甘肃省中部干旱半干旱地区枣粮间作生产问题探讨——以靖远县小口大枣为例

在靖远县普遍采用枣树与小麦、豆类、胡麻等粮食作物间作的生产方式。近年来,当地又将枣树与籽瓜、枸杞等经济作物进行间作收到了良好的效果。但是在枣粮间作生产中也存在着重栽轻管、土壤管理粗放、间作物的选择配植不当、栽植密度不合理等问题。针对这些问题,提出了在进行枣粮间作生产中要合理修剪、土壤精细管理、因地制宜选择好株行距等技术措施的建议,以达到枣树和粮食作物之间互惠互利,实现枣粮双丰产的目的。     

枣粮间作好

枣粮间作好沧州的枣粮间作始自春秋战国时期，已有２７００多年的历史。目前，全市总面积已发展到１３．１万ｈｍ２，成为全国最大的集中栽植区和枣粮间作基地市。沧州市枣树与农作物的间作形式主要有８种：枣树＋小麦，枣树＋豆类，枣树＋山芋，枣树＋花生，枣树＋蔬菜，...     

临汾市个体红枣庄园发展前景初探

临汾地区自古就有栽培红枣的历史习惯，古代尧乡人就利用酸枣接大枣、枣树根檗苗繁殖枣树、枣粮间作等红枣栽培管理技术，这在我国历史上留下了辉煌的一页。随着农村改革的逐步深入发展，个体庄园崭露头角，形成了一个新的红枣栽培模式。主要有以下5方面的特点。     

大力推广枣粮间作

枣树是我国栽培历史悠久的果树之一。从古以来就成为我国北方群众喜食的干果,被群众誉称五果(栗、枣、桃、杏、李)之一。广大山区人民经过长期生产实践,根据枣树与农作物的生物学特性适于枣粮间作。我国枣树主产区的河北、山东、河南等省群众早就有枣粮间作的生产习惯。在山东省金丝小枣产区的乐陵县县志就有记载:“六月鲜荷连水碧,千家小枣射云红”的诗句。这生动地说明了当时枣粮间作的情况,传到现在枣粮间作已成为枣区群众一种重要的农作     

兴电灌区枣粮间作技术初探

通过试验,对灌区发展枣粮间作中的枣树品种,苗木选择,栽植季节,栽植方法,病虫害防治和枣粮间作技术要领等进行了试验探析,从而为大面积发展枣粮间作提供了科学依据。     

枣粮间作的优化模式

对枣粮间作水平结构和垂直结构与间作地的光照条件、作物产量、枣树群体产量等关系进行了调查研究,提出适宜天津市自然条件的枣粮间作优化模式,即枣带走向以南北为宜,带距10—15米,株距3米。这种模式可改善生态条件,比一般模式的总产值增加35.9%。     

对运城地区发展枣粮间作的浅见

运城地区截止1986年,枣树已发展到400多万株,枣粮间作面积达12万亩,比1978年红枣树株数增长了34.6％,面积增长了33.3％。这说明,枣粮间作有所恢复,现在面临着如何解决发展中存在的各种问题,使其在全区农村产业结构的调整和振兴河东经济中发挥出应有的作用。一、发展枣粮间作的好处(一)枣粮间作是建立合理的农业经济结构,促使农业稳产高产的重要途径。枣树和小麦间作,既可合理利用土地,又可提高经济效益,促进农业生产的发展。秸山县城关     

枣粮间作 粮枣丰收

<正> 枣粮间作是枣区广大群众在长期的生产实践中、根据枣树和农作物的生物学特性,为获得粮枣双丰收而采取的一种栽培形式。目前,全区枣粮间作面积已由解放初期的12万亩,发展到64万亩,栽植枣树870万株。间作方法不断改进,积累了很多宝贵的经验。其好处:首先是可充分利用土地,提高单位面积产量,增加经济收入,在目前水肥不足,管理粗放条件下,仍可收获干枣150—300斤(折款80—150元)粮食200—300斤。     

稷山县枣粮间作综合效益调查及分析

调查了稷山板枣枣粮间作栽培模式的综合效益,分析了枣粮间作模式所具有的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和发展前景。     

枣粮间作优化模式初步探讨

就枣粮间作水平结构和垂直结构与间作地光照条件、作物产量、枣树群体产量等关系进行了调查研究，提出了适合太原市自然条件的枣粮间作优化模式，即枣带走向以南北为宜，带距10～15m，株距3m。这种模式可改善生态条件，总产值比一般模式的总产值增加46.89%。     

土壤管理措施对枣树生长量和产量的影响

通过对酒泉市枣树管理中适用的田间间作、翻掘树盘、中耕除草、覆草保墒等4项土壤管理技术措施的试验观测,研究分析了土壤管理技术对枣树生长量和产量的促进作用。试验表明,采取上述土壤管理技术综合措施的枣树,生长量提高了243.6%,产量提高了206%,对枣树生长量和产量的促进作用十分显著。     

