草坪草红丝病与粉斑病的研究进展

草坪草红丝病(Laetisaria fuciformis)与粉斑病(Limonomyces roseipellis)是发生于世界各地温带地区的重要草坪草病害,L.fuciformis和Li.roseipellis可侵染大部分禾本科冷季型草坪草,其中对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)及紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)危害最为严重,极大地影响了草坪草观赏价值和使用价值。近年来,这两种病害首次在我国热带地区相继报道,对海滨雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum)、结缕草(Zoysia spp.)和杂交狗牙根(C.dactylon×C.transvaalensis)等多种暖季型草坪草产生较大危害,然而我国对这两种病害的系统研究较少,因此,本文综述了这两种病害在世界范围内的发生分布、症状、病原以及病害发生规律,并对国内外草坪草红丝病和粉斑病的生态防治、化学防治和寄主的抗病性等方面进行了总结,以期为草坪草红丝病和粉斑病的快速诊断、预防和治理提供科学依据,为进一步深入研究红丝病和粉斑病提供基础资料。     

草坪灰斑病的田间诊断与控制

为了明确河南郑州某高尔夫球场的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)上发生的病害种类,通过田间调查对草坪病害症状进行描述,对病样进行保湿培养并对分离到的病原物进行形态学观察、核糖体DNA-ITS序列分析。结果表明:该病原真菌的形态学与已报道的稻梨孢菌(Pyricularia grisea)相同,核糖体DNA-ITS序列测定分析该菌与稻梨孢菌的同源性达到100%,可以确定该球场的多年生黑麦草上的病害为稻梨孢菌引起的草坪灰斑病。     

《草原与草坪》2003年总目次

第 1～ 4(总第 10 0～ 10 3期 )(罗马数字为期号 ,括号内数字为页码 )·综述与专论·土壤解磷菌研究进展冯月红 ,姚　拓 ,龙瑞军Ⅰ ( 3 )……………干旱对草坪草的影响韩瑞宏 ,毛　凯 ,干友民 ,等Ⅰ ( 8)………应引起高度重视的草坪草病害———灰斑病薛福祥Ⅰ ( 11)……草坪植物与温度游明鸿 ,毛　凯 ,刘金平 ,等Ⅰ ( 15 )……………猫尾草的育种初探周卫生 ,干友民 ,李才旺 ,等Ⅰ ( 19)…………宁夏吴忠孙家滩草地资源及草业生产发展方向吴素琴 ,吴瑞芹 ,金万祥 ,等Ⅰ ( 2 3 )…………………………………………呼伦贝尔市秸秆利用开发的几…     

一年生和多年生苜蓿品种的丹宁

<正> 有些豆科牧草,特别是紫花苜蓿、白三叶、红三叶和地三叶会引起放牧牛的臌胀病,而另外一些豆科牧草,如红豆草(Onob-rychis vicicfolia)和百脉根(Lotus corni-culatis)不会引起臌胀病。最近研究已证实不引起臌胀病的豆科牧草在其叶里能产生一种凝缩类丹宁(黄烷醇聚合物形式的蛋白质沉淀剂),而能诱发臌胀病的豆科牧草叶里却     

草坪草红丝病与粉斑病病原菌生物学特性研究与杀菌剂室内毒力测定

草坪草红丝病与粉斑病是发生于世界范围内可危害多个草种的重要草坪草病害。本研究对我国首次报道的红丝病和粉斑病病原菌生物学特性进行了研究并在室内测定了14种杀菌剂对该两种病原菌的毒力。研究结果表明:红丝病和粉斑病病原菌菌丝适宜生长pH为5~7,最适生长pH为6,菌丝的致死温度为50 ℃水浴处理10 min。红丝病和粉斑病病原菌能够利用多种碳氮源,最适碳源和最适氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和L-谷氨酰胺。红丝病病原菌最适培养基为燕麦片煎液琼脂培养基(OMA);粉斑病病原菌最适培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)和马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)。5%烯唑醇在14种供试杀菌剂中对红丝病病原菌和粉斑病病原菌毒力最高,其EC₅₀值分别为0.113和0.282 mg/L;然而,15%甲霜灵·10%霜霉威毒力最低,其EC₅₀值分别为121.522和214.532 mg/L。研究结果为深入了解病原菌的基础生物学及制定防治策略提供科学依据。     

