Atlantic during much of the period from 1965 through 1995. The changes in freshwater inputs and ocean storage occurred in conjunction with the amplifying North Atlantic Oscillation and rising air temperatures. Fresh water may now be accumulating in the Arctic Ocean and will likely be exported southward if and when the North Atlantic Oscillation enters into a new high phase.     

Vertical nitrate fluxes in the oligotrophic ocean

The vertical flux of nitrate across the thermocline in the upper ocean imposes a rigorous constraint on the rate of export of organic carbon from the surface layer of the sea. This export is the primary means by which the oceans can serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. For the oligotrophic open ocean regions, which make up more than 75% of the world's ocean, the rate of export is currently uncertain by an order of magnitude. For most of the year, the vertical flux of nitrate is that due to vertical turbulent transport of deep water rich in nitrate into the relatively impoverished surface layer. Direct measurements of rates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, coupled with highly resolved vertical profiles of nitrate and density in the oligotrophic eastern Atlantic showed that the rate of transport, averaged over 2 weeks, was 0.14 (0.002 to 0.89, 95% confidence interval) millimole of nitrate per square meter per day and was statistically no different from the integrated rate of nitrate uptake as measured by incorporation of (15)N-labeled nitrate. The stoichiometrically equivalent loss of carbon from the upper ocean, which is the relevant quantity for the carbon dioxide and climate question, is then fixed at 0.90 (0.01 to 5.70) millimole of carbon per square meter per day. These rates are much lower than recent estimates based on in situ changes in oxygen over annual scales; they are consistent with a biologically unproductive oligotrophic ocean.     

Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2

Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.     

Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean

Surface waters of the subtropical Sargasso Sea contain dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 nanomolar, which are sufficiently low to result in phosphorus control of primary production. The DIP concentrations in this area (which receives high inputs of iron-rich dust from arid regions of North Africa) are one to two orders of magnitude lower than surface levels in the North Pacific (where eolian iron inputs are much lower and water column denitrification is much more substantial). These data indicate a severe relative phosphorus depletion in the Atlantic. We hypothesize that nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of primary production in the present-day ocean may be closely linked to iron supply through control of dinitrogen (N2) fixation, an iron-intensive metabolic process. Although the oceanic phosphorus inventory may set the upper limit for the total amount of organic matter produced in the ocean over geological time scales, at any instant in geological time, oceanic primary production may fall below this limit because of a persistent insufficient iron supply. By controlling N2 fixation, iron may control not only nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation but also carbon fixation and export stoichiometry and hence biological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

陕西省植被净第一性生产力时空变化研究

利用1981~2000年GloPEM光能利用率模型数据、土地覆盖数据和中国县域行政区划矢量数据,对陕西省植被净第一性生产力(NPP)总量变化、空间分布格局及其变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,陕西省多年平均NPP总量为1.59×1014gC/a,单位面积年均NPP为771 gC/(m2.a)。20年来,陕西省植被年均NPP在波动中虽然有增加但总量仍呈减少趋势,即从1981年的1.55×1014gC/a减少到2000年的1.50×1014gC/a。陕西省单位面积年均NPP的空间分布格局显著,呈现出由南北向中部递增的趋势。陕西省年均NPP的空间变化明显,其中有43.4%的地区年均NPP增加,主要集中在陕南秦巴山区和关中平原;有56.6%的地区年均NPP减少,主要集中在陕北黄土高原。     

Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget

The fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere depends on the exchange rates of carbon between the atmosphere and three major carbon reservoirs, namely, the oceans, shallow-water sediments, and the terrestrial biosphere. Various assumptions and models used to estimate the global carbon budget for the last 20 years are reviewed and evaluated. Several versions of recent atmosphere-ocean models appear to give reliable and mutually consistent estimates for carbon dioxide uptake by the oceans. On the other hand, there is no compelling evidence which establishes that the terrestrial biomass has decreased at a rate comparable to that of fossil fuel combustion over the last two decades, as has been recently claimed.     