Light distribution,photosynthetic rate and yield in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system in China

Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf photosynthesis, canopy leaf area index (LAI) and crop yield were carried from flowering to maturity to study the effects of tree shading on crop yield in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system in China. We found that the tree shading reduced the amount of incoming PAR within the intercropping system by 22%, 44% and 56% during flowering, grain-filling and maturing, respectively. The amount of PAR intercepted by the wheat crop inside the intercropping system was 34%, 55% and 68% less than the crop outside the intercropping system during flowering, grain-filling and maturing. Estimates of PAR-saturated leaf photosynthetic rate were not affected by tree shading, and the differences between the wheat yield inside the intercropping system and outside the intercropping system can be explained by the difference in the amount of PAR intercepted. Total grain numbers and grain dry weight per 1000 grains were linearly correlated with the amount of PAR intercepted during 7 days prior to anthesis and during anthesis and grain-filling, respectively. As compared with the wheat crop outside the intercropping system, grain numbers and grain dry weight were reduced by 36% and 25%, respectively. As a result wheat yield inside the intercropping system was 51% lower than that outside the intercropping system. Our results suggest a much higher reduction in crop yield and much smaller economic gain of the Paulownia-wheat intercropping system than previous studies on the similar Paulownia-wheat intercropping systems in China.     

Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system

Even though agronomists have considered the spatial root distribution of plants to be important for interspecific interactions in agricultural intercropping, few experimental studies have quantified patterns of root distribution and their impacts on interspecific interactions in agroforestry systems. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) in Hetian, south Xinjiang province, northwest China. Roots were sampled by auger in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old jujube tree/wheat intercropping and in sole wheat and 2-, 4- and 6-year-old sole jujube down to 100 cm depth in the soil profile. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems.     

Interspecific interactions alter root length density,root diameter and specific root length in jujube/wheat agroforestry systems

A field study was conducted at Hetian, southern Xinjiang, northwest China, to investigate root morphology as affected by interspecific interactions between jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments comprised (1) sole wheat, (2) 3-, 5- and 7-year-old sole jujube trees, and (3) intercropping of wheat/3-, 5- and 7-year-old jujube trees. Roots were sampled by auger in each plot down to 100 cm depth at 20 cm intervals in the soil profile and horizontally up to 150 cm away from the base of the trees at 30 cm intervals. All jujube/wheat intercropping systems had advantages of intercropping with a land equivalent ratio (LER) >1. There were significant differences in the contours of both root length density (RLD) and root diameter (RD) in intercropped wheat and jujube in the vertical and horizontal direction at corresponding soil depths but the RLD and RD of the 7-year-old jujube/wheat intercropping system were less influenced by intercropping in this respect than 3- and 5-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had smaller RLD, RD and larger specific root lengths (SRLs) at corresponding soil depths than did sole wheat and jujube. The older the jujube the larger were the SRL values of intercropped wheat and the smaller the RLD and RD of intercropped wheat. The greater the distance from the jujube the less influence there was on the RLD, SRL and RD of intercropped wheat and jujube and the greater the distance from the jujube the smaller was the SRL of intercropped wheat and the greater the RLD and RD of intercropped wheat (but still less than the monoculture wheat). The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. Jujube tree roots showed a mainly downward trend and extended laterally 150 cm from the trees resulting in the roots of the jujube trees and the wheat having niche overlap at a soil depth of 20–40 cm. The mechanisms underlying the thinner roots of wheat and jujube require further investigation.     

Competitive interaction in a jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system in northwest China’s Xinjiang Province

The jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) agroforestry system is frequently used in China’s Xinjiang Province. The system improves land-use efficiency and increases economic returns. A field experiment was conducted at the Hetian oasis in southern Xinjiang Province to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interaction between the two intercropped species. The study included seven treatments: sole-cropped 5, 7, or 9-year-old jujube trees (treatments 1–3); 5, 7, or 9-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat (treatments 4–6); and sole-cropped wheat (treatment 7). To determine vertical root distribution, soil cores were collected in 20-cm increments from the 0 to 100-cm soil depth. The cores were collected at horizontal distances of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm from the jujube rows. The results showed that the land equivalent ratios were >1 for the three jujube/wheat intercropping systems. This indicated that these systems were advantageous compared with sole cropping. Tree height, breast height diameter, and mean crown radius were less in the intercropped treatments than in the corresponding sole-cropped treatments. Intercropping reduced the root length densities (RLDs) and root diameters (RDs) of both jujube and wheat at all soil depths. The RLD and RD of 9-year-old jujube trees were greater than those of the 5- and 7-year-old trees, which indicated that the root systems of the 9-year-old trees were more developed. Wheat root growth was inhibited more by older jujube trees than by younger ones. In conclusion, jujube tree/wheat intercropping can be practical and beneficial in the region. However, the mechanisms involved in the belowground interspecific interactions are still unknown. Additional research is needed to provide optimal management strategies and technologies for jujube/wheat intercropping.     