棘孢木霉特性及其对两种草坪病原菌的生防作用

木霉(Trichoderma spp.)是土壤中广泛存在的植物病害生防真菌。目前,国内外木霉生防菌剂研究开发主要针对农作物,相关产品在草坪上的应用效果并不理想。而来源于草坪的木霉且针对草坪病害生物防治的研究鲜有报道。本文以从草坪中分离的棘孢木霉菌株152-42(Trichoderma asperellum)为研究对象,检测其温度适应性和耐盐碱能力;以立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和草坪币斑病菌(Clarireedia monteithiana)为拮抗对象,检测该棘孢木霉对草坪褐斑病和币斑病的防治效果,分析其拮抗机理。结果表明：棘孢木霉152-42具有耐高温和高盐碱的特性,可通过多种途径抑制病原菌生长,而且能够显著降低草坪褐斑病和币斑病的病情严重程度,是一种极具开发潜力的草坪病害生防真菌。     

16份引种禾本科牧草在荒漠草原的适应性及营养价值评定

试验对16种从国外引进的禾本科牧草在荒漠草原的适应性及营养价值评定进行了研究,结果表明:美国赖草、美国灰赖草、沙生冰草及西伯利亚冰草越冬率较高,均在90%以上;披碱草和赖草属牧草生长速度较快,尤其是灰赖草;美国赖草、灰赖草鲜重均达到6000kg/hm2以上,加拿大新麦草、保加利亚新麦草鲜草产量均在4000kg/hm2以上;护坡型冰草、西伯利亚冰草、沙生冰草营养价值较高、适应性强、抗逆性好,是优质牧草,可以作为荒漠草原地区推广种植的首选牧草;美国赖草、灰赖草虽然产量高,抗逆性强,能够适应荒漠草原地区低温和干旱等极端条件,但适口性较差,可作为生态用种加以利用。     

草坪草真菌病害的研究进展

综述了国内外主要草坪草上的真菌病害的种类及在我国发生的真菌病害数量、真菌鉴定的方法、病原与寄主互作及病害预测预报,及国内外对草坪草真菌病害防治方法的研究进展,并提出草坪草真菌病害研究存在的一些问题。     

“石墙”(Stone wall)

“石墙”(Ｓｔｏｎｅｗａｌｌ)高羊茅 :美国中西部地区理想的草坪草种。色泽浓绿 ,抗灰斑病、霜霉病能力强。内生真菌数量中等。该品种由“辛普劳”(Ｊ.Ｒ .Ｓｉｍｐｌｏｔ)公司育成。“石墙”(Stone wall)     

4种暖季型草坪草币斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

2011-2013年对海南省多个高尔夫球场及校园绿化草坪进行调查期间发现一种类似于草坪币斑病且可严重危害4种暖季型草坪草的草坪病害。根据科赫法则验证、形态学观察以及ITS序列分析的结果,确定引起海南省币斑病的病原菌为Sclerotinia homoeocarpa,这是我国首次报道S. homoeocarpa危害杂交狗牙根和地毯草。生物学特性研究表明: S. homoeoparpa生长的适宜温度为25~30℃,最适温度为28℃;适宜pH值为4~6,最适pH值为5;菌丝的致死温度为55℃水浴处理10 min;光照有利于菌丝生长。S. homoeoparpa能够利用多种碳氮源:碳源测试中,对可溶性淀粉利用率较高,对D-甘露醇和D-阿拉伯糖利用率较低;氮源测试中,病菌对硝酸铵、磷酸二氢铵的利用效果最佳,对脲利用效果最差。     

牛口蹄疫病防治

牛口蹄疫是国家一类重特大传染性疾病,会严重威胁地区牛养殖产业的安全,给养殖户带来巨大经济损失,降低牛养殖产业的生产效益。再加上牛口蹄疫是一种人畜共患病,疾病传播流行中,如果没有做好个体防护很易造成病毒,向人扩散蔓延,威胁周边居民的生命财产安全。在充分掌握牛口蹄疫病发生现状的基础上,需要进行认真细致的分析,构建针对性的防控措施,降低疾病发生流行造成的危害。在充分掌握新宾县牛口蹄疫发生现状的基础上,对牛口蹄疫疾病的诊断和提出防治措施。     