2000-2010年武汉城市圈建设用地扩张对植被净初级生产力的影响

城市发展是影响生态系统物质循环和能量流动的主要因素之一,研究其对植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)的影响,对于区域土地利用的合理规划具有重要意义。本文基于2000-2010年武汉城市圈土地利用数据和NPP数据,分析研究武汉城市圈建设用地扩张及其对NPP的影响。结果表明:1)2000-2010年武汉城市圈建设用地面积持续增加,研究期间建设用地面积增加了57.88%(即1 459.44 km2);2)区域平均NPP由919.55g C/(m2·a)下降为702.95 g C/(m2·a),NPP总量由2 317.66 Gg C/a增加到2 797.91 Gg C/a,增加率为20.72%;3)武汉城市圈的9个市中,建设用地扩张较大的区域主要集中在武汉市及周边地区,2000-2010年武汉市建设用地增加率为80.73%,NPP总量增加了30.53%,由于建设用地平均NPP降低了27.78%,武汉城市圈建设用地NPP总量增加量相对较少。     

Tin and methyltin species in seawater: concentrations and fluxes

The concentrations of tin and methyltin species in rivers, an estuary, and the surface and deep ocean generally are less than 50 picomoles of tin per liter. Estuarine profiles and river concentrations suggest that the dissolved riverine input of tin is only a minor source of this element to the oceans. Oceanic concentrations of inorganic tin decrease both with distance from land and with increasing depth from the surface, an indication of atmospheric transport to the surface ocean. Most of the contemporaneous eolian influx of tin to the oceans is anthropogenic. The vertical structure oftin concentrations in the northwestern Atlantic can be explained in terms of a model based on eolian input, advective processes, and removal of tin by particulate scavenging.     

应用CASA模型估算浙江省植被净初级生产力

自然植被和生产力的变化是表征区域生态环境质量变化的重要指标,利用CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型对浙江省植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,分析了净初级生产力的时空分布变化及受土地利用变化影响的特点.结果表明:①2006年浙江省净初级生产力平均为625.68 g·m-2·a-1;空间上,呈现出随着海拔的增高而增大的趋势;时间上,各土地利用类型的净初级生产力均表现出一致而明显的季相变化,不同土地利用类型之间的净初级生产力高低差异明显;②全年净初级生产力总量为6 451.24万t·a-1,林地和耕地是净初级生产力总量的主要构成部分,占净初级生产力年总量的70％以上;其中,丽水市净初级生产力年总量最高,为1 336.05万t·a1,舟山市最低,为47.18万t·a-1;生态公益林的净初级生产力均值为815.28 g·m-2·a-1,固碳能力明显优于其他林地;③相比1996年,2006年浙江省净初级生产力年总量因土地利用类型的变化增加了52.96万t·a-1,净初级生产力年总量保持着相对稳定的态势.有效提升浙江省植被净初级生产力途径主要有:在平原地区构建森林网络体系,在山区积极实施阔叶林化改造工程,以及对竹林进行科学集约化经营.     

应用MODIS影像数据估测台湾陆域生态区之净初级生产力

净初级生产力为研究全球气候变迁与陆域生态系的核心资料之一。净初级生产力之估算有很多种方式,应用遥测数据估算净初级生产力为目前的发展趋势。MODIS初级生产力产品（MODl7）系以1km空间解析力及8d的时间解析力,进行实时监测性及重复性的监测植被净初级生产力数据,该项数据对监测生态环境、自然资源和环境之变化有很大的帮助...     