Competitive interactions in Ginkgo and crop species mixed agroforestry systems in Jiangsu,China

Intercropping Ginkgo and crop species in southern China is receiving increasing attention because it offers potential advantages for resource utilization, higher economic income to farmers and increased sustainability in crop production, We carried out a 2-year field intercropping system composed of Ginkgo with wheat, broad bean, and rapeseed, respectively, to determine the competitive interactions between the different species, and productivity and the economic yield of each intercropping system. The density of Ginkgo and crop species was varied systematically in a two-way density matrix composed of three monoculture densities and nine intercropping of all possible pairwise combinations of monoculture densities. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of several intercropping indices such as land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, relative competition intensity and vector competition analysis. The results showed that the combined biomass production of the component crop species was significantly greater in the Ginkgo/crop mixtures than in monocultures crops (Ginkgo, broad bean, wheat, and rapeseed). Ginkgo: rapeseed ratio 24:12, Ginkgo: bread bean ratio 24:5, and Ginkgo: wheat ratio 24:200 had the best total biomass production. Ginkgo: rapeseed (and broad bean) ratio 24:5 and Ginkgo: wheat ratio 24:200 in respective Ginkgo/crop mixtures had the maximum economic yield. Vector competition analysis showed that Ginkgo/rapeseed mixture exhibited an antagonistic interaction type and therefore is not suitable for intercropping. Ginkgo/broad bean mixture demonstrated the most beneficial effects among the three intercropping systems.     

浙江遂昌油茶良种栽培存在问题及对策

通过对遂昌县种植面积2 hm^2以上油茶良种基地的林分生长状况、经营管理情况进行调查,指出油茶良种栽培中存在的主要问题,提出其丰产栽培模式和技术。调查发现,现有油茶林种植密度偏大、良种配置不合理、经营管理粗放、技术推广体系不完善等造成良种不能丰产稳产。针对存在的问题,提出实现油茶良种高产稳产,除了选择适宜的造林地和油茶良种以外,优化种植模式、合理修剪、疏伐、间作套种等栽培管理技术也是关键。     

农林业系统工程与农桐间作的结构模式

国名{造林树种}一’造林方式及生长量}备注日·…::‘“馨双__…一煲忿童筹;嘿哼6万株’当‘产量…力口重物髻翼子矗羹羹、‘材二….按树.….2。竺鬓:;:,收获后萌.芽更‘,年均生长‘…生一 …·…·短轮伐期:伐期l。·,株行足巨3·3。,预计·… 卜、…、卿咖,树高‘sm,年均生长歇。一30ms/ha。{ }}超短轮伐期:伐期l一3年,株行距。.3xo.gm,}用于造纸工业,也适用于 加拿大}白杨{{ }…干物质年均生长量为15t/hao{能源。 {{中短轮伐期’伐翔5一6年,“固氮植物混植,} {{收获后萌芽更新。}一…鬓:羹攫、!方翼二熏轰氨“;!Zt/ha。开展栽植密度、育…     

悠悠枣丰产栽培技术

悠悠枣是河北省涿鹿县近年新发现的早熟鲜食地方枣品种。通过多年的观察试验研究．掌握了悠悠枣的主要特性．并从建园．土肥水管理、花期管理、整形、修剪、病虫害防治、采收、采后处理等方面总结了悠悠枣的丰产栽培技术．     

杨粮间作系统农作物产量研究

为寻找协调农作物与林木间作模式 ,通过 6a研究说明 ,在杨粮间作系统中 ,农作物产量与间作年限的关系呈抛物线形状 ,达到最高产量的年限与林木的行距有关。在一定范围内 ,行距越大 ,产量达到最高的年限就越推后。研究还说明 ,合理的间作年限和合理的间作行距 ,可以有效地提高作物的产量 ,如行距 18m时 ,作物总产量在间作的第 3～ 6年间 ,比对照提高8 0 % ;而行距 30m时 ,间作的第 3～ 9年间 ,小麦产量平均每年比对照提高 2 2 6 %。作物产量在间作行间分布的共同特征是中间高、两端低 ,这反映了林木除对农作物有保护作用外 ,“胁地”现象是普遍存在的。所以 ,当“胁地”作用明显时 ,对林木进行间伐 ,可以提高作物产量。建议杨粮间作在杨树成林时 (10～ 15a) ,树木行距保持在 4 0～ 6 0m