前苏联西伯利亚森工科研所的科研工作与我们的借鉴

前苏联西伯利亚森工科研所的重点研究领域是, 开发以TT-4M为通用底盘的各种集材拖拉机和装载机, 研究山地森林采伐工艺、汽车运输道路修筑新工艺, 开发小河水运机械系统, 完善采运机具维修保养系统, 研制新型制材机械以及采伐、造材、加工剩余物的综合利用等.我国森工科研主要借鉴之点是建立科研中试基地、选择适合林区经济发展条件的科研项目, 调整科研组织结构及人才结构, 开展一些林区急需的中、小型科研课题.     

山地木材采运生产技术发展重点探讨

探讨了山地丘陵地区的木材采运技术，尤其是集材设备的选择，可为今后的山地木材采运生产提供参考。     

芬兰采运设备在鹤北林业局庆林林场应用的研究

芬兰采运设备多为大型高效机械，如集材机，赛速运材汽车，由于我林区道路网密度低，等极差，其生产效率无法正常发挥，欲发挥其功效必须研究与其配套的道路建设问题，其涉及技术问题，同时又是一个经济问题。     

俄罗斯森工采运技术现状及发展

本文将俄罗斯目前应用于森工采运作业的典型机械设备及类型多样的采运生产工艺方案做了较祥细的介绍。指出,俄罗斯大约有30％的采伐量是用伐木归堆机、伐木集材机进行生产的,打枝向打枝造材机发展,山上装车发展装载机和翻背式装车机,运材发展带自装设施的运材汽车,贮木场向造材选材自动化发展。在工艺方案中除伐倒木、原条和原木生产外,还强调采伐剩余物的削片生产工艺。今后俄罗斯森工采运将进一步向均衡生产,全盘机械化、自动化和全树利用等方向发展。     

南方林区人工林生态采运作业模式选优

对南方人工林伐区常用8种采集运作业模式的综合效益进行分析与评价.结果表明:在相同的作业条件下,不同作业模式,其经济效益、生态效益、社会效益以及综合效益均不同.作业模式Ⅱ即油锯采伐手扶拖拉机集材船运木材为最优作业模式,作业模式Ⅲ(油锯采伐索道集材农用车运材)为次优作业模式,建议林业生产决策部门在选择人工林伐区采运作业模式时应综合考虑其经济、生态和社会效益,在有水路运输条件的伐区,应优先选择作业模式Ⅱ;在无水路运输条件的伐区,则应优先选择作业模式Ⅲ.     

森林采运作业过程碳排放分析

合理的森林采伐能开发利用森林资源,促进林木生长,但盲目采伐会导致生态环境的破坏。以生命周期评价法的B2B（business-to-business）模式为基础,采用过程分析法,核算森林采运过程各阶段的温室气体排放量。结果表明：采运过程中产生的碳排放约为7.530 6~11.659 8 kg/m3,约占其固碳能力的2.2%~5.7%;燃油消耗是最主要的碳排放源,CO2是其排放的最主要温室气体,碳排放量与集运材距离呈正相关;采伐段碳排放最少,仅0.573 6 kg/m3,索道集材、拖拉机集材排放分别是采伐段的1.04、1.72倍,运材段产生的排放量最多,当运材距离为40 km时,汽车运材和农用车运材排放量分别是采伐段的11.1和17.6倍;油锯采伐＋索道集材＋汽车运材为最优作业模式。研究结果可为森工作业的减排提供理论参考。     

人工林伐区常用采集运作业模式经济效益评价

通过对我国南方人工林伐区常用8种采集运作业模式的经济效益分析与评价,结果表明:作业模式Ⅱ(油锯采伐手扶拖拉机集材船运木材)为最优作业模式,作业模式Ⅲ(油锯采伐索道集材农用车运材)为次优作业模式。建议林业生产决策部门在选择人工林伐区采集运作业模式时,采伐方式宜选油锯皆伐。在有水路运输条件的伐区,应优先选择船运或排运木材。在无水路运输条件的伐区,国有林业企事业单位应提倡选用架空索道集材;集体林区当集材距离小于1 km时,应选用手板车集材,否则选手扶拖拉机集材。     

