1986-2015年华北平原农业气象灾害的变化特征

根据华北平原1986-2015年的受灾、成灾和绝收面积等统计数据,分析了河北省、河南省和山东省农业气象灾害损失率以及灾害波动性、灾害等级的变化特征。总体上看,近30年河北省、河南省和山东省的农业气象灾害呈下降趋势,平均总损失率分别为7.5%~16.4%、5.6%~12.3%、6.2%~13.9%。各省灾害损失率由大到小分别为：河北省干旱>风雹>洪涝>低温,河南省和山东省干旱>洪涝>风雹>低温。干旱仍是华北平原最严重的灾害,但各省的干旱灾害呈下降趋势,河北干旱最严重,占总损失率的64.2%。河南和山东的洪涝呈先增后减的趋势,河北呈下降趋势。河北和山东的风雹呈下降趋势,河南呈先增后减的趋势。河南和山东的低温呈先增后减的趋势,河北呈增加趋势;河南最严重,占5.2%。各省洪涝、低温偶发性强,其中河南的洪涝波动性最大,山东的低温波动性最大;各省干旱、风雹为常态灾害,其中河北的干旱、风雹波动性最小。四类灾害等级划分结果表明干旱和风雹为常态性灾害,年际波动小,对农业生产的影响较大;而洪涝和低温的影响相比较小,但偶发性强,致灾强度大。     

安徽省农业旱灾规律及其对粮食安全的影响

利用1949年以来59 a农业自然灾害和粮食生产数据,分析安徽省农业旱灾变化规律和粮食安全态势,探讨农业旱灾对粮食安全的影响.结果表明:农业干旱灾害呈现明显周期性波动,干旱轻重灾情交替出现,其波动周期大致为5～10 a.近30 a来干旱灾害对该省粮食生产的致灾强度越来越大,即其危害日趋严重.粮食总产量、粮食单产和粮食播种面积的年变化率均与干旱受灾率、成灾率、灾害强度指数、受灾率异常指数和成灾率异常指数等指标显著负相关.其中以灾害强度指数、受灾率异常指数和成灾率异常指数对粮食生产的影响更为显著,且受灾率异常指数的影响最为显著.该研究结果可为安徽省农业防灾减灾体系建设和粮食安全提供参考和借鉴.     

基于EEMD的华北平原1901-2015年旱涝灾害分析

采用一种适用于非线性、非平稳序列的信号提取方法 -EEMD,基于1901-2015华北平原的266个格点的标准化降水蒸散指数,确定了旱涝灾害等级序列,分析了旱涝灾害演变的周期规律及旱涝等级频率的空间分布。结果表明:1)SPEI-12表征的旱涝灾害等级序列在1940年出现了突变,干旱灾害集中在1940年之前,洪涝灾害集中在1940年之后,年际尺度上存在平均周期为4年和8年的波动周期,年代际尺度上存在着13年、29年、46年的平均波动周期。2)极端干旱和极端洪涝分别发生556次和655次,分别占旱涝发生总次数的1. 76%和2. 08%,但总体干旱频率(19. 46%)明显高于洪涝频率(16. 43%),气候整体偏干。3) SPEI-3表征的旱涝灾害等级序列经EEMD分解后,春季1994年以后洪涝灾害等级逐渐增高。夏季旱涝灾害等级处在4以下且在1982年后干旱灾害开始加重。秋季1993年以后由干旱灾害转为洪涝灾害。冬季干旱灾害有逐年加强趋势。4)不同旱涝灾害等级的频率季节差异显著,旱涝灾害主要发生在夏季。空间上,干旱灾害主要分布在河南西部和北部、山东西部和南部、河北北部。洪涝灾害主要集中在河南北部和中部,山东西部和南部、河北西北部以及北京、天津市。本研究能为该区农业健康发展提供参考。     

气候变化背景下甘肃省主要气象灾害综合损失特征

甘肃省气候类型复杂,气象灾害种类繁多,随着以变暖为主的气候变化的背景下,气象灾害造成的损失越来越大,灾害风险特征的认识及其对气候变化的响应亟待解决。鉴于此,本研究基于甘肃省1961以来主要气象站灾情实况资料,构建灾害风险指数-综合损失率,系统分析了甘肃省干旱、暴雨洪涝、风雹和低温灾害的时空变化特征,并就气候变化对其的影响做了探讨。结果表明:1961年以来,各种灾害风险发展具有面积增大和危害程度加剧的趋势。干旱是风险最大和最严重的灾害类型,其次是风雹和暴雨洪涝,低温冷害风险相对最小,其中干旱受灾、成灾和绝收率(25.2%、14.1%和2.2%)均明显高于全国平均水平(15.0%、8.1%和1.7%),增加速率(0.16%/10a、0.15%/10a和0.05%/10a)也均高于全国平均水平。风雹、暴雨洪涝灾害和低温冷害增加速率分别为0.29%/10a、0.45%/10和0.72%/10a。各年代际灾害风险变化特征具有明显的差异性。气候变化后,甘肃主要气象灾害风险均增加。     