Glomerular disease

Glomerular diseases are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in dogs but seem to be less common in cats. Glomerular diseases are diverse, and a renal biopsy is needed to determine the specific glomerular disease that is present in any animal. Familial glomerulopathies occur in many breeds of dogs. However, most dogs with glomerular disease have acquired glomerular injury that is either immune-complex mediated or due to systemic factors, both of which are believed to be the result of a disease process elsewhere in the body (i.e., neoplastic, infectious, and noninfectious inflammatory disorders). A thorough clinical evaluation is indicated in all dogs suspected of having glomerular disease and should include an extensive evaluation for potential predisposing disorders. Nonspecific management of dogs with glomerular disease can be divided into 3 major categories: (1) treatment of potential predisposing disorders, (2) management of proteinuria, and (3) management of uremia and other complications of glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease. Specific management of specific glomerular diseases has not been fully studied in dogs. However, it may be reasonable to consider immunosuppressive therapy in dogs that have developed a form of glomerulonephritis secondary to a steroid-responsive disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or have immune-mediated lesions that have been documented in renal biopsy specimens. Appropriate patient monitoring during therapy is important for maximizing patient care. The prognosis for dogs and cats with glomerular disease is variable and probably dependent on a combination of factors. The purpose of this article is to discuss the general diagnosis and management of dogs with glomerular disease.     

Synovial Fluid Cytokines and Eicosanoids as Markers of Joint Disease in Horses

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of various synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids to diagnose joint disease or categories of joint disease. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective acquisition of clinicopathologic data. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Client-owned or donated horses: 50 joints with no evidence of disease; 28 joints with acute disease; 32 joints with chronic disease; 9 joints with cartilage damage and no other signs of joint disease. METHODS: Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), prostaglandin F1-alpha (PGF(1)-alpha), and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), were measured in equine synovial fluid by immunoassay and categorized according to duration and degree of joint disease. Any test value for a given category that was different from normal was further analyzed for sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and operating point (most valid test cutoff value). Likelihood ratios and predictive values were calculated at the operating point. Mediator concentrations were correlated to synovial fluid white blood cell count. Tests were reported as poor, fair, good, or excellent based on predictive values of <.25,.25-.5,.5-.75, or >.75, respectively. RESULTS: TNF synovial fluid concentration as a predictor of joint disease was good, and the value of TNF (maximum S and Sp) indicating joint disease was >36 pg/mL. IL-1beta as a predictor of joint disease was good, and the value of IL-1beta indicating joint disease was >4.5 pg/mL. IL-6 concentration was an excellent predictor of joint disease. Any IL-6 in synovial fluid indicated joint disease and correlated highly with synovial fluid white blood cell count (P <.0001). PGE(2) was a good-excellent predictor of disease (positive predictive value [PPV] = 0.75), and the concentration indicating joint disease was >22.5 pg/mL. The diagnostic PGF(1)-alpha concentration indicating severe chronic joint disease was identified to be >16.5 pg/mL with very high sensitivity (S = 1) and specificity (Sp =.89). PGF(1)-alpha concentrations > 9.5 pg/mL had a good PPV (.69) and NPV (.6) for any joint disease. TBX(2) concentrations below 31.5 pg/mL (S =.57; Sp =.61) were a very good predictor of joint disease (PPV =.72). LTB(4) concentration appeared to be greater in severe acute joint disease than normal joints; this was not significant (P =.15) and correlated highly with synovial fluid white blood cell count (P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The ability of a single value from a joint in an adult horse predicting the presence of joint disease was often good (.5-.75), and was excellent (> or =.75) for IL-6 and PGE(2). TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were no more effective than white blood cell count in screening for joint disease. IL-6 was the most sensitive and specific for joint disease and could be an excellent screening test for the presence of joint disease when lameness is difficult to identify or is intermittent. PGE(2) would be a functional screening test for the presence of any joint disease and offers a differentiating feature because values were not influenced by white blood cell count. PGF(1)-alpha values > 16.5 pg/mL identified chronic severe joint disease and may be clinically useful when there are minimal radiographic changes but substantial articular cartilage degradation.     

Comparison of three methods of surveillance with application to the detection of Johne's disease seropositivity in Texas cattle

Surveillance and monitoring are important for measuring the level of disease in a population, documenting changes in prevalence over time, determining high-risk areas for implementation of control measures, eradicating disease, and documenting freedom from disease. The documentation of freedom from disease has importance for international trade and the resumption of production after an outbreak. Johne's disease (JD) is an example of an endemic disease of cattle that has variable prevalence related to environmental and animal-level factors. Three methods of sample collection were used to describe the prevalence and distribution of JD seropositivity in Texas. Sampled cattle were: (1) extensively managed herds, (2) market cattle, and (3) clinically ill cattle examined by practicing veterinarians throughout Texas. Samples were evaluated for JD using a commercially available serum ELISA. Proportion of seropositive samples was compared and spatial distributions were evaluated for clustering. Difference of JD seropositivity was observed among the three sample populations suggesting that estimation of disease prevalence is dependant upon the source of samples.     