论采运机械的选型问题

简述了采运机械的选型原则,并主要论述了采运作业中对采伐集材机械的选型。     

缩短伐区集材距离的方法

一、国外缩短伐区集材距离方法国外伐区集材距离,一般为300米至400米,最远不超过500米。其缩短伐区集材距离方法较多,主要有如下几种: 1、提高纵断坡度展线法国外林区运材公路,线路纵断面设计坡度较大,重车下坡一般在10％左右,最大可达15％。线路平面设计,一般采取偏倚,傍山、绕谷、盘山等方法,展线延伸至伐区腹部,使集材距离缩短。2、缩短公路间距法缩短运材公路间距,实质是增加林道貌岸然网密度主要基于集材与修建功立业成本合计为最小的林道间距。     

采运成本分析（3）

3 大部分的采运作业成本分析以单位产出的成本来说明,它包含人工和机器的成本。系统比较应该从伐根处到运村车或拖车中计算。运村通常分开计算,是为了特殊作业中估计总成本。企业管理费或行政管理成本通常是加上去的,或者通知用户把他们自己的成本增加到一个可接受的数字上。     

森林工程装备系统体系的构建

根据森林工程的主体工程,确定森林工程装备系统体系的主体系统,包括木材采伐工程装备系统、迹地更新造林工程装备系统、抚育采伐工程装备系统和低效林改造工程装备系统,进而构建森林工程装备系统体系框架,即采伐装备系统、集材装备系统、清林装备系统、整地装备系统、栽植装备系统、幼林管护装备系统、监测装备系统。采用系统工程分析方法分析森林工程装备系统的模式,根据森林工程装备系统体系框架和模式构建森林工程装备系统体系。     

考虑环境保护的集材方式选择

通过对农用车、板车和人工集材3种集材方式的集材效率和集材成本比较，对森林环境因子和采伐后对山体滑坡影响的对比研究，从经济效益及生态效益2个方面综合考虑，为合理地选择集材方式提供科学依据。     

Costs for thinning and final felling operations in Sweden, 2000–2017

ABSTRACT

Wood supply is one of the most significant cost items for most forest industries, and costs of forest operations and sale prices of wood is vital information for forest owners. Cost trends between 2000 and 2017 in Swedish forestry is analysed, separately for final felling and thinning, and subdivided into ordinary and salvage operations. Data on costs for operations totalling 821 million m³ harvested roundwood were analysed, both as actual costs and after adjustment for the consumer price index. Adjusted costs for ordinary harvesting operations declined between 2000 and 2007, increased during 2008 and 2009 and have since been relatively constant. Costs of salvage logging operations performed as thinning were 21% higher than ordinary thinning, and when performed as final felling costs were 64% higher than in ordinary final felling. The relative logging cost trends in Sweden and Finland were similar during the period, and there are similarities with the US. However, while logging costs in Sweden and Finland increased in 2008 and 2009, they declined in the US and did not reach the same relative level as in Sweden until 2013. Results can be used for benchmarking logging costs between regions or larger buyers of logging services.     

我国在生态性采伐实践中的论述与作法

为确切了解建国以来生态性采伐的动向的建树,作者从历史角度出发收集了大量的文献资料,进行了高度的综合和归纳,分三章介绍了我国实施生态性采伐的措施和成绩。第一章讲述了生态环境措施,分别介绍了采伐方式、集材方式、更新方式、更新跟上采伐、伐根剥皮、伐后清理等;第二章介绍了生态技术性措施;第三章介绍了生态组织与管理性措施。     

Time Prediction Models and Cost Evaluation of Cut-To-Length (CTL) Harvesting Method in a Mountainous Forest

Time equations are derived for felling with chainsaw, skidding with cable wheeled skidder, loading with grapple hydraulic loader and trucking of logs within a cut-to-length harvesting method. The continuous time study method was applied to collect data for felling, skidding, loading and a transportation model. Multiple regression analysis via SPSS software was applied to develop the time models. Felling time was found to be highly dependent on diameter at breast height. Skidding distance, winching distance, slope of the trail and piece volume were significant variables for the skidding time prediction model. The loading time model was developed considering piece volume. Transportation distance and load volume were used as independent variables in modeling the transportation time. The net production of felling was estimated at 12 trees/h (56.65 m³/h). The net production rates for skidding, loading and traveling averaged 18.51, 41.90 and 3.32 m³/h respectively. The total cost of harvesting from stand to mill was estimated 19.70 €/m³. The skidding phase was the most expensive component of the cut-to-length method. The bucking and delimbing components were less costly than the other logging phases. The results of this study can be used for harvesting planning and productivity optimization.     