气候和土地利用变化对成都市植被NPP时空分布的影响

以2001-2010年MOD17A3数据集的年均NPP数据为基础,分析成都市植被净初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素,并借助回归分析方法对引起植被NPP变化的影响因素进行量化分析.结果表明:研究区植被净初级生产力年际变化特征明显,年净初级生产力分布在560～699gC/(m~2·a)之间,平均值为663gC/(m~2·a),总体来看10年间成都市植被净初级生产力呈波动减少趋势,年际减少为5.04gC/(m~2·a).空间分布上表现为由西南向东北逐渐减少的趋势,不同地形区植被NPP变化程度各异,其中平原区植被NPP下降趋势最为显著,其次为山区,而丘陵区植被NPP呈上升趋势.温度、降水量、耕地面积和建设用地面积对整个成都市植被NPP时空变化的独立解释能力分别为2.3%,16.4%,1.0%,10.5%,即研究区植被NPP受到自然因素和人为因素共同作用,而自然因素对植被NPP时空变化的主控作用总体上大于人为因素.对各地形区而言,山区NPP变化主要受到温度和降水量影响,降水量是主控因素(独立解释能力为6.6%);平原区NPP变化主要受到降水量、耕地面积和建设用地面积影响,建设用地面积为主控因素(独立解释能力为10.3%);丘陵区NPP变化主要受到温度、降水量、建设用地面积影响,建设用地面积为主控因素(独立解释能力为5.2%).研究结果为区域生态环境的建设,以及合理的城市土地利用规划提供依据.     

北京房山区8月份净第一性生产力变化分析

净第一性生产力是评价地表植被状况的重要指标之一,对分析和评价全球和区域生态环境、碳循环等变化具有重要作用.该文借助在CASA模型机理以及区域太阳辐射估算模型基础上建立的区域净第一性生产力估算模型,以房山区为例,分析了北京市郊区19922、001、2004年3年间8月份净第一性生产力的变化.分析结果表明,研究区3年间8月份的NPP分别为152.01、142.83、96.32 g/(m2.月);由于受到各种因素的影响,3年间8月份NPP结构构成不同,1992和2001年均以较高产区的NPP产量最高,其次是高产区和中产区,而2004年则以中产区的NPP产量最高,其次是高产区和低产区,而较高产区的NPP产量最低;1992和2001年各产量水平区的NPP总量在全区NPP总量中的比重,随NPP分区产量水平的提高而逐步提高,较高产区的NPP产量比重分别为:1992年42.26%,2001年37.54%;2004年各产量水平区所占比重变化较大,以中产区最高,占全区NPP总量的42.39%,其次是高产区和低产区,而以较高产区的NPP产量比重最低;通过逐步回归分析可知,在影响研究区NPP变化的各气候因素中,以平均风速、降雨量和实际日照时数影响最为显著,其中尤以降雨量的影响最大.     

The role of the southern ocean in uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide

An ocean-climate model that shows high fluxes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into the Southern Ocean, but very low storage of anthropogenic carbon there, agrees with observation-based estimates of ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. This low simulated storage indicates a subordinate role for deep convection in the present-day Southern Ocean. The primary mechanism transporting anthropogenic carbon out of the Southern Ocean is isopycnal transport. These results imply that if global climate change reduces the density of surface waters in the Southern Ocean, isopycnal surfaces that now outcrop may become isolated from the atmosphere, tending to diminish Southern Ocean carbon uptake.     

Oceanic Uptake of Fossil Fuel CO2: Carbon-13 Evidence

The delta(13)C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean has decreased by about 0.4 per mil between 1970 and 1990. This decrease has resulted from the uptake of atmospheric CO(2) derived from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. The net amounts of CO(2) taken up by the oceans and released from the biosphere between 1970 and 1990 have been determined from the changes in three measured values: the concentration of atmospheric CO(2), the delta(13)C of atmospheric CO(2) and the delta(13)C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. The calculated average net oceanic CO(2) uptake is 2.1 gigatons of carbon per year. This amount implies that the ocean is the dominant net sink for anthropogenically produced CO(2) and that there has been no significant net CO(2) released from the biosphere during the last 20 years.