褐斑病气象预测模型的建立

在匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stolonifera草坪上利用气象数据和病害发生数据,建立褐斑病Rhizoctonia solani发生期预测模型Y=1/[1+e(5.179+0.346T-0.156RH)];褐斑病发病率预测模型x=36.057-2.65T+0.615RH;褐斑病病情指数预测模型y=26.39-1.872T+0.394RH。病情指数与发病率之间相关性显著,得出二者的线性回归模型为y=0.67x-1.303。     

Expression of interferon gamma in the brain of cats with natural Borna disease virus infection

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative-stranded RNA virus, which causes a non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a wide range of animals. In cats, BDV infection leads to staggering disease. In spite of a vigorous immune response the virus persists in the central nervous system (CNS) in both experimentally and naturally infected animals. Since the CNS is vulnerable to cytotoxic effects mediated via NK-cells and cytotoxic T-cells, other non-cytolytic mechanisms such as the interferon (IFN) system is favourable for viral clearance. In this study, IFN-γ expression in the brain of cats with clinical signs of staggering disease (N=12) was compared to the expression in cats with no signs of this disease (N=7) by quantitative RT-PCR. The IFN-γ expression was normalised against the expression of three reference genes (HPRT, RPS7, YWHAZ). Cats with staggering disease had significantly higher expression of IFN-γ compared to the control cats (p-value ≤ 0.001). There was no significant difference of the IFN-γ expression in BDV-positive (N=7) and -negative (N=5) cats having clinical signs of staggering disease. However, as BDV-RNA still could be detected, despite an intense IFN-γ expression, BDV needs to have mechanisms to evade this antiviral immune response of the host, to be able to persist.     

猪口蹄疫的综合防控

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)感染引起偶蹄动物共患的急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,最易感染的动物是黄牛、水牛、猪、骆驼、鹿、羊等;黄羊、麝、野猪、野牛等野生动物也易感染此病。世界动物卫生组织将其列为A类动物传染病,我国将其列为I类动物疫病。文章从口蹄疫病原的特性、流行病学、临床特征及病理变化等方面对口蹄疫的防控措施进行了总结、阐述。     

Computed tomographic evidence of bulla effusion in cats with sinonasal disease: 2001-2004

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal disease is common in cats; chronic inflammatory disease and neoplasia are diagnosed most frequently. Radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings in nasal disease have been reported, although involvement of other cranial structures has not been fully described to our knowledge. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that neoplastic or inflammatory obstruction of the auditory tube associated with sinonasal disease could result in CT evidence of effusive bulla disease in affected cats. ANIMALS: 46 cats with sinonasal disease, 18 control cats. METHODS: CT images acquired in cats with (n = 46) and without (n = 18) sinonasal disease were reviewed for evidence of concurrent bulla effusion. CT findings of soft tissue or fluid opacity within the tympanic bulla or thickening of the bone of the bullae were considered evidence of effusive bulla disease. RESULTS: The prevalence of bulla effusion in cats with sinonasal disease was 28% (13/46) and was significantly higher than that observed in cats without sinonasal disease (1/18, P = .043). CT findings that were found in association with effusive bulla disease included imaging features of sinusitis and nasopharyngeal disease. The most common neoplasm associated with bulla effusion was nasopharyngeal lymphoma. Bulla effusion was not observed in any cat with nasal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Findings of this study suggest that auditory canal dysfunction may play a larger role in feline sinonasal disease than was previously recognized. The implications of these findings for management of cats with chronic inflammatory or neoplastic sinonasal disease require further investigation.     

A syndrome of hereditary tyrosinemia in mink (Mustela vison Schreb.).

A hereditary disease in mink (Mustela vison Schreb.) leading to death when the affected kits are about six weeks old has been investigated. The disorder is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive character. Strongly elevated plasma tyrosine concentration is an outstanding feature of the disease. An enzyme defect in tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) is considered together with the possibility of a parallel between the disease in mink and the disease tyrosinosis or hereditary tyrosinemia in man.