A Comparison of Productivity in Five Small-Scale Harvesting Systems

The use of small-scale harvesting equipment continues to grow in forestry in many regions of the world. This equipment includes various devices and methods used to harvesting that generally are smaller, less expensive and less productive than advanced forestry machines. The objective of this study is to compare the efficiency of five alternative extraction methods implemented in a harvesting unit located in a mixed beech and oak forest ecosystem in northwestern Turkey. A continuous time study was conducted during primary transport operations that included skidding with animal power, skidding with farm tractor, hauling with farm tractor, hauling with forest tractor, and extraction by skyline. Timber was skidded uphill on a skid trail, and an average skidding distance of 100 m for all haulage methods was considered. Average slope of the harvesting unit ranged from 20 to 40 %. Average productivities for respective haulage methods were 3.80, 6.25, 2.80, 5.25 and 10.09 m³/h. Significant differences were found between productivity of haulage methods using one-way analysis of variance. The extraction by skyline, skidding with farm tractor, and hauling with forest tractor were determined to be the most statistically different methods, the productivity of these methods was found significantly higher than the other methods. Skid trails are useful for shortening distances during forest operations and skidding with farm tractor is a productive method in small-scale forestry of Turkey.     

Time Consumption and Production Costs of Two Small-Scale Wood Harvesting Systems in Northern Greece

A field-based study was carried out to determine the productivity and production cost of the tree length (TL) and the wood assortment (WA) systems implemented under small-scale forestry conditions in two Scots pine stands in Northern Greece. Tree felling and processing productivity were estimated at 8.64 m³ per productive machine hour (PMH^?1) and 10.21 m³ PMH^?1, respectively. Wood felling and processing times were strongly dependent on dbh and total tree volume. However, when manual debarking was also considered the productivity rates decreased to 1.96 and 1.43 m³ PMH^?1, respectively. Skidding productivity was calculated to be 3.35 m³ PMH^?1 for TL and 7.17 m³ PMH^?1 for WA, respectively. Strong correlations have been found between the net skidding time and (a) the skidding distance and (b) the load per turn in both wood harvesting systems. Production costs varied greatly, from 19.38 € m^?3 up to 44.81 € m^?3 of roundwood depending on the harvesting system and the inclusion of debarking. The findings suggest that the WA system is more efficient in terms of productivity and production cost than TL, and that there is a substantial optimization potential. The optimization potential can be encoded in four suggestions: (a) opening up of more forest roads to reduce high skidding times, (b) replacement of manual debarking by mechanical debarking at the sawmill, (c) replacement of old pieces of equipment with newer ones and (d) training of the existing workforce.     

对人工林生态集材的几点思考

我国的森林资源中人工林已逐渐成为主导林分,科学合理的生态集材方式对人工林的可持续发展具有重要的意义.本文就如何实现人工林的生态集材问题,分别从选择集材方式和确定采育模式两个方面进行探讨.     

基于联合仿真的林业采育作业模拟系统研究

为解决大型林业装备操作训练复杂的问题,优化驾驶与作业,提高森林资源利用率,本文提出基于分布式系统,对采育作业环境进行视景模拟的虚拟现实作业操作模拟器。系统利用虚拟现实软件Unity3D系统,能够模拟车辆行驶与工作的动力学模型,实时运动仿真包括底盘系统与地面的交互作用,机械臂作业运动以及伐木头作业操作运动,使操作人员能够更快地适应熟悉驾驶和采育作业,减少安全隐患和装备损耗,提高装备作业安全性及效率。     

面向林业可持续发展的森林采伐运输

林业可持续发展要求森林采伐运输既要满足工业需求也要符合生态环境的作业标准。第11届世界林业大会对此进行了广泛的交流和探讨。主要就这次大会的成果阐明森林采运所面临的问题。介绍了减少采伐对森林干扰的主要途径:一是通过人工林、营林技术以及减少采伐废弃物以提高森林的生长量和收获量;二是采取森林采伐实务规范等政策和激励措施;三是在林区道路、采运作业、采运机械和工艺等方面采用先进和适用的技术,促进环境可行的低干扰采运作业技术的实施。并阐述了采运作业技术、经济性和技术培训之间的关系,以及处理这些关系的办法和有待解决的问题。