陕西省54a来农业干旱灾害特征研究

干旱灾害是影响陕西省农业经济可持续发展的主要限制因素。本文利用陕西省54a来的农业旱灾灾情资料对旱灾特征进行了详细分析和预测,得出陕西省旱灾有发生频率加快、灾情加重趋势,干旱灾害具有较强的持续性。干旱受灾面积有3~4a的变化周期,农业旱灾成灾率和受灾率呈正相关,线性回归方程为y=0.32+0.73x。灾害有明显的区域差异性,陕北灾情最严重,关中次之,陕南最轻。灾害主要集中在渭南市、榆林市、商洛市、咸阳市、汉中市、延安市、铜川市、宝鸡市、洛川县、定边县。     

气候暖干化背景下黄土高原旱涝时空演变特征

选取58个国家气象基准站1960-2010年逐年降水资料,采用Kriging插值、Mann-Kendall检测及Morlet小波分析等方法,对该区降水及旱涝时空特征进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原暖干化趋势明显,气温、降水突变年份分别在1995年、1990年左右。旱涝等级呈上升趋势,尤以半湿润区最为明显。干旱区发生旱、涝频率最高,涝情略微严重,但干旱更易发生,大旱频次高值中心分散分布,洪涝发生频率西部低、中部高。该区旱涝情势存在多尺度的周期变化,25~30 a的振荡最强,推测涝期即将结束,旱期将要开始。研究成果可为黄土高原旱涝灾害防御提供参考。     

清代华中地区干旱灾害时间特征及成因分析

基于清代(1644-1911年)华中地区干旱灾害历史资料的搜集与整理,利用启发式分割算法和互补集合经验模态函数等方法,分析华中地区干旱灾害的时间分布特征。结果表明:1)清代华中地区旱灾发生频繁,共208年次,占总年数的77.6%,其变化总体上呈下降趋势。2)华中地区旱灾于1694年发生突变,突变后旱灾频率明显减少。3)华中地区旱灾存在显著的周期性,存在2.6a、9.7a、21.6a、29.4a和102.1a的周期,其中9.7a和21.6a的周期与太阳黑子周期相一致。4)交叉小波分析表明太阳黑子数与华中地区旱灾变化在不同时间段内具有不同程度的相关关系。     

近50年陇东黄土高原干旱特征及未来变化趋势分析

基于陇东黄土高原近50 a平均逐月降水和气温数据,以标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)作为干旱评价指标,采用线性趋势方法、Mann-kendall突变分析法,小波分析法、R/S分析法,马尔科夫预测模型分析了陇东黄土高原近50 a来干旱变化周期特征及变化趋势,预测了未来干旱趋势和发生的概率。研究显示:近50 a陇东黄土高原SPEI线性倾向率小于0,整体呈干旱化趋势,陇东黄土高原干旱变化的突变点在1993年左右;通过小波分析,年际尺度的SPEI存在19、11、7、4、2 a的主周期,月尺度的SPEI存在17、25、35、10、6个月主周期;SPEI12的Hurst值0.640.5,自相关系数Rt0,在未来一段时间内干旱化趋势将会持续;通过Markov预测分析,干旱状态演变过程中干旱极端化现象的概率会增多,严重干旱状态的持续性将增强。     

塔里木河流域旱灾发生规律

通过1949-2010年塔里木河流域干旱灾害资料,研究了塔里木河流域干旱灾害的频次和旱情,采用波谱分析方法进行了周期分析。结果表明：1949-2010年,塔里木河流域有记载的干旱灾害共59次,平均每1.04 a发生1次。在59次的灾害中,特大旱灾、重大旱灾、中度旱灾、轻度旱灾分别为10次、25次、11次、13次,分别占16.96%、42.37%、18.64 %和22.04%,3级以上大旱灾共发生35次,平均每1.75 a发生1次,占干旱灾害发生年总数的59.32%。塔里木河流域1990-2010年受旱率超过20% 的有14 a,受旱率和成灾率最高的年份为1993年,分别为37.5%和17.3%。受旱率超过 25%、成灾率超过15%的有3 a,分别是1993、2001年和2002年,平均7 a一遇;每5 a不同级别平均受旱面积依次为2.65×10⁵、2.22×10⁵、3.23×10⁵ hm²和3.53×10⁵ hm²; 平均成灾面积分别为1.22×10⁵、1.05×10⁵、1.78×10⁵hm²和2.31×10⁵hm²。塔里木河流域在1950-2010年存在准2 a、准3 a、准6 a、准13 a的周期,且准2 a、准3 a的周期相当显著,置信度分别达99%和95%。     

辽宁主要农业灾害时空分布特征

利用辽宁1996—2005年14个地区的成灾面积资料,分析辽宁各地主要农业灾害（干旱灾害、洪涝灾害、风雹灾害、霜冻灾害和病虫害）的时空间分布特征及发展趋势。结果表明：干旱灾害对辽宁农业生产的影响最大,2000年发生最重,成灾面积为1.4×10⁵ hm²;风雹灾害1997年发生最重,成灾面积为4.4×10⁴　hm²;洪涝灾害1998年发生最重,成灾面积为2.3×10⁴　hm²;病虫害1996年和1997年发生较重,成灾面积为1.3×10⁴ hm²;霜冻灾害1999年发生较重,成灾面积为1.7×10³ hm²。从空间分布特征来看,辽宁农业灾害影响最大的地区是辽西地区。按辽宁农业灾害成灾面积大小划分,依次为：辽西地区,辽中地区,辽北地区,辽南地区和辽东地区。农业灾害中以干旱灾害和风雹灾害对农业生产影响最为严重,是影响农业生产的主要因素。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.